[General] inertia
Chip Akins
chipakins at gmail.com
Wed May 4 05:48:17 PDT 2016
Hi Vladimir
Thank you for the references.
Right. It seems that any item with spin angular momentum cannot be a point
object.
Regarding the point like behavior of electrons…
Starting with the form of relativity which is the result of matter and
light being made of the same light-speed energy. Let us discuss the
behavior of elementary fermionic particles when accelerated. To start let
us consider the round-trip distance for light in 1 unit of time. Because
it can be shown that the contraction we will experience, for fermionic
particles made of this light-speed energy, is the ratio of this round-trip
distance in a moving frame to this distance in a stationary frame. We use
the round-trip distance for the propagation of light simply because it can
be shown that this will provide the contraction information we are seeking.
It must be noted that this analysis is made from the stationary observers
view.
We will first consider light in the direction transverse (perpendicular) to
the direction of travel for a moving object.
We will use where is the one way distance, perpendicular to the direction
of travel, in a unit of time.
Then where is the round-trip distance, perpendicular to the direction of
travel, in the same unit of time.
Now we will consider light traveling in the direction (parallel to the
direction) of motion of the object.
We will use where is the one way distance, parallel to the direction of
travel, in a unit of time.
Then where is the round-trip distance, out and back, parallel to the
direction of travel, in the same unit of time. We can clearly see that this
is the return distance for the round-trip of light emitted from the moving
object, and that the forward travel distance for light emitted from this
moving object is
Using this approach the contraction equation for fermionic contraction due
to velocity in an arbitrary direction is:
Contraction in an arbitrary direction:
This analysis yields the contraction as shown in Figure 3 (plotting the x,
z components), for our spherical example particle. (The example spherical
particle is moving to the right, our z axis in the illustrations.)
This contraction is illustrated for velocity steps in increments of 0.1 c
from 0 to 0.9 c.
But this is not the only form of transverse relativistic contraction. The
electron is a very firm construct with tremendous force holding it intact.
Due to the electron’s makeup, the only way to accelerate it is to add
energy. Adding energy to the wave in the electron increases its confinement
force and frequency. This decreases its wavelength, and reduces its radius.
After these transformations the electron still displays a spin of ½ ħ.
This energy (frequency) increase is governed by:
We have therefore shown two sources of contraction for fermionic particles.
1. The relativistic contraction of Figure 3 works on the…
2. Already contracted radius, which has contracted due to (energy)
frequency increase. So the full expression for transverse relativistic
contraction of a fermion is:
So we can now show an illustration of the contraction of a fermionic
particle with relativistic motion.
These illustrations are of a fictitious spherical object which experiences
the longitudinal and transverse contraction of elementary fermionic
particles.
This form of relativity provides a significant insight into the nature of
fermionic particles. It shows us how it is that de Broglie’s wavelength
is generated by fermions. It shows us why electrons appear to be “point
particles” in high-energy scattering experiments. It shows that
elementary fermionic particles, with velocity, also have a significant
contraction perpendicular to their direction of motion.
And a thanks to Richard for earlier correctly pointing out that there are
two different causes for transverse contraction of the electron with
velocity.
Regarding the point like behavior of photons…
The simple approach… Any circulating set of fields has a center of action.
That center of action is a point. But that does not mean the photon itself
is a point. The photon is an extended set of fields with a form of
transverse confinement and longitudinal propagation. The more energy in the
photon the greater its transverse confinement. It’s not quite that simple
but this simplification gets the point across nonetheless.
Chip
From: General [mailto:general-
bounces+chipakins=gmail.com at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] On Behalf
Of Vladimir Tamari
Sent: Wednesday, May 04, 2016 3:04 AM
To: Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion
<general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
Subject: Re: [General] inertia
Hi Chip
No point/particle photons! Einstein based his argument (on the point-like
shape of the photon quantum) on statistical reasoning without any
experimental evidence whatsoever.
