[General] Reply of comments from what a model…

Albrecht Giese genmail at a-giese.de
Thu Dec 10 10:21:44 PST 2015


Dear Chip,

thanks for your comment. But what is momentum, how defined? Definition 
is p = m * v , with m = inertial mass. And if you meet an object which 
has momentum, you have to apply a force to stop it. A force against 
which other force? Which mechanism causes the other force? That is my 
question. (And I do have an answer.)

The photon has momentum, true! But it also has mass. That is at least 
the general understanding in today's physics. The photon does not have 
any rest-mass. But it is never at rest. If it would be at rest once, it 
would not have a mass and as well it would not have momentum.

My sub-particles do not have mass nor momentum on their own. But the 
configuration of both has mass as well as momentum caused by the same 
fundamental fact: The finiteness of the propagation speed of the binding 
force. That is the natural cause of inertia and so as well of momentum.

Albrecht


Am 08.12.2015 um 23:12 schrieb Chip Akins:
>
> Hi Albrecht
>
> Below you wrote…“If you derive inertia from an occurrence of momentum, 
> then this is circular reasoning. As momentum without inertial is not 
> possible.”
>
> I am afraid that a many would disagree with you on this point.  In 
> fact there is significant evidence which indicates that momentum is 
> the more fundamental of these two (momentum and inertia).  Momentum 
> exists in light, but to argue that light has inertia is pure speculation.
>
> So I think you have chosen to overlook some parts of physical evidence 
> and chosen to use others which suit your motivations.  A “massless” 
> photon has momentum but not inertia. Don’t your two fictitious 
> “massless” particles have momentum but not inertia?
>
> Chip
>
> *From:*General 
> [mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] 
> *On Behalf Of *Albrecht Giese
> *Sent:* Tuesday, December 08, 2015 2:26 PM
> *To:* Richard Gauthier <richgauthier at gmail.com>; Albrecht Giese 
> <phys at a-giese.de>
> *Cc:* Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion 
> <general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
> *Subject:* Re: [General] Reply of comments from what a model…
>
> Hello Richard,
>
> I fell a little bit like Sisyphos. No progress.
>
> Am 07.12.2015 um 06:20 schrieb Richard Gauthier:
>
>     Hello Albrecht,
>
>        The nature of scientific exploration is that “anything goes” if
>     it ethically produces new scientific discoveries. So your idea of
>     an indirect strong force on electrons to explain your two-particle
>     model of the electron COULD be correct despite the current lack of
>     any accepted evidence for your model. The law of conservation of
>     momentum is NOT evidence for your specific electron model.
>
> No, as I wrote earlier: The conservation of momentum follows from the 
> symmetry of space. And that is very fundamental. Is used by my model 
> and by the whole rest of the physical world. Formally introduced by 
> the mathematician Emmy Noether in 1918.
>
>     The unexplained results at DESY do not provide support for any
>     hypothesis, including yours.
>
> They have to be explained. I have an explanation which you may not 
> like. Your alternative??
>
>     Your electron hypothesis could be wrong, and is very like to be
>     wrong as I think you will admit. So far your hypothesis hasn’t
>     produced any good scientific results that I know of. I for one am
>     not convinced that your electron hypothesis explains inertia
>     quantitatively (by deriving the electron’s mass from the Bohr
>     magneton ehbar/2m ,  which already contains the electron’s mass).
>
> NO! NO! NO! I have explained it several times now. Inertia is caused 
> by the fact that *any extended object has necessarily inertial 
> behaviour*. It is the consequence of the finiteness of the speed by 
> which the binding forces propagate. Very fundamental physics. So an 
> extended electron has necessarily inertia. But not only as a 
> qualitative result but quantitatively with high precision! And this is 
> not only true for the electron but also for all fermions (leptons and 
> quarks).
>
> Any theory or model needs at least on parameter which is measured. 
> This is in case of my model Planck's constant. I use the Bohr magneton 
> to connect Planck's constant to my model. I could as well have used 
> the relation E = h * frequency. But I found the other way more elegant.
>
> I do not know any other working model for inertia. The Higgs theory 
> does not work as we know. On the other hand my website about "origin 
> of mass" is the number one in the internet since 13 years., And when I 
> give talks about it on conferences in Germany, the lecture hall is 
> normally overcrowded. An indication of weakness?
>
>     I don’t accept that your electron hypothesis is the only
>     hypothesis that can explain inertia, as you claim. Inertia could
>     be explained by the “hidden momentum” component mc in my
>     charged-photon electron model.
>
> If you derive inertia from an occurrence of momentum, then this is 
> circular reasoning. As momentum without inertial is not possible.
>
>     My charged-photon electron model, and John W’s and John M’s and
>     Vivian’s and Chip’s electron models could also all be wrong. But I
>     think that we are collectively making progress. Eliminating
>     deadwood and dead-ends is also part of progress. I don’t see any
>     progress in your model, despite all the energy you put into
>     defending its many weaknesses. You still have not explained how
>     your electron model can have a positive total energy based on its
>     strong nuclear force's negative binding energy. Maybe this will
>     not be possible without radically changing your electron model of
>     two circulating particles that individually have no mass and no
>     energy, but are bound together by the strong nuclear force.
>
> No reason for a change as anything works with very good precision. And 
> from the scratch.
>
>         I don’t know of any awards for electron models. De Broglie and
>     Dirac both got Nobel prizes for their electron equations without
>     having electron models. Heisenberg and Schrodinger also didn’t
>     have electron models when they won their Nobel prizes for
>     discovering quantum mechanics. Perhaps we could start a
>     competition for the best electron model. That could possibly speed
>     up the progress in getting a really good one. But the best
>     electron model will be the one that has the best potential to lead
>     to the best new scientific results.
>
> What de Broglie, Schrödinger, and Dirac did was more algebra than 
> physics. That is their common weakness. And as we have found out in 
> our discussion here is that de Broglie has a logical error in his 
> derivation. And Schrödinger and Dirac based on his result. How proper 
> can that be?
>
>         I didn’t have any position on quarks when they were first
>     introduced. My introductory physics professor in 1963 at MIT Henry
>     Kendall was one of the high energy experimental physicists that
>     later experimentally discovered the first quark. The other five
>     quarks were also discovered by the methods of experimental high
>     energy physics. I think the general positive trend of modern
>     physics is to overturn traditional dogmatic materialism and to
>     open up new ways of understanding the relationships among matter,
>     energy and mind. Physicists should not replace old dogmas by new
>     dogmas. Getting new ideas and concepts accepted in physics is not
>     easy, nor should it be. There’s a lot of junk out there.
>
> Just to remind you: The Up-quark and the Down-quark have never been 
> discovered. They have been assumed to exist as this has eased the 
> formal treatment of nucleons. Nothing better.
>
> With best regards
> Albrecht
>
>
>              With best regards,
>
>                   Richard
>
>         On Dec 6, 2015, at 7:28 AM, Albrecht Giese <genmail at a-giese.de
>         <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de>> wrote:
>
>         Richard,
>
>         what do you expect from science?  Do your claims describe the
>         way as science works?
>
>         If you look into the history of physics, discoveries have
>         happened in a different way than following your demands here.
>         I shall give two examples.
>
>         What is about the quarks, the Up-quark and the Down-quark? No
>         one has ever seen them, no lab was able to isolate them.
>         Nevertheless no one in main stream physics questions that
>         these two quarks exist. The advantage of this assumption is
>         that interactions with nucleons can be mathematically handled
>         in a better way. That is by common view sufficient since more
>         than 40 years.
>
>         I was a student when the quark was introduced. Many
>         established physicists in research laughed about this idea.
>         And the quark was not visible, is not visible until today. But
>         those who introduced it received the Nobel price. - What was
>         your position to quarks at that time? Or what is it now?
>
>         And as I wrote in my last answer: The strong force was
>         believed to exist for 40 years before detailed proofs could be
>         given (by the existence of gluons). /If this is the only
>         choice, then it is the answer (at least temporary). That is
>         the rule in physics. /
>
>         The same is true for the strong force in the electron. It is
>         the only way (at present) to deduce inertia. And there is no
>         counter-proof. The direct positive proof is difficult in so
>         far as the coupling between quarks and electrons is very weak
>         caused by the very different size of both particles.
>
>         Regarding the excess of certain events in the DESY experiment:
>         Do you have a solution? Or a better solution? Perhaps then
>         /you /can win an award ...
>
>         Albrecht
>
>
>         Am 05.12.2015 um 19:10 schrieb Richard Gauthier:
>
>             Albrecht,
>
>              You wrote
>
>                 The conclusion now of a direct interaction of the
>                 strong force between the quark and the electron is a
>                 more indirect proof, but the only one left at present
>                 - in my view.
>
>                 If you are the only one in the world to come to this
>             conclusion, and DESY did not come to this conclusion
>             (which would have probably won them a Nobel prize if
>             correct), then I am not willing to accept it and I doubt
>             that any logical and independent scientist will either.
>
>             you then write
>
>                 further that a lot of other problems can be resolved
>                 with the assumption that the strong force is the
>                 universal force in the world, then this is in my view
>                 an even better argument than the one in the 1930s for
>                 the strong force.
>
>                 You say that a lot of problems could be solved if the
>             strong force affects the electron. This is not a good or
>             logical reason to accept that the strong force affects the
>             electron.  If rivers flowed with milk, a lot of world
>             hunger problems would be solved, but this is not a reason
>             to accept that rivers flow with milk.
>
>                    Richard
>
>                 On Dec 5, 2015, at 7:36 AM, Albrecht Giese
>                 <genmail at a-giese.de <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de>> wrote:
>
>                 Hello Richard,
>
>                 my answers in the text:
>
>                 On Thu, 26 Nov 2015 15:00:23 -0800 schrieb Richard
>                 Gauthier :
>
>                     Hello Albrecht,
>
>                         In physics no one can validly claim that the
>                     strong force nuclear acting on electrons was
>                     “seen” at DESY if such an important and unexpected
>                     result was never confirmed by any other qualified
>                     laboratory in all the years afterward.  So please
>                     let go of your claim about the strong nuclear
>                     force acting on electrons at least until it is
>                     confirmed by another laboratory. I am not saying
>                     that conventional wisdom is always right
>                     (obviously it isn’t). But in experimental physics
>                     one needs to play by the statistical “rules”
>                     (which are in any case designed to guard against
>                     “false positives” like the DESY experiment might
>                     have been) if one wants to have credibility among
>                     other knowledgeable physicists. (We are not
>                     talking about credibility by the general public here.)
>
>                 There were two teams at DESY who have seen an excess
>                 of triggers in electron-quark interactions, which
>                 could not be explained by leptonic interactions based
>                 on the electrical force. The attempt to postulate a
>                 new "leptoquark", which could mediate between the
>                 electron and the strong force, failed. The conclusion
>                 now of a direct interaction of the strong force
>                 between the quark and the electron is a more indirect
>                 proof, but the only one left at present - in my view.
>
>                 But what was the evidence of the strong force when it
>                 came up? See below.
>
>                         And without confirmation of the DESY results
>                     (or their logical interpretation), your 2-particle
>                     electron model goes nowhere fast. As you wrote, “
>                      Without referring to the strong force, the
>                     calculation of the mass of the electron has
>                     incorrect results by a factor of several hundred.
>                     “  So everything else in your model hinges on an
>                     unconfirmed result from one physics laboratory. As
>                     theoretical physicists say (or should say) when
>                     their predictions are not confirmed by
>                     experiments: “Well, back to the drawing board.”
>
>                 The strong force was postulated in the 1930s when it
>                 became clear that there are >1 protons in the nucleus
>                 which are bound to each other despite of the repulsive
>                 force of the electric charges. The stable bind was the
>                 only reason at that time to assume a "strong force".
>                 It was not earlier than in the year 1978, so ca. 40
>                 years later, that gluons have been identified at DESY
>                 and so the strong force has become more than an
>                 assumption.
>
>                 If I say that the strong force in the electron is the
>                 only cause of inertia, which is presently available,
>                 further that a lot of other problems can be resolved
>                 with the assumption that the strong force is the
>                 universal force in the world, then this is in my view
>                 an even better argument than the one in the 1930s for
>                 the strong force.