1- Eric Reiter in his essay http://fqxi.org/data/essay-contest-
files/Reiter_challenge2.pdf explains:
"The Compton effect is often claimed to require QM treatment. A classical
treatment is in Compton Fig. 9 Matter and antimatter. (a) Two positron
beats. (b) Two electron beats. E S Reiter 7 of 10 2012-07-22 and Allison's
book,(13 pg. 232) but it modeled standing de Broglie waves of insufficient
amplitude.
13. A H Compton, S K Allison, X-Rays in Theory and Experiment, pg. 47 and
pgs. 232-233, second ed, (1935) Macmillan.
2- Earlier in 2010 I in a revision of my essay
http://vladimirtamari.com/bu3.html I also referred to a wave explanation of
the Compton effect.
See for example Ching-Chuan Su A Wave Interpretation of the Compton Effect
As a Further Demonstration of the Postulates of de Broglie
http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0506211
Best wishes to all
Vladimir
_____
From: chipakins at gmail.com <mailto:chipakins at gmail.com>
To: general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
<mailto:general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
Date: Tue, 3 May 2016 06:26:04 -0500
Subject: Re: [General] inertia
Hi Wolf
John Archibald Wheler wrote, “It is my opinion that everything must be
based on a simple idea. And it is my opinion that this idea, once we have
finally discovered it, will be so compelling, so beautiful, that we will
say to one another, yes, how could it have been any different.”
It seems that energy propagates through space at the speed of light, and is
confined in principally circular topologies to form elementary particles.
The following is a partial list of some relevant discovery.
Coulomb’s law was published in 1784.
Faraday published his law of induction in 1831.
Gauss formulated his “flux theorem” in 1835.
Maxwell formulated his field equations in the early 1860’s and published
in 1865.
George Johnstone Stoney noted that electric charge is quantized in 1881.
In 1898, Planck recognized that action is also quantized.
Einstein proposed the existence of the photon in 1905 and showed that a
photon carries momentum in 1909. His work on the photoelectric effect gave
us the first indication that light had both wavelike and particle-like
properties. Also in 1905 Einstein proposed that there is a mass-energy
equivalence. And further, in 1907 and 1911 Einstein showed that E=hv
(Planck’s law) was a fundamental law of physics.
Arnold Sommerfeld introduced the fine-structure constant in 1916.
The Compton Effect was discovered in 1923 at Washington University in St.
Louis, further illustrating the discrete nature of photons.
Regarding the Compton Effect, Wikipedia states, “The effect is important
because it demonstrates that light cannot be explained purely as a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave> wave phenomenon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_scattering> Thomson scattering, the
classical theory of an
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave> electromagnetic wave
scattered by charged particles, cannot explain low intensity shifts in
wavelength (classically, light of sufficient intensity for the electric
field to accelerate a charged particle to a relativistic speed will cause
radiation-pressure recoil and an associated Doppler shift of the scattered
light, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_scattering#cite_note-2> [2]
but the effect would become arbitrarily small at sufficiently low light
intensities regardless of wavelength). Light must behave as if it consists
of particles, if we are to explain low-intensity Compton scattering.
Compton's experiment convinced physicists that light can behave as a stream
of particle-like objects (quanta), whose energy is proportional to the
light wave's frequency.”
Given these simple starting conditions, mass energy equivalence E=mc2, and
adding the premise that light is in the form of photons, quantized
radiation obeying the Planck principle E=hv, and then considering the rest
of the discoveries mentioned above, we are now able to construct the idea
which John Archibald Wheeler, Einstein, and so many before us sought.
But before we can do that we have to realize that we have gotten many
things right, but not everything, in our physical theories so far.
As it turns out, some of the things we misunderstood are exactly the things
which were keeping us from being able to put the rest of the pieces of this
puzzle together correctly.
There is a simple side effect of light and matter being comprised of the
same speed-of-light energy. That side effect is a form of relativistic
transformation which must occur as a result. This form of relativity is an
unavoidable result of matter being made of the same light-speed energy
light is made of. This form of relativity is caused by the mass-energy
equivalence, and the “constancy” of the speed of light in the medium of
space.
Mass and energy are equivalent simply because mass is made of energy. And
mass is specifically made of confined light-speed energy.
If matter is made of the same energy that light is made of, and the energy
which circulates in matter can only move at a fixed speed, the speed of
light, then when you move matter through space, it would cause the
trajectory of the energy in matter to change, this changes the “shape” of
the moving matter, making the matter shorter in the direction of motion.
This has the effect of contracting the length of matter when it is moving
very fast. And this is simply due to matter being made of the same energy
moving at the same (confined) velocity as the energy in light. The math
normally used to represent this length contraction is really quite simple
as well.
Due to the Pythagorean Theorem, a 3D Euclidian form, we traditionally
calculate this length contraction using the velocity of the moving object
and the velocity of light. The traditional form of this contraction formula
is:
Where Lv is the length with velocity as observed by a “stationary”
observer, Lrest is the length of the material object when at rest (not
moving), v is the velocity of the object, and c is the speed of light.
This relativistic transformation occurs in simple 3D Euclidian space.
Time, as we measure it, is the rate at which matter can exchange energy. If
we consider a clock which consists of two mirrors separated by a fixed
distance, with light bouncing back and for the between the two mirrors, and
the mirrors facing each other perpendicular to the direction of motion.
Then to measure time we count the number of bounces back and forth. When
the mirrors are still, light simply travels the distance between the
mirrors. But when the mirrors are in motion, light must travel at an angle,
increasing the distance, and reducing the number of bounces as viewed by a
“stationary” observer. This is because the light must travel farther when
the mirrors are in motion, because the vector distance the light has to
travel between mirrors is farther due to their motion through space. We can
know how much the moving clocks will slow by using Pythagorean Theorem. A
traditional form of that equation is:
Where Tv is the time measured for the moving object from the stationary
frame, and Trest is the time measured in the “stationary” frame. Again
this relativistic transformation occurs in simple 3D Euclidian space.
These relativistic transformations and their causes are unavoidable, so
there can be no other form of, or cause for, relativity. Only this one
specific form of relativity, dictated by the properties of nature, can be
the correct form. In a later section we will delve into the specific
details and implications of this very specific form of relativity.
So let us look at Planck’s quantization of action. Planck’s rule applies
to photons as well as elementary fermionic (mass-carrying) particles. This
constant h is referring to some kind of quantization. The simplest and most
stable form for such quantization is circular motion. So let us assume,
given the stability of the particles of nature, that there is a radius
which is described by the application of this quantization. For this
example let’s use the photon. So rather than assuming that the photon is a
simple planar wave without spin, nature and experiment have shown us that
we need to consider a spin component in the photon which is transverse to
the direction of travel. That could simply mean that the single photon is a
rotational wave. A wave which spins as it moves forward.
So using that approach of a rotational wave, we can calculate the mean
transport radius for the energy in the spinning wave of a photon. We will
use the excellent work of so many before us to arrive at a starting point
for calculating the structure of the photon.
As we mentioned, it was shown that a photon has momentum, (Einstein 1909).
That momentum is expressed as.
So if our photon has a frequency of, then its wavelength will be .
And if the photon always has a spin angular momentum of:
, where, then it must always make one revolution in one wavelength, so the
mean transport radius of the wave is:
So:
The energy in this wave has momentum p:
So there must be a force acting against that momentum, confining the wave
to this circular path, quantizing the wave.
The magnitude of that force is an important key to understanding the
quantization of light and matter.
So let us calculate that force:
We will start with the standard method for calculating centripetal force.
And since our velocity is the speed of light:
And using the mass-energy equivalence so that we can then write:
So the confinement force, the quantization force in a photon is and the
effective spin radius of the photon is just the distance where the
centripetal force caused by momentum and the confinement force are
balanced.
The field strength of this force may then be: Or depending on whether the
force is actually between regions of the fields defined by the diameter of
the mean energy transport, or between the center region of the particle and
the region of the field at the mean energy transport radius. Intuition
indicates that it is more likely that the opposite sides of the fields
interact to provide confinement.