>
>                          with best wishes,
>
>                             Richard
>
>                 Best wishes back
>                 Albrecht
>
>                         On Nov 26, 2015, at 8:53 AM, Albrecht Giese
>                         <genmail at a-giese.de
>                         <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de>> wrote:
>
>                         Hallo Richard,
>
>                         thank you for your alternative proposal.
>                         Unfortunately there are some points of
>                         misunderstanding with respect to my model. And
>                         also some other physical arguments I like to
>                         point to - in your text.
>
>                         Am 23.11.2015 um 19:43 schrieb Richard Gauthier:
>
>                             Hello Albrecht,
>
>                             I’m glad that you say that developing a
>                             2-particle model of the electron was not
>                             your main interest. I think it will be
>                             useful to see what parts of your model may
>                             be saved, and what parts may have to go,
>                             to get a working model in progress for the
>                             electron which most of us here might agree
>                             on. First, since there is no generally
>                             accepted evidence of a nuclear strong
>                             force relation to electrons, let’s drop
>                             that proposal for holding your 2
>                             circulating charged massless particles in
>                             orbit, at least for now.
>
>                         Here I object. 1) The strong force in the
>                         electron was seen at DESY experiments in the
>                         1990s. 2) Without referring to the strong
>                         force, the calculation of the mass of the
>                         electron has incorrect results by a factor of
>                         several hundred. This was found out by
>                         physicists in the 1940s, e.g. by Helmut Hönl.
>                         (I can send you his paper if you are
>                         interested, however in German.)
>
>                             Second, since there’s no evidence for a
>                             two-particle structure of the electron
>                             from any scattering or other experiments,
>                             let’s also consider dropping that proposal
>                             for now. Your insistence that a 2-particle
>                             model is required for conservation of
>                             momentum at the sub-electron level does
>                             not seem sufficient to accept this part of
>                             your 2-particle model. We don’t even know
>                             experimentally that conservation of
>                             momentum exists at the sub-electron level,
>                             do we? Just an article of faith?
>
>                         This may be a point of personal judgement, but
>                         in my view the conservation if momentum is a
>                         fundamental law in physics, maybe the most
>                         fundamental law. It follows logically from the
>                         symmetry of space (refer to Emmy Noether, who
>                         has set some logical basics for QM).
>
>                             So what is left of your model? You claim
>                             that your two particles are massless and
>                             travel at light speed.  But you don’t say
>                             that they are also without energy, do you?
>                             If there are two massless particles, they
>                             will still each have to have 0.511/2  MeV
>                             of energy if the electron’s total resting
>                             energy 0.511 MeV is divided equally
>                             between them.
>
>                         I have explained this in a former comment. The
>                         two "basic" particles do not have any energy
>                         by themselves. The energy is caused by the
>                         motion of the basic particles in the situation
>                         of a bind. Mass is anyway a dynamic property
>                         of matter as it is even seen by present main
>                         stream physics.
>
>                             One kind of particle that has no rest mass
>                             but has energy and travels at light speed
>                             is a photon.
>
>                         This assumption is not true as explained above.
>
>                             (Let’s forget about gluons here for now
>                             since there is no accepted evidence for a
>                             strong nuclear force on electrons). So
>                             each of your two particles (if there are
>                             still two for some other reason besides
>                             conservation of momentum, and a need for
>                             an attractive force between them to
>                             overcome their electric repulsion) could
>                             be a charged photon (circulating charge is
>                             necessary to get a magnetic moment for the
>                             model) with energy 0.511/2 MeV, which has
>                             energy but no rest mass. OK.
>
>                         Not true!
>
>                             But each of these two charged photons,
>                             each of energy 0.511/2 MeV = mc^2/2 will
>                             have a wavelength of 2 Compton wavelengths
>                             = 2 h/mc . If 1 wavelength of each photon
>                             is turned into a single closed loop, the
>                             each loop would have a radius 2hbar/mc,
>                             which is twice the radius hbar/mc of your
>                             proposed electron model. To make each of
>                             these photons move circularly in a way
>                             that each of their wavelengths gives a
>                             radius of hbar/mc as in your model, each
>                             photon would have to move in a double
>                             loop. So there will be two photons each of
>                             energy 0.511/2  moving in a double loop in
>                             this model. This is getting complicated.
>
>                         The Compton wavelength has a different origin.
>                         It comes from scattering of photons at an
>                         electron (example). The Compton wavelength is
>                         then the maximum change of the wavelength of
>                         the photon in such process. - This wavelength
>                         is in this way not any geometrical extension
>                         of the electron. Yes, we find this value in
>                         some calculations, but we should be cautious
>                         to use it for the determination of dimension.
>
>                              Let’s drop one of the two photons for
>                             simplicity (Occam’s razor put to good use)
>                             so that the other photon will have the
>                             full electron energy 0.511 MeV .
>
>                         What is the origin of this energy in the
>                         photon? And which mechanism causes actually
>                         the energy of this photon? A photon can in
>                         general have any energy, doesn't it?
>
>                             This photon will now have a wavelength 1
>                             Compton wavelength. If this 1 Compton
>                             wavelength charged photon moves in a
>                             single loop it will create an electron
>                             with magnetic moment 1 Bohr magneton and a
>                             spin of 1 hbar. That’s good for the
>                             experimental magnetic moment of the
>                             electron (slightly more than 1 Bohr
>                             magneton)  but bad for its experimental
>                             spin (which you tried to reduce to 1/2
>                             hbar in your model by a delayed force
>                             argument). If the photon moves in a double
>                             loop it will be good for the spin (which
>                             now is exactly 1/2 hbar) but bad for the
>                             magnetic moment (now 1/2 Bohr magneton).
>
>                         Why does the double loop reduce the spin? Why
>                         the Bohr magneton? The magnetic moment depends
>                         on the area in the loop. How large is this
>                         area in this case?
>
>                         The magnetic moment is larger than the Bohr
>                         magneton. In my model this is the contribution
>                         of the (small) electrical charges in view of
>                         the (large) strong charges.
>
>                         And which mechanism causes the double loop? It
>                         cannot come from itself. A circuit is a simple
>                         structure which does not need many influences.
>                         A double loop is more and needs a cause.
>
>                             So there’s still a problem with the
>                             model’s magnetic moment. But this
>                             double-looping charged photon model now
>                             has gained the zitterbewegung frequency of
>                             the Dirac electron which is desirable for
>                             an electron model which hopes to model the
>                             Dirac electron. And it also has 720 degree
>                             symmetry which the Dirac electron has
>                             (while your original 2-particle model has
>                             a rotational symmetry of 180 degrees,
>                             since each particle would take the place
>                             of the other after a half-circle rotation).
>
>                         In my model the zitterbewegung frequency is
>                         the circulation frequency of the basic
>                         particles. The rotational symmetry is not 180
>                         but 360 degrees as the strong field of the
>                         basic particles is not equal, but one basic
>                         particle changes the other one by electrical
>                         influence. This works analogue to the case of
>                         the van der Waals force.
>
>                             What do you think of this new model so far?
>
>                         Did I explain it sufficiently?
>
>                               Richard
>
>                         Albrecht
>
>                                 On Nov 22, 2015, at 9:43 AM, Albrecht
>                                 Giese <genmail at a-giese.de
>                                 <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de>> wrote:
>
>                                 Hello Richard,
>
>                                 I never have persistently tried to
>                                 develop a 2-particle model. What I
>                                 have persistently tried was to find a
>                                 good explanation for relativistic
>                                 dilation. And there I found a solution
>                                 which has satisfied me. All the rest
>                                 including the 2 particles in my model
>                                 where logical consequences where I did
>                                 not see alternatives. If there should
>                                 be a model which is an alternative in
>                                 one or the other aspect, I will be
>                                 happy to see it.
>
>                                 Am 22.11.2015 um 00:13 schrieb Richard
>                                 Gauthier:
>
>                                     Hello Albrecht,
>
>                                     I admire your persistence in
>                                     trying to save your doomed (in my
>                                     opinion) 2-particle electron model.
>
>                                 Why 2 particles in the model? I say it
>                                 again:
>
>                                 1) to maintain the conservation of
>                                 momentum in the view of oscillations
>                                 2) to have a mechanism for inertia
>                                 (which has very precise results,
>                                 otherwise non-existent in present physics)
>
>                                 I will be happy to see alternatives
>                                 for both points. Up to now I have not
>                                 seen any.
>
>                                     Do you understand how unreasonable
>                                     and irrational it appears for you
>                                     to write:   "Then I had to
>                                     determine the field constant S
>                                     which is normally provided by
>                                     experiments. But quantum mechanics
>                                     is so unprecise regarding the
>                                     numeric value of the strong force
>                                     that there is no number available
>                                     in the data tables. Here I found
>                                     that I could use the Bohr magneton
>                                     to determine the constant. (Which
>                                     turned out to be S = hbar*c,
>                                     merely a constant).” ?
>
>                                 I have once asked one of the leading
>                                 theorists at DESY for a better
>                                 quantitative explanation or
>                                 determination of the strong force. His
>                                 answer: Sorry, the strong force is not
>                                 good enough understood so that I
>                                 cannot give you better information.
>
>                                     How could the number S  that you
>                                     could not find in “unprecise”
>                                     tables about the strong force
>                                     possibly be the same number that
>                                     can be found precisely from the
>                                     electron’s Bohr magneton ehbar/2m
>                                     and which you claim is S = hbar*c
>                                     ? This is an unbelievable,
>                                     desperate stretch of imagination
>                                     and "grasping at straws", in my
>                                     opinion.
>
>                                 When I have realized that my model
>                                 deduces the Bohr magneton, I have used
>                                 the measurements available in that
>                                 context to determine my field
>                                 constant. (I could also go the other
>                                 way: I can use the Planck / Einstein
>                                 relation E = h * f and the
>                                 Einstein-relation E = m*c^2 to
>                                 determine the constant S from the
>                                 internal frequency in my model. Same
>                                 result. But I like the other way
>                                 better. BTW: Do you know any other
>                                 model which deduces these relations
>                                 rather than using them as given?)
>
>                                     Here is the meaning of “grasping
>                                     at straws” from
>                                     http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/grasp+at+straws :
>
>
>                                         grasp at straws
>
>                                     Also,*clutch** at straws*. Make a
>                                     desperate attempt at saving
>                                     oneself. For example, /He had lost
>                                     the argument, but he kept
>                                     grasping at straws, naming
>                                     numerous previous cases that had
>                                     little to do with this one/. This
>                                     metaphoric expression alludes to a
>                                     drowning person trying to save
>                                     himself by grabbing at flimsy
>                                     reeds. First recorded in 1534, the
>                                     term was used figuratively by the
>                                     late 1600s.
>
>                                     I am not at all opposed to using
>                                     desperate measures to find or save
>                                     a hypothesis that is very
>                                     important to you. Max Planck
>                                     described his efforts to fit the
>                                     black body radiation equation
>                                     using quantized energies of
>                                     hypothetical oscillators as an
>                                     "act of desperation”.  So you are
>                                     of course free to keep desperately
>                                     trying to save your 2-particle
>                                     electron hypothesis. I personally
>                                     think that your many talents in
>                                     physics could be better spent in
>                                     other ways, for example in
>                                     revising your electron model to
>                                     make it more consistent with
>                                     experimental facts.
>
>                                 Do you know any other electron model
>                                 which is so much consistent with
>                                 experimental facts (e.g. size and
>                                 mass) as this one (without needing the
>                                 usual mystifications of quantum
>                                 mechanics)?
>
>                                      By the way, van der Waals forces
>                                     do not "bind atoms to form a
>                                     molecule". They are attractive or
>                                     repulsive forces between molecules
>                                     or between parts of a molecule.