Without this confinement force a photon could not display particle like
properties, it would only be a wave. Without this confinement the wave
would disperse fairly rapidly and generally become quite weak with distance
at the rate of.
So we will argue that without this confinement we would not see the effects
of individual photons. There would be no wave particle duality, and the
force required to confine elementary particles would not exist, so
elementary particles themselves would not exist, including the electron.
Without this force we would not have Planck’s constant, for it is this
force which is the cause for Planck’s constant.
The most theoretically economical approach to this set of observations of
nature is to conclude that this force does exist, and is the cause for
Planck’s constant, which holds true for photons and elementary fermionic
particles.
We have come very close to realizing this “simple idea of how the universe
works” in the past. For example the “fictitious” value of Planck Charge
is apparently not related directly to electric charge, but rather to this
force we have been discussing. Take a look at the following equations:
Planck Charge:
The confinement force:
The elementary electric charge e:
The force of two elementary charges separated by the distance r:
The ratio of the force to the force:
So that now, under the circumstances of elementary charges separated by the
distance r, we can show:
And by comparison:
For some time it has been evident that a strong force exists in the nucleus
of atoms. But from the discussion above we can see that the existence of
Planck’s constant as a quantization of action demonstrates to us that a
strong force likely exists in all particles. And since this strong force is
likely present in all particles we have the prevalence of the fine
structure in so many ways in physics. Because the fine structure is simply
the ratio of the strength of two forces which are ever-present.
Understanding this strong force present in all particles removes part of
the mystery of the fine structure constant from our understanding of
physics.
So I think that, yes, there is a thread to these discussions which is
getting closer to the truth where particles are made of something
circulating. But I think the thing that is circulating is the form of
light-speed energy which exists in space and makes photons and all
particles.
Then we have a simple mass-energy equivalence, and a simple cause for
Planck’s constant, the fine structure constant, etc.
Chip
From: General [mailto:general-
bounces+chipakins=gmail.com at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] On Behalf
Of Wolfgang Baer
Sent: Monday, May 02, 2016 5:19 PM
To: general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
<mailto:general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
Subject: Re: [General] inertia
There seems to be a lot of discussion about redefining particles and
phenomena in terms of something circulating
Photons, Albrecht's charges , etc.
Does this reflect a trend, perhaps something more fundamental ?
Can any of these efforts be related to String Theory Loops, or Cycles of
action?
Wolf
Dr. Wolfgang Baer
Research Director
Nascent Systems Inc.
tel/fax 831-659-3120/0432
E-mail wolf at NascentInc.com <mailto:wolf at NascentInc.com>
On 5/1/2016 1:27 AM, John Duffield wrote:
1. displacement current.
From: General [mailto:general-
bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] On
Behalf Of Albrecht Giese
Sent: 30 April 2016 17:48
To: Richard Gauthier <mailto:richgauthier at gmail.com>
<richgauthier at gmail.com>
Cc: Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion
<mailto:general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
<general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>; Mark, Martin van der
<mailto:martin.van.der.mark at philips.com> <martin.van.der.mark at philips.com>
Subject: Re: [General] inertia
Hallo Richard,
you are making good calculations. However, some questions are still open:
1. What does the photon make to move on a circuit? A charge can only be
the cause if there is another charge attracting this one. Or a
corresponding permanent field. I do not see it in your model. - If the
reason is that the photon is curling up, which mechanism makes it to curl
up?
2. You say that inertia and momentum is essentially the same. I agree. But
if you refer the inertial mass of the electron to the momentum of the
circling photon, this is by itself not an explanation. There has to be a
mechanism which causes your charged photon to have a momentum. For this
question I could also not find an answer in your academia.paper. What did I
overlook?
Albrecht
Am 23.04.2016 um 06:44 schrieb Richard Gauthier:
Hello Albrecht,
Thank you for your further comments and questions about inertial mass
and my electron model.
It is becoming clear to me that the cause or origin of inertia is
momentum. Newton’s “law of inertia” (his first law of motion) is just an
expression of conservation of momentum in the absence of an outside force
that changes momentum. But “inertia” has been a vague word because it has
not been understood how an object with a rest mass m gets this inertial
mass or resistance to acceleration given by m=F/a . But when it is
understood that a resting electron may be composed of a circulating photon
carrying momentum mc=Eo/c when the electron’s rest energy is Eo=0.511
MeV/c^2, then it becomes clear why an electron has inertial mass m - it is
quantitatively due to this circulating internal momentum mc=Eo/c .
But you raise very important issues: "I am still wondering which
mechanism causes a photon to move on a circuit. And how the problem of the
conservation of momentum is solved in this picture.” I think the ability
of a photon to move in a circle or helix is closely related to its ability
(for a proposed spin-1/2 photon that forms an electron) to carry an
electric charge. My proposed model of a spin-1/2 photon (which I briefly
described perhaps a year ago in this “Nature of Light and Particles”
discussion list, is proposed to exist in a curled-up double-loop
configuration (as an electron) or in a non-curled-up state (where it would
be an uncharged spin-1/2 photon) or with any degree of curling in between.
The more curled-up the spin-1/2 photon is, the greater its electric charge,
up to a maximum of -e for an electron. And once the spin-1/2 charged photon
is curled up and separated from the second spin-1/2 charged photon formed
with it that became a positron in e-p production, the curled-up spin-1/2
charged photon is unable to uncurl itself because this would violate
conservation of electric charge.
My model of a spin-1/2 charged photon is closely related to the model
of a spin-1 uncharged photon described in my article
https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_P
hoton_and_the_Electron . In the spin-1/2 photon model, the proposed
transluminal energy quantum (TEQ) forming the spin-1/2 photon makes 2
helical loops instead of one for each wavelength of the spin-1/2 photon,
but the spin-1/2 photon model still has a forward internal angle of 45
degrees like the spin-1 photon model. (These two helical loops per
wavelength of the spin-1/2 charged photon generate the zitterbewegung
frequency of the curled-up double-looped photon model.) The radius R of the
spin-1/2 photon model is R=lambda/4pi instead of R=lambda/2pi for the spin-
1 photon model. In both the spin-1 photon model and the uncurled spin-1/2
photon model, the photon moves forward at the speed c but the transluminal
energy quantum forming the photon moves helically at c sqrt(2).
What about the problem of conservation of momentum in the one-particle
circulating spin-1/2 charged photon model of the electron? It has been
calculated that a centripetal force of 0.414 N keeps the spin-1/2 charged
photon moving in a double-looped circle with a radius of hbar/2mc. This
centripetal force of 0.414 N is continuously changing the direction of the
circulating charged photon’s momentum mc.The source of this external force
on the circulating charged photon is not known in the spin-1/2 charged
photon model, but conservation of momentum is not required for the
circulating spin-1/2 charged photon if there is an external force acting it
to change its momentum into a circular trajectory to form the electron.
I hope these explanations about the possible origin of inertial mass in
the electron are helpful.
Richard
On Apr 22, 2016, at 7:53 AM, Albrecht Giese <genmail at a-giese.de
<mailto:genmail at a-giese.de> > wrote:
Hello Richard,
your calculations look good. However there has a mechanism to be understood
which is the cause of inertia. This is also seen this way by main stream
physics since a long time (answered there by the Higgs theory). But if the
Higgs mechanism does not work, another one is needed. I am still convinced
that the forces between the constituents of an extended object in
connection with the finiteness of the speed of light build such a
mechanism. Mathematically it works quite perfect as I have shown repeatedly.
I am still wondering which mechanism causes a photon to move on a circuit.
And how the problem of the conservation of momentum is solved in this
picture.