>                                     According to Wikipedia:
>
>                                     " the *van der Waals forces* (or
>                                     *van der Waals' interaction*),
>                                     named after Dutch
>                                     <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands>scientist
>                                     <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist>Johannes
>                                     Diderik van der Waals
>                                     <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals>,
>                                     is the sum of the attractive or
>                                     repulsive forces between molecules
>                                     <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule> (or
>                                     between parts of the same
>                                     molecule) other than those due to
>                                     covalent bonds
>                                     <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond>,
>                                     or the electrostatic interaction
>                                     <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_interaction> of
>                                     ions
>                                     <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion> with
>                                     one another, with neutral
>                                     molecules, or with charged
>                                     molecules.^[1]
>                                     <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force#cite_note-1>
>                                      The resulting van der Waals
>                                     forces can be attractive or
>                                     repulsive.^[2]
>                                     <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force#cite_note-Van_OssAbsolom1980-2>
>
>
>                                 Yes, my arrangement of charges of the
>                                 strong force causes as well a
>                                 combination of attractive and
>                                 repulsive forces and is doing the same
>                                 like in the van der Waals case. That
>                                 was my reason to refer to them.
>
>                                 Best regards
>                                 Albrecht
>
>                                     with best regards,
>
>                                         Richard
>
>                                         On Nov 21, 2015, at 8:32 AM,
>                                         Albrecht Giese
>                                         <genmail at a-giese.de
>                                         <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de>>
>                                         wrote:
>
>                                         Hello Richard,
>
>                                         I am a bit confused how badly
>                                         my attempted explanations have
>                                         reached you.
>
>                                         I have NOT used the Bohr
>                                         magneton to determine the
>                                         radius R of an electron. I
>                                         deduced the radius directly
>                                         from the measured magnetic
>                                         moment using the classical
>                                         equation for the magnetic moment.
>
>                                         For the binding force of the
>                                         sub-particles I needed a
>                                         multipole field which has a
>                                         potential minimum at a
>                                         distance R_0 . The simplest
>                                         shape of such a field which I
>                                         could find was for the force F:
>                                         F = S * (R_0 - R) /R^3 . Here
>                                         R_0 is of course the
>                                         equilibrium distance and S the
>                                         field constant. I wanted to
>                                         refer to an existing field of
>                                         a proper strength, and that
>                                         could only be the strong
>                                         force. Then I had to determine
>                                         the field constant S which is
>                                         normally provided by
>                                         experiments. But quantum
>                                         mechanics is so unprecise
>                                         regarding the numeric value of
>                                         the strong force that there is
>                                         no number available in the
>                                         data tables. Here I found that
>                                         I could use the Bohr magneton
>                                         to determine the constant.
>                                         (Which turned out to be S =
>                                         hbar*c, merely a constant).
>
>                                         From the equation for F given
>                                         above the inertial mass of the
>                                         particle follows from a
>                                         deduction which is given on my
>                                         website:
>                                         www.ag-physics.org/rmass
>                                         <http://www.ag-physics.org/rmass>  
>                                         . Too long to present it here,
>                                         but straight and inevitable.
>                                         Here the result again: m = S /
>                                         (R * c^2 ) .
>
>                                         If you are unsatisfied by my
>                                         deduction of this field, what
>                                         is about the van der Waals
>                                         forces which bind atoms to
>                                         build a molecule? Did van der
>                                         Waals have had a better way of
>                                         deduction in that case? I
>                                         think that the fact that the
>                                         von der Waals forces act so as
>                                         observed, is enough for the
>                                         physical community to accept
>                                         them.
>
>                                         And you ask for an independent
>                                         calculation of S which I
>                                         should present in your
>                                         opinion. Now, Is there anyone
>                                         in physics or in astronomy who
>                                         can present an independent
>                                         calculation of the
>                                         gravitational constant G? No,
>                                         nobody can calculate G from
>                                         basic assumptions. Why asking
>                                         for more in my case? I think
>                                         that this demand is not
>                                         realistic and not common
>                                         understanding in physics.
>
>                                         And again: where is circular
>                                         reasoning?
>
>                                         Best regards
>                                         Albrecht
>
>                                         Am 20.11.2015 um 23:02 schrieb
>                                         Richard Gauthier:
>
>                                             Hello Albrecht,
>
>                                               Thanks for your detailed
>                                             response.  I think the key
>                                             problem is in your
>                                             determination of your
>                                             “field constant” S which
>                                             you say describes the
>                                             "binding field" for your
>                                             two particles. This
>                                             definition of S is too
>                                             general and empty of
>                                             specific content as I
>                                             understand that it applies
>                                             to any "binding field” at
>                                             any nuclear or atomic or
>                                             molecular level.   With
>                                             your 2-particle electron
>                                             model you then calculate
>                                             the radius R=hbar/mc from
>                                             the Bohr Magneton
>                                             e*hbar/2m,  assuming the
>                                             values of m, e, h and c. .
>                                             Then you calculate S from
>                                             the Bohr magneton and find
>                                             it to be S=c*hbar. You
>                                             then calculate m from the
>                                             equation m=S/(R*c^2).  How
>                                             can a binding field S be
>                                             described by such a
>                                             universal term hbar * c ?
>                                              That’s why I think that
>                                             your derivation is
>                                             circular.  You use the
>                                             Bohr magneton e*hbar/2m to
>                                             calculate R and S, (using
>                                             the Bohr magneton) and
>                                             then you use R and S to
>                                             calculate m.  You have no
>                                             independent calculation of
>                                             S except from the Bohr
>                                             magneton. That’s the
>                                             problem resulting in
>                                             circularity.
>
>                                               with best regards,
>
>                                                   Richard
>
>                                                 On Nov 20, 2015, at
>                                                 1:09 PM, Albrecht
>                                                 Giese
>                                                 <genmail at a-giese.de
>                                                 <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de>>
>                                                 wrote:
>
>                                                 Hallo Richard,
>
>                                                 I find it great that
>                                                 we have made similar
>                                                 calculations and came
>                                                 at some points to
>                                                 similar conclusions.
>                                                 That is not a matter
>                                                 of course, as you find
>                                                 in all textbooks that
>                                                 it is impossible to
>                                                 get these results in a
>                                                 classical way, but
>                                                 that in the contrary
>                                                 it needs QM to come to
>                                                 these results.
>
>                                                 Here now again the
>                                                 logical way which I
>                                                 have gone: I assume
>                                                 the circular motion of
>                                                 the elementary
>                                                 electric charge (2*
>                                                 1/2 * e_0 ) with speed
>                                                 c. Then with the
>                                                 formula (which you
>                                                 give here again) M =
>                                                 i*A one can conclude A
>                                                 from the measured
>                                                 magnetic moment. And
>                                                 so we know the radius
>                                                 to be R = 3.86 x
>                                                 10^-13 m for the
>                                                 electron. No constants
>                                                 and no further theory
>                                                 are necessary for this
>                                                 result. I have then
>                                                 calculated the
>                                                 inertial mass of a
>                                                 particle which turns
>                                                 out to be m = S / (R *
>                                                 c^2 ) where the
>                                                 parameter S describes
>                                                 the binding field. I
>                                                 did initially have no
>                                                 knowledge about the
>                                                 quantity of this
>                                                 field. But from the
>                                                 mass formula there
>                                                 follows for the
>                                                 magnetic moment: M=
>                                                 (1/2)*(S/c)*(e /m). To
>                                                 this point I have not
>                                                 used any knowledge
>                                                 except the known
>                                                 relation for the
>                                                 magnetic moment. Now I
>                                                 look to the Bohr
>                                                 magneton in order to
>                                                 find the quantity of
>                                                 my field constant
>                                                 S:    M= (1/2)*hbar*(e
>                                                 /m). Because the
>                                                 Planck constant has to
>                                                 be measured in some
>                                                 way. For doing it
>                                                 myself I would need a
>                                                 big machine. But why?
>                                                 Basic constants never
>                                                 follow from a theory
>                                                 but have to be
>                                                 measured. I can use
>                                                 such a measurement,
>                                                 and that tells me for
>                                                 my field constant S =
>                                                 c*hbar (from Bohr
>                                                 magneton). So, where
>                                                 do you see circular
>                                                 reasoning?
>
>                                                 Now I have no theory,
>                                                 why specific
>                                                 elementary particles
>                                                 exist. Maybe later I
>                                                 find a way, not now.
>                                                 But now I can use the
>                                                 (measurable) magnetic
>                                                 moment for any
>                                                 particle to determine
>                                                 the radius, and then I
>                                                 know the mass from my
>                                                 formula. This works
>                                                 for all charged
>                                                 leptons and for all
>                                                 quarks. Not good enough?
>
>                                                 And yes, the Landé
>                                                 factor. Not too
>                                                 difficult. In my
>                                                 deduction of the mass
>                                                 I have used only the
>                                                 (initially unknown)
>                                                 constant S for the
>                                                 field. Which I assume
>                                                 to be the strong field
>                                                 as with the electric
>                                                 field the result is
>                                                 too small (by a factor
>                                                 of several hundred).
>                                                 The only stronger
>                                                 alternative to the
>                                                 electrical force is
>                                                 the strong force,
>                                                 already known. Is this
>                                                 a far-fetched idea?
>                                                 But I have in this
>                                                 initial deduction
>                                                 ignored that the two
>                                                 basic particles have
>                                                 an electrical charge
>                                                 of e/2 each, which
>                                                 cause a repelling
>                                                 force which increases
>                                                 the radius R a bit.
>                                                 With this increase I
>                                                 correct the result for
>                                                 e.g. the magnetic
>                                                 moment, and the
>                                                 correction is quite
>                                                 precisely the Landé
>                                                 factor (with a
>                                                 deviation of ca. 10^-6 ).
>
>                                                 So, what did I invent
>                                                 specially for my
>                                                 model, and which
>                                                 parameters do I use
>                                                 from others? I have
>                                                 assumed the shape of
>                                                 the binding field as
>                                                 this field has to
>                                                 cause the bind at a
>                                                 distance. And I have
>                                                 used the measurement
>                                                 of the Planck constant
>                                                 h which other
>                                                 colleagues have
>                                                 performed. Nothing
>                                                 else. I do not have do
>                                                 derive the quantity e
>                                                 as this is not the
>                                                 task of a particle
>                                                 model. If e could be
>                                                 derived (what nobody
>                                                 today is able to do),
>                                                 then this would follow
>                                                 from a much deeper
>                                                 insight into our
>                                                 physical basics as
>                                                 anyone can have today.
>
>                                                 The fact of two
>                                                 constituents is a
>                                                 necessary precondition
>                                                 to obey the
>                                                 conservation of
>                                                 momentum and to
>                                                 support the mechanism
>                                                 of inertia. I do not
>                                                 know any other
>                                                 mechanism which works.
>
>                                                 Where do I practice
>                                                 circular reasoning?
>
>                                                 Best regards
>                                                 Albrecht
>
>                                                 Am 18.11.2015 um 15:42
>                                                 schrieb Richard Gauthier:
>
>                                                     Hello Albrecht,
>
>                                                      Let’s look at
>                                                     your listed
>                                                     assumptions of
>                                                     your electron
>                                                     model in relation
>                                                     to the electron’s
>                                                     magnetic moment.
>                                                     It is known that
>                                                     the magnitude of
>                                                     the electron’s
>                                                     experimental
>                                                     magnetic moment is
>                                                     slightly more than
>                                                     the Bohr magneton
>                                                     which is Mb =
>                                                     ehbar/2m = 9.274
>                                                     J/T in SI units.
>                                                     Your 2-particle
>                                                     model aims to
>                                                     generate a
>                                                     magnetic moment to
>                                                     match this Bohr
>                                                     magneton value
>                                                     (which was
>                                                     predicted for the
>                                                     electron by the
>                                                     Dirac equation)
>                                                     rather than the
>                                                     experimental value
>                                                     of the electron’s
>                                                     magnetic moment
>                                                     which is slightly
>                                                     larger. The
>                                                     standard equation
>                                                     for calculating
>                                                     the magnetic
>                                                     moment M of a
>                                                     plane current loop
>                                                     is  M = IA for
>                                                     loop area A and
>                                                     current I. If the
>                                                     area A is a circle
>                                                     and the current is
>                                                     a circular current
>                                                     loop I around this
>                                                     area, whose value
>                                                     I is calculated
>                                                     from a total
>                                                     electric charge e
>                                                     moving circularly
>                                                     at light speed c
>                                                     (as in your
>                                                     2-particle
>                                                     electron model)
>                                                     with a radius R, a
>                                                     short calculation
>                                                     will show that if
>                                                     the radius of this
>                                                     circle is R =
>                                                     hbar/mc = 3.86 x
>                                                     10-13 m (the
>                                                     reduced Compton
>                                                     wavelength
>                                                     corresponding to a
>                                                     circle of
>                                                     circumference one
>                                                     Compton wavelength
>                                                     h/mc), then this
>                                                     radius R for the
>                                                     current loop gives
>                                                     a magnetic moment
>                                                     M = IA = Bohr
>                                                     magneton ehbar/2m
>                                                     . I have done this
>                                                     calculation many
>                                                     times in my
>                                                     electron modeling
>                                                     work and know that
>                                                     this is the case.