The fact that circling charges in our models do not radiate is not
surprising. A charge does not "know" what an acceleration is. An object
with inertia knows it, but that is a different phenomenon. Why does e.g. an
electron radiate at acceleration? I have explained it in my mail to Andrew
the other day. Here again:
"The EM field emitted by the electron in case of an acceleration is caused
by the following process. If an electron is accelerated then its shape is
relativistically distorted. As a consequence, one sub-charge is subject to
a changing electrical field of the other sub-charge. This causes an EM
radiation. - This, by the way, is the only cause of radiation in physics,
the situation that one charge is subject to a changing field. There is no
other cause of radiation in physics. Or do you know one?"
We should not be confused by the fact that Maxwell in his formalism states
that an accelerated charge radiates. Maxwell's equation are a mathematical
formalism which is very beautiful and very well usable by electrical
engineers. But it does not touch the physical causes of electrical and
magnetic phenomena.
Albrecht
Am 20.04.2016 um 20:44 schrieb Richard Gauthier:
Hello Albrecht,
Thank you for your comments. I think that if it is recognized that a
photon has an inertial mass M= hv/c^2, then it is a short step that in
double-looping or single-looping resting electron models composed of a
circulating photon of energy Eo = hv =0.511 MeV=mc^2 and having a
circulating momentum p=0.511 MeV/c = mc (where m is the electron’s
invariant mass Eo/c^2), the circulating photon will also have a inertial
mass M=hv/c^2 = p/c = 0.511MeV/c^2 = m, the invariant mass of the electron.
For a double-looping photon model of a resting electron, I show a separate
short derivation of the resting electron’s inertial mass M=m at
https://www.academia.edu/23184598/Origin_of_the_Electrons_Inertia_and_Relati
vistic_Energy_Momentum_Equation_in_the_Spin-_Charged_Photon_Electron_Model
. The resting electron’s inertial mass M=m originates from the internally
circulating photon’s momentum p=mc=Eo/c=0.511MeV/c. And even if it is not
recognized that a linearly-moving photon has inertial mass hv/c^2, the
derivation of M=m in the above-linked article still stands for circulating-
photon models of a resting electron, since this derivation for the
electron’s inertial mass in a circulating-photon model does not assume
that the circulating photon composing the electron itself has inertial mass
M=m. This inertial mass of the circulating photon (and therefore the
inertial mass of the electron modeled by the circulating photon) is what is
derived in the calculation of M=m for the circulating-photon electron model.
As for your comment about the principle of equivalence in relation to
photons, I will leave that to experts on general relativity theory.
You say that the calculations of the inertial mass M=hv/c^2 of a
photon, though good, don’t explain the origin of inertia in physics. But
it is a big step that these calculations of a photon’s inertial mass
during reflection help explain the origin of the electron’s inertial mass,
as I mentioned above with circulating photon models. I hope that John W,
Martin, Chip, Vivian, John M and any others with circulating photon models
of the electron will agree. Of course, circulating photon models in their
several varieties are still only hypotheses. There are (at least) two
unexplained issues with a circulating-photon hypothesis for modeling a
resting electron: 1) the source of the large apparent force 0.414 N
required to curve a photon with momentum mc into a double-looping circle of
radius Ro=hbar/2mc (and a slightly smaller force required for such a photon
moving in a single-looping circle of radius R1=hbar/mc) and 2) with a
centripetal acceleration of 4.66 x 10^29 m/s^2 in the double-looping
charged-photon model (see the above link for these two calculations), how
to explain why the circulating electric charge doesn’t radiate away the
charged photon's energy 0.511MeV almost instantaneously, if classical
radiation laws from an accelerating electric charge apply (which apparently
they don’t). Perhaps charge-conservation forbids this. This, by the way,
is also a problem for your circling 2-particle electron model since each
particle has charge Q= -1/2 e and they both have a similarly huge
centripetal acceleration while moving in a circle with the single-loop
radius hbar/mc in your model. But it may also be that the electron is in a
quantum "ground state" that doesn’t radiate its rest-mass energy 0.511 MeV
away, like the electron's energy level -13.6 eV in the quantum ground state
of the hydrogen atom, which is a minimum energy value for the hydrogen
atom. The source of the 0.414 N force on the double-looping photon may be
found in the future, or perhaps the charged photon follows some kind of
electric-charge geodesic and doesn't radiate unless it departs from this
geodesic.