>                                                     The values of h
>                                                     and also e and m
>                                                     of the electron
>                                                     have to be known
>                                                     accurately to
>                                                     calculate the Bohr
>                                                     magneton ehbar/2m
>                                                     .  When the radius
>                                                     of the circular
>                                                     loop is R=hbar/mc,
>                                                     the frequency f of
>                                                     the charge e
>                                                     circling the loop
>                                                     is easily found to
>                                                     be f=c/(2pi R)=
>                                                     mc^2/h , which is
>                                                     the frequency of
>                                                     light having the
>                                                     Compton wavelength
>                                                     h/mc.
>
>                                                     So the current
>                                                     loop radius
>                                                     R=hbar/mc that is
>                                                     required in your
>                                                     2-particle model
>                                                     to derive the Bohr
>                                                     magneton ehbar/2m
>                                                     using M=IA
>                                                     obviously cannot
>                                                     also be used to
>                                                     derive either of
>                                                     the values h or m
>                                                     since these values
>                                                     were used to
>                                                     calculate the Bohr
>                                                     magneton ehbar/2m
>                                                     in the first
>                                                     place. So your
>                                                     model cannot be
>                                                     used to derive any
>                                                     of the values of
>                                                     e, h or m, and
>                                                     seems to be an
>                                                     exercise in
>                                                     circular
>                                                     reasoning. Please
>                                                     let me know how I
>                                                     may be mistaken in
>                                                     this conclusion.
>
>                                                     with best regards,
>
>                                                        Richard
>
>                                                         On Nov 18,
>                                                         2015, at 2:03
>                                                         AM, Dr.
>                                                         Albrecht Giese
>                                                         <genmail at a-giese.de
>                                                         <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de>>
>                                                         wrote:
>
>                                                         Hi Al,
>
>                                                         I completely
>                                                         disagree with
>                                                         your
>                                                         conclusions
>                                                         about the
>                                                         motivation
>                                                         towards my
>                                                         model because
>                                                         my intention
>                                                         was not to
>                                                         develop a
>                                                         particle
>                                                         model. My
>                                                         intention was
>                                                         to develop a
>                                                         better
>                                                         understanding
>                                                         of time in
>                                                         relativity. My
>                                                         present model
>                                                         was an
>                                                         unexpected
>                                                         consequence of
>                                                         this work.  I
>                                                         show you my
>                                                         arguments
>                                                         again and ask
>                                                         you to
>                                                         indicate the
>                                                         point where
>                                                         you do not follow.
>
>                                                         Am 17.11.2015
>                                                         um 19:18
>                                                         schrieb
>                                                         af.kracklauer at web.de
>                                                         <mailto:af.kracklauer at web.de>:
>
>                                                             Hi Albrect:
>
>                                                             Comments²
>                                                             *IN BOLD*
>
>                                                             *Gesendet:* Dienstag,
>                                                             17.
>                                                             November
>                                                             2015 um
>                                                             18:41 Uhr
>                                                             *Von:* "Dr. Albrecht
>                                                             Giese"
>                                                             <genmail at a-giese.de>
>                                                             <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de>
>                                                             *An:*
>                                                             af.kracklauer at web.de
>                                                             <mailto:af.kracklauer at web.de>
>                                                             *Cc:*
>                                                             general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
>                                                             <mailto:general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
>                                                             *Betreff:* Re:
>                                                             [General]
>                                                             Reply of
>                                                             comments
>                                                             from what
>                                                             a model…
>
>                                                             Hi Al,
>
>                                                             again some
>                                                             responses.
>
>                                                             Am
>                                                             14.11.2015
>                                                             um 18:24
>                                                             schrieb
>                                                             af.kracklauer at web.de
>                                                             <mailto:af.kracklauer at web.de>:
>
>                                                                 Hi
>                                                                 Albrecht:
>
>                                                                 Answers to
>                                                                 your
>                                                                 questions:
>
>                                                                 1) The
>                                                                 SED
>                                                                 background
>                                                                 explains
>                                                                 the
>                                                                 Planck
>                                                                 BB
>                                                                 distribution
>                                                                  without
>                                                                 quantization.
>                                                                 It
>                                                                 explans why
>                                                                 an
>                                                                 atom
>                                                                 doesn't collapse:
>                                                                 in
>                                                                 equilibrium
>                                                                 with
>                                                                 background,
>                                                                 In
>                                                                 fact,
>                                                                 just
>                                                                 about
>                                                                 every
>                                                                 effect
>                                                                 described
>                                                                 by 2nd
>                                                                 quantization
>                                                                 has an
>                                                                 SED
>                                                                 parallel
>                                                                 explantion
>                                                                 without  additional
>                                                                 considerations.
>                                                                  With
>                                                                 the
>                                                                 additional
>                                                                 input
>                                                                 of the
>                                                                 SED
>                                                                 origin
>                                                                 of
>                                                                 deBroglie
>                                                                 waves,
>                                                                 it
>                                                                 provides
>                                                                 a
>                                                                 direct
>                                                                 derivation
>                                                                 of the
>                                                                 Schröedinger
>                                                                 eq.
>                                                                 thereby explainiong
>                                                                 all of
>                                                                 1st
>                                                                 Quantization.
>
>                                                             Maybe you
>                                                             achieve
>                                                             something
>                                                             when using
>                                                             SED
>                                                             background. I
>                                                             do not
>                                                             really
>                                                             understand
>                                                             this
>                                                             background, but
>                                                             I do not
>                                                             see a
>                                                             stringent
>                                                             necessity
>                                                             for it.
>                                                             But SED as
>                                                             an origin
>                                                             to the de
>                                                             Broglie
>                                                             waves is
>                                                             of
>                                                             interest
>                                                             for me. I
>                                                             am
>                                                             presently
>                                                             working on
>                                                             de Broglie
>                                                             waves to
>                                                             find a
>                                                             solution,
>                                                             which does
>                                                             not have
>                                                             the
>                                                             logical
>                                                             conflicts
>                                                             which we
>                                                             have
>                                                             discussed
>                                                             here.
>
>                                                             *See No.
>                                                             11 (or 1)
>                                                             @
>                                                             www.nonloco-physics.0catch.com
>                                                             <http://www.nonloco-physics.0catch.com>
>                                                               for
>                                                             suggetions
>                                                             and some
>                                                             previous
>                                                             work along
>                                                             this line.*
>
>                                                         *Thank you,
>                                                         will have a
>                                                         look.*
>
>                                                                 2)
>                                                                 Olber's logic
>                                                                 is in
>                                                                 conflict
>                                                                 with
>                                                                 Mach's
>                                                                 Principle,
>                                                                 so is
>                                                                 obviously
>                                                                 just
>                                                                 valid
>                                                                 for
>                                                                 visible light.
>                                                                  Given
>                                                                 a
>                                                                 little
>                                                                 intergalacitc
>                                                                 plasma
>                                                                 (1
>                                                                 H/m³),
>                                                                 not to
>                                                                 mention atmossphere
>                                                                 and
>                                                                 interplanatary
>                                                                 plama,
>                                                                 visible light
>                                                                 disappears
>                                                                 to
>                                                                 Earthbound
>                                                                 observers
>                                                                 at
>                                                                 visitble
>                                                                 freqs
>                                                                 to
>                                                                 reappear
>                                                                 at
>                                                                 other,
>                                                                 perhaps at
>                                                                 2.7°
>                                                                 even,
>                                                                 or at
>                                                                 any
>                                                                 other
>                                                                 long
>                                                                 or
>                                                                 hyper
>                                                                 short
>                                                                 wave
>                                                                 length.  'The
>                                                                 universe
>                                                                 matters'---which
>                                                                 is
>                                                                 even
>                                                                 politically
>                                                                 correct nowadays!
>
>                                                             Olber's
>                                                             logic is
>                                                             simple in
>                                                             so far, as
>                                                             it shows
>                                                             that the
>                                                             universe
>                                                             cannot be
>                                                             infinite.
>                                                             I have
>                                                             assumed
>                                                             the same
>                                                             for all
>                                                             background
>                                                             effects.
>                                                             Or are
>                                                             they infinite?
>
>                                                             *The fly
>                                                             in the
>                                                             ointment
>                                                             is
>                                                             absorbtion.  An
>                                                             inf.
>                                                             universe
>                                                             with
>                                                             absorbtion
>                                                             in the
>                                                             visible
>                                                             part of
>                                                             the
>                                                             spectrum
>                                                             will still
>                                                             have a
>                                                             largely
>                                                             dark sky. *
>
>                                                         *And the other
>                                                         way around:
>                                                         Even if there
>                                                         is no
>                                                         absorption,
>                                                         the sky will
>                                                         be dark. And
>                                                         the general
>                                                         opinion is
>                                                         that, even if
>                                                         there is a lot
>                                                         of radiation
>                                                         absorbed, this
>                                                         absorbing
>                                                         material will
>                                                         heat up by the
>                                                         time and
>                                                         radiate as
>                                                         well. So an
>                                                         absorption
>                                                         should not
>                                                         change too much.*
>
>
>                                                             What is
>                                                             the
>                                                             conflict
>                                                             with
>                                                             Mach's
>                                                             principle?
>
>                                                             *Mach
>                                                             says: the
>                                                             gravitational
>                                                             "background radiation"
>                                                             is the
>                                                             cause of
>                                                             inertia.
>                                                             This
>                                                             effect is
>                                                             parallel
>                                                             to the SED
>                                                             bacground
>                                                             causing QM
>                                                             effects.
>                                                             Conflict:
>                                                             if Olber
>                                                             is right,
>                                                             then Mach
>                                                             is
>                                                             probably
>                                                             wrong (too
>                                                             weak).*
>
>                                                         *In my
>                                                         understanding,
>                                                         what Mach
>                                                         means is
>                                                         completely
>                                                         different.
>                                                         Mach's
>                                                         intention was
>                                                         to find a
>                                                         reference
>                                                         system which
>                                                         is absolute
>                                                         with respect
>                                                         to
>                                                         acceleration.
>                                                         He assumed
>                                                         that this is
>                                                         caused by the
>                                                         stars in our
>                                                         vicinity. He
>                                                         did not have a
>                                                         certain idea
>                                                         how this
>                                                         happens, he
>                                                         only needed
>                                                         the fact.
>                                                         (Einstein
>                                                         replaced this
>                                                         necessity by
>                                                         his
>                                                         equivalence of
>                                                         gravity and
>                                                         acceleration -
>                                                         which however
>                                                         is clearly
>                                                         falsified as
>                                                         mentioned
>                                                         several times.)*
>
>                                                                 3) The
>                                                                 (wide
>                                                                 spread) criticism
>                                                                 of 2
>                                                                 particles
>                                                                 is
>                                                                 that
>                                                                 there
>                                                                 is
>                                                                 neither an
>                                                                 /a-priori/
>                                                                 intuative
>                                                                 reason, nor
>                                                                 empirical
>                                                                 evidence
>                                                                 that
>                                                                 they
>                                                                 exist.
>                                                                  Maybe
>                                                                 they
>                                                                 do
>                                                                 anyway.  But
>                                                                 then,
>                                                                 maybe
>                                                                 Zeus
>                                                                 does
>                                                                 too,
>                                                                 and he
>                                                                 is
>                                                                 just
>                                                                 arranging
>                                                                 appearances
>                                                                 so
>                                                                 that
>                                                                 we
>                                                                 amuse
>                                                                 ourselves.
>                                                                  (Try
>                                                                 to
>                                                                 prove
>                                                                 that
>                                                                 wrong!)