Richard
On Apr 20, 2016, at 4:25 AM, Albrecht Giese <genmail at a-giese.de
<mailto:genmail at a-giese.de> > wrote:
Dear Richard,
the article about the inertia of the photon is a good presentation of cases
where the inertia is visible, and the calculation complements this in a
very good way.
Anyway I have two comments:
1.) The "principle of equivalence" which means here the weak equivalence is
not the only possible explanation for the fact that every object has the
same acceleration in a gravitational field. The other possibility is that
gravitational acceleration has nothing to do with mass and with a force.
That is particularly visible in the case of the deflection of photons
passing the sun. Many authors (e.g. Roman Sexl) have shown that this can be
fully explained as a refraction process.
2.) The calculations of the inertial mass of a photon are very good.
However they do not cover the question what the origin of inertia in
physics is. As you mention,the Higgs model does not work. It is a clear
fact from astronomical observations that the QM Higgs field does not exist
(conflict between theory and observation being a factor of > 10^57. You say
that this is an open question in physics. Here I insist in the position
that any extended object inevitably has inertia, and that another cause is
not needed.
Albrecht
Am 12.04.2016 um 04:48 schrieb Richard Gauthier:
Hello John W, Martin, Andrew, Albrecht, John M, Hodge, David, Chip and all,
I’ve just uploaded a new article “A photon has inertial mass hf/c^2 in
mirror reflection and Compton scattering” to academia.edu <http://academia.
edu/> at
https://www.academia.edu/24307968/A_Photon_Has_Inertial_Mass_hv_c_2_in_Mirro
r_Reflection_and_Compton_Scattering
I’ve attached below a pdf copy for your convenience.
Basically I show that when F=Ma is applied to photon reflection and to
Compton scattering (viewed in the center of momentum frame), the photon is
found to have an inertial mass hv/c^2. The Compton scattering calculation
also shows that the electron has an inertial mass gamma m. I show how the
photon inertial mass result could relate to the circulating charged photon
model of the electron to generate the electron’s inertial mass m from the
circling spin 1/2 charged photon's momentum mc.
Comments and criticisms on the new results are welcome.
Richard
On Apr 10, 2016, at 11:59 AM, Albrecht Giese <genmail at a-giese.de
<mailto:genmail at a-giese.de> > wrote:
John,
Yes, any extended object has inertia. I think that this is not too
difficult to understand and to visualize. So again:
What makes an object to be extended? The constituents have to be bound to
each other so as to maintain a distance. If now one of the constituents is
moved, the other constituents will follow to keep this distance. But that
does not happen instantaneously as the binding field propagates "only" with
the speed of light. That means that for a very short time the other
constituents remain where they are and the binding fields originating in
them will not change. So, for this short time the constituent being moved
has to be taken out of the potential minimum of the fields of the other
constituents. This requires a force. After a short time, the speed of light
permits the other particles to move and also their fields to move. And as a
consequence there is no longer a force necessary. - This fact that for an
intermediate time a force is necessary to change the motion state of an
object is called inertia. - Really too difficult?
The calculation shows that in fact a smaller object has more inertia. It is
proportional to the inverse of the distance of the constituents. The reason
is that on the one hand the binding field is universal for all elementary
particles, on the other hand the strength of the forces is higher at
smaller distances, as we know it from all forces. As I have said many
times, the model provides precise results. This can be found on my web site
for those interested. This precision applies of course also to the relation
between size and mass.
Since the time when I started this discussion about inertia 15 years ago, I
have made the experience that a certain portion of discussion partners
(maybe 10 to 20 percent) have problems to understand and to visualize this
process of inertia. Those persons are mainly physicists working in theory
and who are more specialized for algebra than for physics. But a minority.