>
>                                                             I have
>                                                             explained
>                                                             how I came
>                                                             to the
>                                                             conclusion
>                                                             of 2
>                                                             sub-particles.
>                                                             Again:
>
>                                                             1) There
>                                                             is motion
>                                                             with c in
>                                                             an
>                                                             elementary
>                                                             particle
>                                                             to explain
>                                                             dilation
>                                                             2) With
>                                                             only on
>                                                             particle
>                                                             such
>                                                             process is
>                                                             mechanically
>                                                             not
>                                                             possible,
>                                                             and it
>                                                             violates
>                                                             the
>                                                             conservation
>                                                             of momentum
>                                                             3) In this
>                                                             way it is
>                                                             the only
>                                                             working
>                                                             model
>                                                             theses
>                                                             days to
>                                                             explain
>                                                             inertia.
>                                                             And this
>                                                             model
>                                                             explains
>                                                             inertia
>                                                             with high
>                                                             precision.
>                                                             What more
>                                                             is needed?
>
>                                                             *These
>                                                             assumtions
>                                                             are
>                                                             "teleological,"
>                                                              i.e.,
>                                                             tuned to
>                                                             give the
>                                                             desired
>                                                             results.
>                                                              As logic,
>                                                             although
>                                                             often
>                                                             done, this
>                                                             manuver is
>                                                             not legit
>                                                             in the
>                                                             formal
>                                                             presentation
>                                                             of a
>                                                             theory.
>                                                              For a
>                                                             physics
>                                                             theory,
>                                                             ideally,
>                                                             all the
>                                                             input
>                                                             assuptios
>                                                             have
>                                                             empirical
>                                                             justification
>                                                             or
>                                                             motivation.  Your
>                                                             2nd
>                                                             partical
>                                                             (modulo
>                                                             virtual
>                                                             images)
>                                                             has no
>                                                             such
>                                                             motivatin,
>                                                             in fact,
>                                                             just the
>                                                             opposite. *
>
>                                                         *My logical
>                                                         way is just
>                                                         the other way
>                                                         around. I had
>                                                         the plan to
>                                                         work on
>                                                         relativity
>                                                         (the aspects
>                                                         of time), not
>                                                         on particle
>                                                         physics. The
>                                                         particle model
>                                                         was an
>                                                         unplanned
>                                                         spin-off.   I
>                                                         shall try to
>                                                         explain the
>                                                         logical path
>                                                         again: **
>
>                                                         *_1st step:_ I
>                                                         have
>                                                         calculated the
>                                                         4-dimensional
>                                                         speed of an
>                                                         object using
>                                                         the temporal
>                                                         part of the
>                                                         Lorentz
>                                                         transformation. The
>                                                         surprising
>                                                         fact was that
>                                                         this 4-dim.
>                                                         speed is
>                                                         always the
>                                                         speed of
>                                                         light. I have
>                                                         then assumed
>                                                         that this
>                                                         constant shows
>                                                         a permanent
>                                                         motion with c
>                                                         in a particle.
>                                                         I have
>                                                         accepted this
>                                                         as a probable
>                                                         solution, but
>                                                         I have never
>                                                         assumed this,
>                                                         before I had
>                                                         this result.
>                                                         It was in no
>                                                         way a desired
>                                                         result. My
>                                                         idea was to
>                                                         describe time
>                                                         by a vector of
>                                                         3 of 4
>                                                         dimensions. -
>                                                         I have then no
>                                                         further
>                                                         followed this
>                                                         idea.*
>                                                         *_2nd step:_
>                                                         If there is
>                                                         some motion in
>                                                         the particle,
>                                                         it cannot be
>                                                         caused by one
>                                                         constituent.
>                                                         This is
>                                                         logically not
>                                                         possible as it
>                                                         violates the
>                                                         conservation
>                                                         of momentum.
>                                                         Also this was
>                                                         not a desired
>                                                         result but
>                                                         logically
>                                                         inevitable. *
>                                                         *_3rd step:_
>                                                         If the
>                                                         constituents
>                                                         move with c,
>                                                         then they
>                                                         cannot have
>                                                         any mass. Also
>                                                         this was not a
>                                                         result which I
>                                                         wished to
>                                                         achieve, but
>                                                         here I
>                                                         followed my
>                                                         understanding
>                                                         of relativity.*
>                                                         *_4th step:_
>                                                         The size must
>                                                         be such that
>                                                         the resulting
>                                                         frequency in
>                                                         the view of c
>                                                         yields the
>                                                         magnetic
>                                                         moment which
>                                                         is known by
>                                                         measurements. *
>                                                         *_5th step:_ I
>                                                         had to find a
>                                                         reason for the
>                                                         mass of the
>                                                         electron in
>                                                         spite of the
>                                                         fact that the
>                                                         constituents
>                                                         do not have
>                                                         any mass.
>                                                         After some
>                                                         thinking I
>                                                         found out the
>                                                         fact that any
>                                                         extended
>                                                         object has
>                                                         necessarily
>                                                         inertia. I
>                                                         have applied
>                                                         this insight
>                                                         to this
>                                                         particle
>                                                         model, and the
>                                                         result was the
>                                                         actual mass of
>                                                         the electron,
>                                                         if I assumed
>                                                         that the force
>                                                         is the strong
>                                                         force. It
>                                                         could not be
>                                                         the electric
>                                                         force (as it
>                                                         was assumed by
>                                                         others at
>                                                         earlier times)
>                                                         because the
>                                                         result is too
>                                                         weak.*
>
>                                                         *None of the
>                                                         results from
>                                                         step 1 thru
>                                                         step 5 was
>                                                         desired. Every
>                                                         step was
>                                                         inevitable,
>                                                         because our
>                                                         standard
>                                                         physical
>                                                         understanding
>                                                         (which I did
>                                                         not change at
>                                                         any point)
>                                                         does not allow
>                                                         for any
>                                                         alternative. -
>                                                         _Or at which
>                                                         step could I
>                                                         have had an
>                                                         alternative in
>                                                         your opinion?_*_
>
>                                                         _*And btw:
>                                                         which is the
>                                                         stringent
>                                                         argument for
>                                                         only one
>                                                         constituent?
>                                                         As I mentioned
>                                                         before, the
>                                                         experiment is
>                                                         not an
>                                                         argument. I
>                                                         have discussed
>                                                         my model with
>                                                         the former
>                                                         research
>                                                         director of
>                                                         DESY who was
>                                                         responsible
>                                                         for this type
>                                                         of electron
>                                                         experiments,
>                                                         and he
>                                                         admitted that
>                                                         there is no
>                                                         conflict with
>                                                         the assumption
>                                                         of 2
>                                                         constituents.***_
>
>                                                         _*
>
>
>                                                             I know
>                                                             from
>                                                             several
>                                                             discussions with
>                                                             particle
>                                                             physicists
>                                                             that there
>                                                             is a lot
>                                                             of
>                                                             resistance
>                                                             against
>                                                             this
>                                                             assumption
>                                                             of 2
>                                                             constituents.
>                                                             The reason
>                                                             is that
>                                                             everyone
>                                                             learn at
>                                                             university
>                                                             like with
>                                                             mother's
>                                                             milk that
>                                                             the
>                                                             electron
>                                                             is
>                                                             point-like, extremely
>                                                             small and
>                                                             does not
>                                                             have any
>                                                             internal
>                                                             structure.
>                                                             This has
>                                                             the effect
>                                                             like a
>                                                             religion.
>                                                             (Same with
>                                                             the
>                                                             relativity
>                                                             of Hendrik
>                                                             Lorentz.
>                                                             Everyone
>                                                             learns
>                                                             with the
>                                                             same
>                                                             fundamental attitude
>                                                             that
>                                                             Lorentz
>                                                             was
>                                                             nothing
>                                                             better
>                                                             than a
>                                                             senile old
>                                                             man how
>                                                             was not
>                                                             able to
>                                                             understand
>                                                             modern
>                                                             physics.) 
>                                                             - Not a
>                                                             really
>                                                             good way,
>                                                             all this.
>
>                                                             *Mystical
>                                                             thinking
>                                                             is indeed
>                                                             a major
>                                                             problem
>                                                             even in
>                                                             Physics!
>                                                              But,
>                                                              some of
>                                                             the
>                                                             objectiors
>                                                             to a 2nd
>                                                             particle
>                                                             are not
>                                                             basing
>                                                             their
>                                                             objection
>                                                             of devine
>                                                             revelation
>                                                             or
>                                                             political
>                                                             correctness. *
>
>                                                                 4) It
>                                                                 is
>                                                                 ascientific
>                                                                 to
>                                                                 consider
>                                                                 that
>                                                                 the
>                                                                 desired result
>                                                                 is
>                                                                 justification
>                                                                 for a
>                                                                 hypothetical
>                                                                 input.
>                                                                  OK,
>                                                                 one
>                                                                 can
>                                                                 say
>                                                                 about
>                                                                 such
>                                                                 reasoning,
>                                                                 it is
>                                                                 validated
>                                                                 /a
>                                                                 posteriori/,
>                                                                 that
>                                                                 at
>                                                                 least
>                                                                 makes
>                                                                 it
>                                                                 sound
>                                                                 substantial.
>                                                                  So
>                                                                 much
>                                                                 has
>                                                                 been
>                                                                 granted to
>                                                                 your
>                                                                 "story" but
>                                                                 has
>                                                                 not
>                                                                 granted your
>                                                                 story
>                                                                 status
>                                                                 as a
>                                                                 "physics
>                                                                 theory."
>                                                                  It
>                                                                 has
>                                                                 some
>                                                                 appeal, which
>                                                                 in my
>                                                                 mind
>                                                                 would
>                                                                 be
>                                                                 enhansed
>                                                                 had a
>                                                                 rationalization
>                                                                 for
>                                                                 the
>                                                                 2nd
>                                                                 particle
>                                                                 been
>                                                                 provided.
>                                                                  That's all
>                                                                 I'm
>                                                                 trying
>                                                                 to do.
>                                                                  When
>                                                                 you or
>                                                                 whoever comes
>                                                                 up
>                                                                 with a
>                                                                 better
>                                                                 one,
>                                                                 I'll
>                                                                 drop
>                                                                 pushing the
>                                                                 virtual particle
>                                                                 engendered
>                                                                 by the
>                                                                 background.
>                                                                 Maybe,
>                                                                 it
>                                                                 fixes
>                                                                 too
>                                                                 many
>                                                                 other
>                                                                 things.
>
>                                                             My history
>                                                             was
>                                                             following
>                                                             another
>                                                             way and
>                                                             another
>                                                             motivation. I
>                                                             intended
>                                                             to explain
>                                                             relativity
>                                                             on the
>                                                             basis of
>                                                             physical
>                                                             facts.
>                                                             This was
>                                                             my only
>                                                             intention
>                                                             for this
>                                                             model. All
>                                                             further
>                                                             properties
>                                                             of the
>                                                             model were
>                                                             logical
>                                                             consequences
>                                                             where I
>                                                             did not
>                                                             see
>                                                             alternatives.
>                                                             I did not
>                                                             want to
>                                                             explain
>                                                             inertia.
>                                                             It just
>                                                             was a
>                                                             result by
>                                                             itself.
>                                                             So, what
>                                                             is the
>                                                             problem? I
>                                                             have a
>                                                             model
>                                                             which
>                                                             explains
>                                                             several
>                                                             properties
>                                                             of
>                                                             elementary
>                                                             particles
>                                                             very
>                                                             precisely.
>                                                             It is in
>                                                             no
>                                                             conflict
>                                                             with any
>                                                             experimental
>                                                             experience. And
>                                                             as a new
>                                                             observation there
>                                                             is even
>                                                             some
>                                                             experimental
>                                                             evidence.
>                                                             - What
>                                                             else can
>                                                             physics
>                                                             expect
>                                                             from a
>                                                             theory? -
>                                                             The
>                                                             argument
>                                                             that the
>                                                             second
>                                                             particle
>                                                             is not
>                                                             visible is
>                                                             funny. Who
>                                                             has ever
>                                                             seen a
>                                                             quark? Who
>                                                             has ever
>                                                             seen the
>                                                             internal
>                                                             structure
>                                                             of the
>                                                             sun? I
>                                                             think you
>                                                             have a
>                                                             demand
>                                                             here which
>                                                             was never
>                                                             fulfilled
>                                                             in science.
>
>                                                             *The
>                                                             problem,
>                                                             obviously,
>                                                             is that
>                                                             the
>                                                             existence
>                                                             of the 2nd
>                                                             particle,
>                                                             as you
>                                                             have
>                                                             presented
>                                                             it, is not
>                                                             a fact,
>                                                             but a
>                                                             Wunschansatz.
>                                                              [BTW:
>                                                              "See" in
>                                                             this
>                                                             context is
>                                                             not meant
>                                                             occularly,
>                                                             but
>                                                             figuratively
>                                                             for
>                                                             experimental
>                                                             verification
>                                                             through
>                                                             any length
>                                                             of
>                                                             inferance
>                                                             chain.]
>                                                              So, my
>                                                             question
>                                                             is: what
>                                                             problem do
>                                                             you have
>                                                             with a
>                                                             virtual
>                                                             mate for
>                                                             the
>                                                             particle?
>                                                              In fact,
>                                                             it will be
>                                                             there
>                                                             whether
>                                                             you use it
>                                                             or not.*
>
>                                                             And see
>                                                             again
>                                                             Frank
>                                                             Wilczek.
>                                                             He writes:
>                                                             "By
>                                                             combining
>                                                             fragmentation
>                                                             with
>                                                             super-conductivity,
>                                                             we can get
>                                                             half-electrons
>                                                             that are
>                                                             their own
>                                                             antiparticles."
>
>
>                                                             *A "straw
>                                                             in the
>                                                             wind" but
>                                                             sure seems
>                                                             far
>                                                             fetched!
>                                                              Superconductivity
>                                                             is already
>                                                             a manybody
>                                                             phenomenon,  It's
>                                                             theory
>                                                             probably
>                                                             involves
>                                                             some
>                                                             "virtual"
>                                                             notions to
>                                                             capture
>                                                             the
>                                                             essence of
>                                                             the
>                                                             average
>                                                             effect
>                                                             even if
>                                                             the
>                                                             virtual
>                                                             actors do
>                                                             not really
>                                                             exist. *
>
>                                                         *This was a
>                                                         nice
>                                                         confirmation
>                                                         in my
>                                                         understanding.
>                                                         So as the
>                                                         whole article
>                                                         of Wilczek.
>                                                         The electron
>                                                         is in fact
>                                                         enigmatic if
>                                                         one follows
>                                                         main stream.
>                                                         It looses a
>                                                         lot of this
>                                                         property if my
>                                                         model is used.
>                                                         - But even
>                                                         without this
>                                                         experimental
>                                                         hint I do not
>                                                         see any
>                                                         alternative to
>                                                         my model
>                                                         without
>                                                         severely
>                                                         violating
>                                                         known physics.**
>
>                                                         *Ciao*
>                                                         *Albrecht***
>
>
>                                                         *
>
>                                                             **
>
>                                                             Guten Abend
>                                                             Albrecht
>
>                                                             *Gleichfalls,
>                                                              Al*
>
>                                                                 Have a
>                                                                 good
>                                                                 one! Al
>
>                                                                 *Gesendet:* Samstag,
>                                                                 14.
>                                                                 November
>                                                                 2015
>                                                                 um
>                                                                 14:51 Uhr
>                                                                 *Von:* "Dr.
>                                                                 Albrecht
>                                                                 Giese"
>                                                                 <genmail at a-giese.de>
>                                                                 <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de>
>                                                                 *An:*
>                                                                 af.kracklauer at web.de
>                                                                 <mailto:af.kracklauer at web.de>
>                                                                 *Cc:*
>                                                                 general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
>                                                                 <mailto:general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
>                                                                 *Betreff:* Re:
>                                                                 [General]
>                                                                 Reply
>                                                                 of
>                                                                 comments
>                                                                 from
>                                                                 what a
>                                                                 model…
>
>                                                                 Hi Al,
>
>                                                                 Why do
>                                                                 we
>                                                                 need a
>                                                                 background?
>                                                                 If I
>                                                                 assume
>                                                                 only
>                                                                 local
>                                                                 forces
>                                                                 (strong and
>                                                                 electric)
>                                                                 for my
>                                                                 model,
>                                                                 the
>                                                                 calculation
>                                                                 conforms
>                                                                 to the
>                                                                 measurement
>                                                                 (e.g.
>                                                                 between mass
>                                                                 and
>                                                                 magnetic
>                                                                 moment) with
>                                                                 a
>                                                                 precision
>                                                                 of 2 :
>                                                                 1'000'000.
>                                                                 This
>                                                                 is no
>                                                                 incident.
>                                                                 Not
>                                                                 possible,
>                                                                 if a
>                                                                 poorly
>                                                                 defined and
>                                                                 stable
>                                                                 background
>                                                                 has a
>                                                                 measurable
>                                                                 influence.
>                                                                 - And
>                                                                 if
>                                                                 there
>                                                                 should
>                                                                 be
>                                                                 such
>                                                                 background
>                                                                 and it
>                                                                 has
>                                                                 such
>                                                                 little
>                                                                 effect, which
>                                                                 mistake do
>                                                                 we
>                                                                 make
>                                                                 if we
>                                                                 ignore
>                                                                 that?
>
>                                                                 For
>                                                                 the
>                                                                 competition
>                                                                 of the
>                                                                 1/r^2
>                                                                 law
>                                                                 for
>                                                                 range
>                                                                 of
>                                                                 charges and
>                                                                 the
>                                                                 r^2
>                                                                 law
>                                                                 for
>                                                                 the
>                                                                 quantity
>                                                                 of
>                                                                 charges we
>                                                                 have a
>                                                                 popular example
>                                                                 when
>                                                                 we
>                                                                 look
>                                                                 at the
>                                                                 sky at
>                                                                 night.
>                                                                 The
>                                                                 sky is
>                                                                 dark
>                                                                 and
>                                                                 that
>                                                                 shows
>                                                                 that
>                                                                 the
>                                                                 r^2
>                                                                 case
>                                                                 (number of
>                                                                 shining stars)
>                                                                 does
>                                                                 in no
>                                                                 way
>                                                                 compensates
>                                                                 for
>                                                                 the
>                                                                 1/r^2
>                                                                 case
>                                                                 (light
>                                                                 flow
>                                                                 density from
>                                                                 the
>                                                                 stars).
>
>                                                                 Why is
>                                                                 a 2
>                                                                 particle
>                                                                 model
>                                                                 necessary?
>
>                                                                 1.)
>                                                                 for
>                                                                 the
>                                                                 conservation
>                                                                 of
>                                                                 momentum
>                                                                 2.)
>                                                                 for a
>                                                                 cause
>                                                                 of the
>                                                                 inertial
>                                                                 mass
>                                                                 3.)
>                                                                 for
>                                                                 the
>                                                                 radiation
>                                                                 at
>                                                                 acceleration
>                                                                 which
>                                                                 occurs
>                                                                 most
>                                                                 time,
>                                                                 but
>                                                                 does
>                                                                 not
>                                                                 occur
>                                                                 in
>                                                                 specific
>                                                                 situations.
>                                                                 Not
>                                                                 explained
>                                                                 elsewhere.
>
>                                                                 Ciao,
>                                                                 Albrecht
>
>                                                                 Am
>                                                                 13.11.2015
>                                                                 um
>                                                                 20:31
>                                                                 schrieb af.kracklauer at web.de
>                                                                 <mailto:af.kracklauer at web.de>:
>
>                                                                     Hi
>                                                                     Albrecht:
>
>                                                                     Your
>                                                                     proposed
>                                                                     experiment
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     hampered
>                                                                     by
>                                                                     reality!
>                                                                      If you
>                                                                     do
>                                                                     the measurement
>                                                                     with
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     gaget
>                                                                     bought
>                                                                     in
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     store
>                                                                     that
>                                                                     has knobes
>                                                                     and a
>                                                                     display,
>                                                                     then
>                                                                     the measurement
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     for certain
>                                                                     for signals
>                                                                     under
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     couple
>                                                                     hundred
>                                                                     GHz and
>                                                                     based
>                                                                     on
>                                                                     some
>                                                                     phenomena
>                                                                     for which
>                                                                     the sensitivity
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     man-made
>                                                                     devices
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     limited.
>                                                                      And,
>                                                                     if
>                                                                     limited
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     the electric
>                                                                     field,
>                                                                     then
>                                                                     there
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     good
>                                                                     chance
>                                                                     it
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     missing
>                                                                     altogether
>                                                                     oscillating
>                                                                     signals
>                                                                     by
>                                                                     virtue
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     its limited
>                                                                     reaction
>                                                                     time
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     reset
>                                                                     time,
>                                                                     etc.
>                                                                     etc.
>                                                                      The
>                                                                     vast
>                                                                     majority
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     the background
>                                                                     will
>                                                                     be
>                                                                     much
>                                                                     higher,
>                                                                     the phenomena
>                                                                     most
>                                                                     attuned
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     detecting
>                                                                     might
>                                                                     be
>                                                                     in
>                                                                     fact
>                                                                     the quantum
>                                                                     effects
>                                                                     otherwise
>                                                                     explained
>                                                                     with
>                                                                     mystical
>                                                                     hokus-pokus!
>                                                                      Also
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     be
>                                                                     noted
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     that,
>                                                                     the processes
>                                                                     invovled
>                                                                     in
>                                                                     your
>                                                                     model,
>                                                                     if
>                                                                     they
>                                                                     pertain
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     elementray
>                                                                     entities,
>                                                                     will
>                                                                     have
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     be
>                                                                     at
>                                                                     very
>                                                                     small
>                                                                     size
>                                                                     and if
>                                                                     at
>                                                                     the velocity
>                                                                     (c) will
>                                                                     be
>                                                                     very
>                                                                     high
>                                                                     energy,
>                                                                     etc.
>                                                                     so
>                                                                     that
>                                                                     once
>                                                                     again,
>                                                                     it
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     quite
>                                                                     reasonable
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     suppose
>                                                                     that
>                                                                     the universe
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     anything
>                                                                     but irrelavant!
>
>
>                                                                     Of
>                                                                     course,
>                                                                     there
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     then
>                                                                     the issue
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     the divergence
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     the this
>                                                                     SED background.
>                                                                      Ameliorated
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     some
>                                                                     extent
>                                                                     with
>                                                                     the realization
>                                                                     that
>                                                                     there
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     no
>                                                                     energy
>                                                                     at
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     point
>                                                                     in
>                                                                     empty
>                                                                     space
>                                                                     until
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     charged
>                                                                     entity
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     put there,
>                                                                     whereupon
>                                                                     the energy
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     interaction
>                                                                     with
>                                                                     the rest
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     the universe
>                                                                     (not
>                                                                     just
>                                                                     by
>                                                                     itself
>                                                                     being
>                                                                     there
>                                                                     and ignoring
>                                                                     the universe---as
>                                                                     QM
>                                                                     theorists,
>                                                                     and yourself,
>                                                                     are wont
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     do) is
>                                                                     given
>                                                                     by
>                                                                     the sum
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     interactions
>                                                                     over
>                                                                     all particles
>                                                                     not by
>                                                                     the integral
>                                                                     over
>                                                                     all space,
>                                                                     including
>                                                                     empty
>                                                                     space.
>                                                                      Looks
>                                                                     at
>                                                                     first
>                                                                     blush
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     be
>                                                                     finite.
>
>
>                                                                     Why fight
>                                                                     it?  Where
>                                                                     the hell
>                                                                     else
>                                                                     will
>                                                                     you find
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     credible
>                                                                     2nd particle?
>
>
>                                                                     ciao,
>                                                                      Al
>
>                                                                     *Gesendet:* Freitag,
>                                                                     13. November
>                                                                     2015
>                                                                     um
>                                                                     12:11
>                                                                     Uhr
>                                                                     *Von:* "Dr.