Last month we had the spring conference of the German Physical Society here
in Hamburg about particle physics. Even though I had to give my talks about
inertia and about the error of de Broglie in one out of 22 parallel
sessions, most people came into my session. The acceptance and the
discussion about these topics was very encouraging. And this is my
permanent experience.
Albrecht
Am 10.04.2016 um 06:44 schrieb John Williamson:
Albrecht - why do you think that somethings "extent" gives it inertia? This
is simply non-sense. You have just made this up haven't you?
Experimentally smaller things - with less extent then - have higher mass.
JW.
_____
From: General [general-
bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
<mailto:general-
bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
] on behalf of Albrecht Giese [genmail at a-giese.de <mailto:genmail at a-
giese.de> ]
Sent: Saturday, April 09, 2016 8:26 PM
To: Andrew Meulenberg; Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion
Subject: Re: [General] inertia
Dear Andrew,
thank you for your considerations and arguments about my mass model. And
please apologize that I kept you waiting for a response. I was off for
several days.
My basic point is that any extended object necessarily has inertia. That is
not just an idea or a possibility, it is on the contrary completely
inevitable. I think that I have explained why this is the case. If
necessary I can of course explain it again.
Now, if we assume or accept that elementary particles are extended, then
the inertia of particles is inevitably given. And, as you have cited it
again, the results for leptons and quarks are precise.
The main argument against my model is the general opinion that elementary
particles, particularly electrons, are point-like and have no constituents.
The argument of those who have performed the according experiments is that
it was attempted to decompose the electron by bombarding it with particles
(like protons) with sufficiently high energy, A decomposition has never
occurred. From this it was concluded that the electron has no constituents.
- But this argument does not apply to my particle model. The constituents
of an elementary particle are according to my model mass-less. So one of
its constituents may be accelerated by an arbitrary amount, the other one -
as having no own mass - can follow immediately. Not even any force will
occur. - Accordingly this argument is not applicable against this model.
And the rest is known. If one determines the size of the electron by the
evaluation of e.g. its magnetic moment, the result for the mass conforms
very precisely to the measurement.
It is true that the assumption of two constituents for an elementary
particle is very uncommon. But as long as there are no conflicting facts
such assumption can be made. It is a common way in physics by my
understanding. On the other hand there was a kind of indication for two
constituents described by the article of Frank Wilczek about the electron
in Nature in summer 2013.
The explanation of inertia of an electron by a bound photon is in my
understanding not a real explanation as it assumes that a photon itself has
some kind of inertia, without explaining how this works inside a photon. So
it just diverts the problem to another particle, at least as it was
explained during this discussion since October last year. And also the task
to be done is not only the mass of an electron, but the mass of all
particles, i.e. all leptons and all quarks. Do you assume that all these
particles are built by bound photons?
So, in my understanding, if there is another explanation for inertia, then
we will have two explanations in parallel. Or, if on the other hand someone
has or knows an experiment which is in conflict with my model, that would
of course refute my model. Up to now I did not hear about such results.
Thank you again for your considerations.
Albrecht
Fri, 1 Apr 2016 12:49:24 +0530 schrieb Andrew Meulenberg :
Dear Albrecht,
You have repeatedly based your model on lack of alternatives (with very
precise results). E.g.,
Why 2 particles in the model? I say it again:
1) to maintain the conservation of momentum in the view of oscillations
2) to have a mechanism for inertia (which has very precise results,
otherwise non-existent in present physics)
I will be happy to see alternatives for both points. Up to now I have not
seen any.
I'm sure that alternatives exist. Whether they have very precise results to
support them may be up for debate.
My own relativistic model for inertia depends on the electron being, in its
ground (restmass) state, a spherically bound photon. Until that concept is
accepted, it makes little sense to go further in a description. However, if
accepted, it then also leads to understanding the inertia of a photon.
Your two-particle model faces the same challenge. Unless you are able to
shape that premise into an acceptable form, it is unlikely that anything
that follows will matter. Can you (re)define your particles to be
acceptable to an audience and still fulfill your assumptions and derived
results?
Andrew
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