>                                                                     Albrecht
>                                                                     Giese"
>                                                                     <genmail at a-giese.de>
>                                                                     <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de>
>                                                                     *An:*
>                                                                     af.kracklauer at web.de
>                                                                     <mailto:af.kracklauer at web.de>
>                                                                     *Cc:*
>                                                                     general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
>                                                                     <mailto:general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
>                                                                     *Betreff:* Re:
>                                                                     [General]
>                                                                     Reply
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     comments
>                                                                     from
>                                                                     what
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     model…
>
>                                                                     Hi Al,
>
>                                                                     if
>                                                                     we
>                                                                     look
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     charges
>                                                                     you mention
>                                                                     the law
>                                                                     1/r^2
>                                                                     .
>                                                                     Now we
>                                                                     can perform
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     simple
>                                                                     physical
>                                                                     experiment
>                                                                     having
>                                                                     an
>                                                                     electrically
>                                                                     charged
>                                                                     object
>                                                                     and using
>                                                                     it
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     measure
>                                                                     the electric
>                                                                     field
>                                                                     around
>                                                                     us. I
>                                                                     say:
>                                                                     it
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     very
>                                                                     weak.
>                                                                     Now look
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     the distance
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     the two
>                                                                     half-charges
>                                                                     within
>                                                                     the particle
>                                                                     having
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     distance
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     4*10^-13
>                                                                     m.
>                                                                     This
>                                                                     means
>                                                                     an
>                                                                     increase
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     force
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     about
>                                                                     25
>                                                                     orders
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     magnitude
>                                                                     compared
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     what
>                                                                     we
>                                                                     do
>                                                                     in
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     lab.
>                                                                     And the
>                                                                     difference
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     much
>                                                                     greater
>                                                                     if
>                                                                     we
>                                                                     refer
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     charges
>                                                                     acting
>                                                                     from
>                                                                     the universe.
>                                                                     So
>                                                                     I
>                                                                     think
>                                                                     we
>                                                                     do
>                                                                     not make
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     big mistake
>                                                                     assuming
>                                                                     that
>                                                                     there
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     nothing
>                                                                     outside
>                                                                     the particle.
>
>                                                                     Regarding
>                                                                     my
>                                                                     model,
>                                                                     the logic
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     deduction
>                                                                     was very
>                                                                     simple
>                                                                     for me:
>
>                                                                     1.) We
>                                                                     have
>                                                                     dilation,
>                                                                     so
>                                                                     there
>                                                                     must
>                                                                     be
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     permanent
>                                                                     motion
>                                                                     with c
>                                                                     2.) There
>                                                                     must
>                                                                     be
>                                                                     2
>                                                                     sub-particles
>                                                                     otherwise
>                                                                     the momentum
>                                                                     law is
>                                                                     violated;
>                                                                     3
>                                                                     are not
>                                                                     possible
>                                                                     as
>                                                                     in
>                                                                     conflict
>                                                                     with
>                                                                     experiments.
>                                                                     3.) The
>                                                                     sub-particles
>                                                                     must
>                                                                     be
>                                                                     mass-less,
>                                                                     otherwise
>                                                                     c
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     not possible
>                                                                     4.) The
>                                                                     whole
>                                                                     particle
>                                                                     has mass
>                                                                     even
>                                                                     though
>                                                                     the sub-particles
>                                                                     are mass-less.
>                                                                     So
>                                                                     there
>                                                                     must
>                                                                     be
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     mechanism
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     cause
>                                                                     inertia.
>                                                                     It
>                                                                     was immediately
>                                                                     clear
>                                                                     for me
>                                                                     that
>                                                                     inertia
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     consequence
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     extension.
>                                                                     Another
>                                                                     reason
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     assume
>                                                                     a
>                                                                     particle
>                                                                     which
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     composed
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     parts.
>                                                                     (There
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     no
>                                                                     other
>                                                                     working
>                                                                     mechanism
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     inertia
>                                                                     known
>                                                                     until
>                                                                     today.)
>                                                                     5.) I
>                                                                     had to
>                                                                     find
>                                                                     the binding
>                                                                     field
>                                                                     for the
>                                                                     sub-particles.
>                                                                     I
>                                                                     have
>                                                                     taken
>                                                                     the simplest
>                                                                     one which
>                                                                     I
>                                                                     could
>                                                                     find
>                                                                     which
>                                                                     has a
>                                                                     potential
>                                                                     minimum
>                                                                     at
>                                                                     some
>                                                                     distance.
>                                                                     And my
>                                                                     first
>                                                                     attempt
>                                                                     worked.
>
>                                                                     That
>                                                                     is
>                                                                     all,
>                                                                     and I
>                                                                     do
>                                                                     not see
>                                                                     any possibility
>                                                                     to
>                                                                     change
>                                                                     one of
>                                                                     the points
>                                                                     1.) thru
>                                                                     5.) without
>                                                                     getting
>                                                                     in
>                                                                     conflict
>                                                                     with
>                                                                     fundamental
>                                                                     physical
>                                                                     rules.
>                                                                     And I
>                                                                     do
>                                                                     not invent
>                                                                     new facts
>                                                                     or
>                                                                     rules
>                                                                     beyond
>                                                                     those
>                                                                     already
>                                                                     known
>                                                                     in
>                                                                     physics.
>
>                                                                     So, where
>                                                                     do
>                                                                     you see
>                                                                     any kind
>                                                                     of
>                                                                     arbitrariness
>                                                                     or
>                                                                     missing
>                                                                     justification?
>
>                                                                     Tschüß!
>                                                                     Albrecht
>
>                                                                     Am
>                                                                     12.11.2015
>                                                                     um
>                                                                     17:51
>                                                                     schrieb
>                                                                     af.kracklauer at web.de
>                                                                     <mailto:af.kracklauer at web.de>:
>
>                                                                         Hi
>                                                                         Albrect:
>
>                                                                         We
>                                                                         are
>                                                                         making
>                                                                         some
>                                                                         progress.
>
>
>                                                                         To
>                                                                         your
>                                                                         remark
>                                                                         that
>                                                                         Swinger
>                                                                         & Feynman
>                                                                         introduced
>                                                                         virtual
>                                                                         charges,
>                                                                         I note
>                                                                         that
>                                                                         they
>                                                                         used
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         same
>                                                                         term:
>                                                                         "virtual
>                                                                         charge/particle,"
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         spite
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         much
>                                                                         older
>                                                                         meaning
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         accord
>                                                                         with
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         charge
>                                                                         and
>                                                                         mirror
>                                                                         example.
>                                                                          In
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         finest
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         quantum
>                                                                         traditions,
>                                                                         they
>                                                                         too
>                                                                         ignored
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         rest
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         universe
>                                                                         and
>                                                                         instead
>                                                                         tried
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         vest
>                                                                         its
>                                                                         effect
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         "vacuum."
>                                                                          This
>                                                                         idea
>                                                                         was
>                                                                         suitably
>                                                                         mystical
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         allow
>                                                                         them
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         introduce
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         associated
>                                                                         plaver
>                                                                         into
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         folk
>                                                                         lore
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         QM,
>                                                                         given
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         sociology
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         day.
>                                                                          Even
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         spite
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         this
>                                                                         BS,
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         idea
>                                                                         still
>                                                                         has
>                                                                         merit.
>                                                                         Your
>                                                                         objection
>                                                                         on
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         basis
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         1/r²
>                                                                         fall-off
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         true
>                                                                         but
>                                                                         not
>                                                                         conclusive.
>                                                                          This
>                                                                         fall-off
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         matched
>                                                                         by
>                                                                         a r²
>                                                                         increase
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         muber
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         charges,
>                                                                         so
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         integrated
>                                                                         total
>                                                                         interaction
>                                                                         can
>                                                                         be
>                                                                         expected
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         have
>                                                                         at
>                                                                         least
>                                                                         some
>                                                                         effect,
>                                                                         no
>                                                                         matter
>                                                                         what.
>                                                                          Think
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         universe
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         1st
>                                                                         order
>                                                                         as
>                                                                         a neutral,
>                                                                         low-density
>                                                                         plasma. I
>                                                                         (and
>                                                                         some
>                                                                         others)
>                                                                         hold
>                                                                         that
>                                                                         this
>                                                                         interaction
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         responcible
>                                                                         for
>                                                                         all
>                                                                         quantum
>                                                                         effects.
>                                                                          In
>                                                                         any
>                                                                         case,
>                                                                         no
>                                                                         particle
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         a universe
>                                                                         unto
>                                                                         itself,
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         rest
>                                                                         have
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         poulation
>                                                                         and
>                                                                         time
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         take
>                                                                         a toll!
>
>
>                                                                         BTW,
>                                                                         this
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         history
>                                                                         repeating
>                                                                         itself.
>                                                                          Once
>                                                                         upon
>                                                                         a time
>                                                                         there
>                                                                         was
>                                                                         theory
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         Brownian
>                                                                         motion
>                                                                         that
>                                                                         posited
>                                                                         an
>                                                                         internal
>                                                                         cause
>                                                                         known
>                                                                         as
>                                                                         "elan
>                                                                         vital"
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         dust
>                                                                         specks
>                                                                         observed
>                                                                         hopping
>                                                                         about
>                                                                         like
>                                                                         Mexican
>                                                                         jumping
>                                                                         beans.
>                                                                          Ultimately
>                                                                         this
>                                                                         nonsense
>                                                                         was
>                                                                         displaced
>                                                                         by
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         observation
>                                                                         that
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         dust
>                                                                         spots
>                                                                         were
>                                                                         not
>                                                                         alone
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         their
>                                                                         immediate
>                                                                         universe
>                                                                         but
>                                                                         imbededded
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         a slurry
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         other
>                                                                         particles,
>                                                                         also
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         motion,
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         which
>                                                                         they
>                                                                         were
>                                                                         reacting.
>                                                                          Nowadays
>                                                                         atoms
>                                                                         are
>                                                                         analysed
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         QM
>                                                                         text
>                                                                         books
>                                                                         as
>                                                                         if
>                                                                         they
>                                                                         were
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         only
>                                                                         object
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         universe---all
>                                                                         others
>                                                                         being
>                                                                         too
>                                                                         far
>                                                                         away
>                                                                         (so
>                                                                         it
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         argued,
>                                                                         anyway).
>
>
>                                                                         Your
>                                                                         model,
>                                                                         as
>                                                                         it
>                                                                         stands,
>                                                                         can
>                                                                         be
>                                                                         free
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         contradiction
>                                                                         and
>                                                                         still
>                                                                         unstatisfying
>                                                                         because
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         inputs
>                                                                         seem
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         be
>                                                                         just
>                                                                         what
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         needed
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         make
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         conclusions
>                                                                         you
>                                                                         aim
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         make.
>                                                                          Fine,
>                                                                         but
>                                                                         what
>                                                                         most
>                                                                         critics
>                                                                         will
>                                                                         expect
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         that
>                                                                         these
>                                                                         inputs
>                                                                         have
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         have
>                                                                         some
>                                                                         kind
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         justification
>                                                                         or
>                                                                         motivation.
>                                                                          This
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         what
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         second
>                                                                         particle
>                                                                         lacks.
>                                                                          Where
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         it
>                                                                         when
>                                                                         one
>                                                                         really
>                                                                         looks
>                                                                         for
>                                                                         it?
>                                                                          It
>                                                                         has
>                                                                         no
>                                                                         empirical
>                                                                         motivation.
>                                                                         Thus,
>                                                                         this
>                                                                         theory
>                                                                         then
>                                                                         has
>                                                                         about
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         same
>                                                                         ultimate
>                                                                         structure,
>                                                                         and
>                                                                         pursuasiveness,
>                                                                         as
>                                                                         saying:
>                                                                         'don't
>                                                                         worry
>                                                                         about
>                                                                         it,
>                                                                         God
>                                                                         did
>                                                                         it;
>                                                                         go
>                                                                         home,
>                                                                         open
>                                                                         a beer,
>                                                                         pop
>                                                                         your
>                                                                         feet
>                                                                         up,
>                                                                         and
>                                                                         forget
>                                                                         about
>                                                                         it---a
>                                                                         theory
>                                                                         which
>                                                                         explains
>                                                                         absolutely
>                                                                         everything!
>
>                                                                         Tschuß,
>                                                                          Al
>
>                                                                         *Gesendet:* Donnerstag,
>                                                                         12.
>                                                                         November
>                                                                         2015
>                                                                         um
>                                                                         16:18
>                                                                         Uhr
>                                                                         *Von:* "Dr.
>                                                                         Albrecht
>                                                                         Giese"
>                                                                         <genmail at a-giese.de>
>                                                                         <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de>
>                                                                         *An:*
>                                                                         af.kracklauer at web.de
>                                                                         <mailto:af.kracklauer at web.de>
>                                                                         *Cc:*
>                                                                         general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
>                                                                         <mailto:general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
>                                                                         *Betreff:* Re:
>                                                                         [General]
>                                                                         Reply
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         comments
>                                                                         from
>                                                                         what
>                                                                         a model…
>
>                                                                         Hi
>                                                                         Al,
>
>                                                                         I have
>                                                                         gotten
>                                                                         a different
>                                                                         understanding
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         what
>                                                                         a virtual
>                                                                         particle
>                                                                         or
>                                                                         a virtual
>                                                                         charge
>                                                                         is.
>                                                                         This
>                                                                         phenomenon
>                                                                         was
>                                                                         invented
>                                                                         by
>                                                                         Julian
>                                                                         Schwinger
>                                                                         and
>                                                                         Richard
>                                                                         Feynman.
>                                                                         They
>                                                                         thought
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         need
>                                                                         it
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         order
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         explain
>                                                                         certain
>                                                                         reactions
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         particle
>                                                                         physics.
>                                                                         In
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         case
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         Schwinger
>                                                                         it
>                                                                         was
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         Landé
>                                                                         factor,
>                                                                         where
>                                                                         I have
>                                                                         shown
>                                                                         that
>                                                                         this
>                                                                         assumption
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         not
>                                                                         necessary.
>
>                                                                         If
>                                                                         there
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         a charge
>                                                                         then
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         course
>                                                                         this
>                                                                         charge
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         subject
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         interactions
>                                                                         with
>                                                                         all
>                                                                         other
>                                                                         charges
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         universe.
>                                                                         That
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         correct.
>                                                                         But
>                                                                         because
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         normal
>                                                                         distribution
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         these
>                                                                         other
>                                                                         charges
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         universe,
>                                                                         which
>                                                                         cause
>                                                                         a good
>                                                                         compensation
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         effects,
>                                                                         and
>                                                                         because
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         distance
>                                                                         law
>                                                                         we
>                                                                         can
>                                                                         think
>                                                                         about
>                                                                         models
>                                                                         without
>                                                                         reference
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         those.
>                                                                         And
>                                                                         also
>                                                                         there
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         problem
>                                                                         with
>                                                                         virtual
>                                                                         particles
>                                                                         and
>                                                                         vacuum
>                                                                         polarization
>                                                                         (which
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         equivalent),
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         that
>                                                                         we
>                                                                         have
>                                                                         this
>                                                                         huge
>                                                                         problem
>                                                                         that
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         integrated
>                                                                         energy
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         it
>                                                                         over
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         universe
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         by
>                                                                         a factor
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         10^120
>                                                                         higher
>                                                                         than
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         energy
>                                                                         measured.
>                                                                         I think
>                                                                         this
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         a really
>                                                                         big
>                                                                         argument
>                                                                         against
>                                                                         virtual
>                                                                         effects.
>
>                                                                         Your
>                                                                         example
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         virtual
>                                                                         image
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         a charge
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         a conducting
>                                                                         surface
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         a different
>                                                                         case.
>                                                                         It
>                                                                         is,
>                                                                         as
>                                                                         you
>                                                                         write,
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         rearrangement
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         charges
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         conducting
>                                                                         surface.
>                                                                         So
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         partner
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         charge
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         physically
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         mirror,
>                                                                         not
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         picture
>                                                                         behind
>                                                                         it.
>                                                                         But
>                                                                         which
>                                                                         mirror
>                                                                         can
>                                                                         cause
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         second
>                                                                         particle
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         a model
>                                                                         if
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         second
>                                                                         particle
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         not
>                                                                         assumed
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         be
>                                                                         real?
>
>                                                                         And
>                                                                         what
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         general
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         problem
>                                                                         with
>                                                                         a two
>                                                                         particle
>                                                                         model?
>                                                                         It
>                                                                         fulfils
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         momentum
>                                                                         law.
>                                                                         And
>                                                                         it
>                                                                         does
>                                                                         not
>                                                                         cause
>                                                                         further
>                                                                         conflicts.
>                                                                         It
>                                                                         also
>                                                                         explains
>                                                                         why
>                                                                         an
>                                                                         accelerated
>                                                                         electron
>                                                                         sometimes
>                                                                         radiates,
>                                                                         sometimes
>                                                                         not.
>                                                                         For
>                                                                         an
>                                                                         experimental
>                                                                         evidence
>                                                                         I refer
>                                                                         again
>                                                                         to
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         article
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         Frank
>                                                                         Wilczek
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         "Nature"
>                                                                         which
>                                                                         was
>                                                                         mentioned
>                                                                         here
>                                                                         earlier:
>
>                                                                         http://www.nature.com/articles/498031a.epdf?referrer_access_token=ben9To-3oo1NBniBt2zIw9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Mr0WZkh3ZGwaOU__QIZA8EEsfyjmdvPM68ya-MFh194zghek6jh7WqtGYeYWmES35o2U71x2DQVk0PFLoHQk5V5M-cak670GmcqKy2iZm7PPrWZKcv_J3SBA-hRXn4VJI1r9NxMvgmKog-topZaM03&tracking_referrer=www.nature.com:
>
>
>                                                                         He
>                                                                         writes:
>                                                                         "By
>                                                                         combining
>                                                                         fragmentation
>                                                                         with
>                                                                         super-conductivity,
>                                                                         we
>                                                                         can
>                                                                         get
>                                                                         half-electrons
>                                                                         that
>                                                                         are
>                                                                         their
>                                                                         own
>                                                                         antiparticles."
>
>
>                                                                         For
>                                                                         Wilczek
>                                                                         this
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         a mysterious
>                                                                         result,
>                                                                         in
>                                                                         view
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         my
>                                                                         model
>                                                                         it
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         not,
>                                                                         on
>                                                                         the
>                                                                         contrary
>                                                                         it
>                                                                         is
>                                                                         kind
>                                                                         of
>                                                                         a proof.
>
>                                                                         Grüße
>                                                                         Albrecht
>
>                                                                         Am
>                                                                         12.11.2015
>                                                                         um
>                                                                         03:06
>                                                                         schrieb
>                                                                         af.kracklauer at web.de
>                                                                         <mailto:af.kracklauer at web.de>:
>
>                                                                             Hi
>                                                                             Albrecht:
>
>                                                                             Virtual
>                                                                             particles
>                                                                             are
>                                                                             proxys
>                                                                             for
>                                                                             an
>                                                                             ensemble
>                                                                             of
>                                                                             real
>                                                                             particles.
>                                                                              There
>                                                                             is
>                                                                             nothing
>                                                                             folly-lolly
>                                                                             about
>                                                                             them!
>                                                                              They
>                                                                             simply
>                                                                             summarize
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             total
>                                                                             effect
>                                                                             of
>                                                                             particles
>                                                                             that
>                                                                             cannot
>                                                                             be
>                                                                             ignored.
>                                                                              To
>                                                                             ignore
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             remainder
>                                                                             of
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             universe
>                                                                             becasue
>                                                                             it
>                                                                             is
>                                                                             inconvenient
>                                                                             for
>                                                                             theory
>                                                                             formulation
>                                                                             is
>                                                                             for
>                                                                             certain
>                                                                             leading
>                                                                             to
>                                                                             error.
>                                                                              "No
>                                                                             man
>                                                                             is
>                                                                             an
>                                                                             island,"
>                                                                              and
>                                                                             no
>                                                                             single
>                                                                             particle
>                                                                             is
>                                                                             a universe!
>                                                                              Thus,
>                                                                             it
>                                                                             can
>                                                                             be
>                                                                             argued
>                                                                             that,
>                                                                             to
>                                                                             reject
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             concept
>                                                                             of
>                                                                             virtual
>                                                                             particles
>                                                                             is
>                                                                             to
>                                                                             reject
>                                                                             a facit
>                                                                             of
>                                                                             reality
>                                                                             that
>                                                                             must
>                                                                             be
>                                                                             essential
>                                                                             for
>                                                                             an
>                                                                             explantion
>                                                                             of
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             material
>                                                                             world.
>
>                                                                             For
>                                                                             example,
>                                                                             if
>                                                                             a positive
>                                                                             charge
>                                                                             is
>                                                                             placed
>                                                                             near
>                                                                             a conducting
>                                                                             surface,
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             charges
>                                                                             in
>                                                                             that
>                                                                             surface
>                                                                             will
>                                                                             respond
>                                                                             to
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             positive
>                                                                             charge
>                                                                             by
>                                                                             rearranging
>                                                                             themselves
>                                                                             so
>                                                                             as
>                                                                             to
>                                                                             give
>                                                                             a total
>                                                                             field
>                                                                             on
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             surface
>                                                                             of
>                                                                             zero
>                                                                             strength
>                                                                             as
>                                                                             if
>                                                                             there
>                                                                             were
>                                                                             a negative
>                                                                             charge
>                                                                             (virtual)
>                                                                             behind
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             mirror.
>                                                                              Without
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             real
>                                                                             charges
>                                                                             on
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             mirror
>                                                                             surface,
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             concept
>                                                                             of
>                                                                             "virtual"
>                                                                             negative
>                                                                             charge
>                                                                             would
>                                                                             not
>                                                                             be
>                                                                             necessary
>                                                                             or
>                                                                             even
>                                                                             useful.
>
>
>                                                                             The
>                                                                             concept
>                                                                             of
>                                                                             virtual
>                                                                             charge
>                                                                             as
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             second
>                                                                             particle
>                                                                             in
>                                                                             your
>                                                                             model
>                                                                             seems
>                                                                             to
>                                                                             me
>                                                                             to
>                                                                             be
>                                                                             not
>                                                                             just
>                                                                             a wild
>                                                                             supposition,
>                                                                             but
>                                                                             an
>                                                                             absolute
>                                                                             necessity.
>                                                                              Every
>                                                                             charge
>                                                                             is,
>                                                                             without
>                                                                             choice,
>                                                                             in
>                                                                             constant
>                                                                             interaction
>                                                                             with
>                                                                             every
>                                                                             other
>                                                                             charge
>                                                                             in
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             universe,
>                                                                             has
>                                                                             been
>                                                                             so
>                                                                             since
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             big
>                                                                             bang
>                                                                             (if
>                                                                             such
>                                                                             were)
>                                                                             and
>                                                                             will
>                                                                             remain
>                                                                             so
>                                                                             till
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             big
>                                                                             crunch
>                                                                             (if
>                                                                             such
>                                                                             is
>                                                                             to
>                                                                             be)!
>                                                                              The
>                                                                             universe
>                                                                             cannot
>                                                                             be
>                                                                             ignored.
>                                                                             If
>                                                                             you
>                                                                             reject
>                                                                             including
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             universe
>                                                                             by
>                                                                             means
>                                                                             of
>                                                                             virtual
>                                                                             charges,
>                                                                             them
>                                                                             you
>                                                                             have
>                                                                             a lot
>                                                                             more
>                                                                             work
>                                                                             to
>                                                                             do
>                                                                             to
>                                                                             make
>                                                                             your
>                                                                             theory
>                                                                             reasonable
>                                                                             some
>                                                                             how
>                                                                             else.
>                                                                              In
>                                                                             particular
>                                                                             in
>                                                                             view
>                                                                             of
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             fact
>                                                                             that
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             second
>                                                                             particles
>                                                                             in
>                                                                             your
>                                                                             model
>                                                                             have
>                                                                             never
>                                                                             ever
>                                                                             been
>                                                                             seen
>                                                                             or
>                                                                             even
>                                                                             suspected
>                                                                             in
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             various
>                                                                             experiments
>                                                                             resulting
>                                                                             in
>                                                                             the
>                                                                             disasssmbly
>                                                                             of
>                                                                             whatever
>                                                                             targert
>                                                                             was
>                                                                             used.
>
>
>                                                                             MfG,
>                                                                              Al
>
>
>
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