<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">described at <a href="https://www.academia.edu/10740682/The_Electron_is_a_Charged_Photon_with_the_de_Broglie_Wavelength" class="">https://www.academia.edu/10740682/The_Electron_is_a_Charged_Photon_with_the_de_Broglie_Wavelength</a>
.<o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Experience is primary. Physics observation and experiments are
important parts of experience, but so are logic, mathematics, rationality, intuition,
and aesthetic sense. I support “simple, but not too simple” testable physical
models of the electron and the photon.<o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">For my approach to the relativistic electron model composed
of a circulating charged photon, I support<o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class="">
</span><!--[endif]-->A double-looping charged photon to model the resting
electron. The electron’s charge moves at the speed of light with the charged
photon.<o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class="">
</span><!--[endif]-->The radius of the double-looped photon for a
resting electron is Lcompton/4pi = hbar/2mc . <o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class="">
</span><!--[endif]-->The energy E and frequency F of the charged
photon increase with the velocity V of the electron (where V is perpendicular
to the plane of the resting electron) in proportion to gamma: E=gamma mc^2 = hF
so F= (gamma mc^2)/h .<o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class="">
</span><!--[endif]-->The wavelength of the charged photon is
inversely proportional to gamma: L= c/F = h/(gamma mc).<o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class="">
</span><!--[endif]-->The charged photon moves helically in a
trajectory whose radius decreases with electron velocity as 1/gamma^2 : R=
Lcompton/(4pi gamma^2). The helical trajectory has a forward angle Theta given
by cos (Theta) = v/c where v is the electron’s velocity.<o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class="">
</span><!--[endif]-->The longitudinal component of the momentum
P=gamma mc of the helically circulating charged photon is the momentum p of the
moving electron: p = P cos (Theta) = gamma mc cos(Theta) = gamma mv.<o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class="">
</span><!--[endif]-->The transverse component Ptrans of the momentum
of the right or left-helically circulating charged photon is Ptrans = mc, which
for low electron velocities combines with the charged photon’s helical radius
hbar/2mc to give the 2 spin states of the electron : Sz= + and – hbar/2 .<o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class="">
</span><!--[endif]-->Derivation of de Broglie wavelength from the
charged photon model of the electron. The longitudinal component k of the
circulating charged photon’s wave vector
K=2pi/L = gamma mc/hbar is k=K cos (Theta) = gamma mc/hbar x v/c
= gamma mv/hbar. Solving for the wavelength Lambda corresponding to this
longitudinal component k gives Lambda = 2pi/k = h/(gamma mv) -- the de Broglie
wavelength LdeBroglie. So the de Broglie wavelength is the wavelength that is
produced in the longitudinal direction of the helical motion of the circulating
charged photon. This is why a moving electron has the de Broglie wavelength.<o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class="">
</span><!--[endif]-->Since a slow-moving electron and a highly
relativistic electron both have spin Sz = ½ hbar, this means that the charged
photon composing the electron has spin Sz=½ hbar and not Sz=hbar of an
uncharged photon.<o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class=""> </span><!--[endif]-->The
above statements do not require a specific model of the photon to be
incorporated into the charged photon model. A suitable photon model must only
satisfy c=wavelength x frequency, E= h x frequency, and p=h/wavelength, be
helically circulating, carry the electron’s charge –e, and have spin ½ hbar so
that it will fit the requirements of the relativistic double-looping photon
model and the experimental evidence of the electron’s spin ½ hbar.<o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The following three points apply the author’s superluminal
energy quantum model of the photon to the relativistic double-looping-photon
electron model above, and go beyond the article “The electron is a charged
photon with the de Broglie wavelength”.<o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class=""> </span><!--[endif]-->An
internally superluminal model of the uncharged photon is described by Gauthier
in an article “Transluminal energy quantum models of the photon and the electron” at <a href="https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron" class="">https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron</a>
. The model has an uncharged superluminal energy quantum traveling helically at
c sqrt(2) at a 45-degree angle to the longitudinal direction of the photon. The
helical radius of the photon model is R=lambda/2pi. The photon model has the longitudinal
momentum p=h/lambda of a photon and the spin hbar of a photon. The spin is
generated by the photon model’s rotating transverse momentum (also h/lambda)
times the helical radius lambda/2pi, giving h/2pi or hbar. <o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class=""> </span><!--[endif]-->Since
the relativistic electron model above requires a charged photon of spin ½ hbar,
the internally superluminal model of the photon above can be adapted to this
requirement. The superluminal quantum now becomes charged at -e and makes two
rather than one helical cycles per wavelength lambda of the charged photon (at
the zitterbewegung frequency Fzitt= 2mc^2/(gamma h) for a relativistic electron).
For a highly relativistic electron, where the charged photon’s helical axis is
nearly but not quite straight (making a forward angle Theta with the
longitudinal direction where cos Theta =v/c) the energy quantum of the charged
photon model travels at c sqrt (2) at a 45-degree angle to the helically
circulating axis, giving the longitudinal velocity of the highly relativistic
electron v<c . But this speed of the superluminal energy quantum varies for
a slower electron velocities. This is because the axis of the helically-circulating-superluminal-energy-quantum
charged photon model is itself helical in the relativistic charged photon model
of the electron, making the trajectory of the superluminal energy quantum a
helix on a helix. The double-looping of the helical motion of the energy
quantum gives the internally-superluminal charged photon model a radius of lambda/4pi.
At highly relativistic electron velocities, the longitudinal momentum
p=h/lambda and the transverse momentum p=h/lambda are the same as in the
uncharged photon model. The transverse momentum h/lambda times the new radius
lambda/4pi produces the spin of the charged photon Sz=(h/lambda) x (lambda/4pi) = h/4pi = hbar/2
. <o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]-->13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class=""> </span><!--[endif]-->For
a resting or slowly moving electron, the radius of the helically circulating
charged superluminal energy quantum photon model becomes Lcompton/4pi which is also
the radius of the resting double-looping-photon electron model. So for a
resting electron the superluminal quantum moves along the surface of a horned
torus of primary radius Lcompton/4pi and secondary radius Lcompton/4pi .<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<!--EndFragment--></div><br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Mar 23, 2015, at 7:18 AM, chandra <<a href="mailto:chandra@phys.uconn.edu" class="">chandra@phys.uconn.edu</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/42262/title/Stirring-the-Pot/" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">http://www.the-scientist.com//?articles.view/articleNo/42262/title/Stirring-the-Pot/</a><o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/42399/title/Book-Excerpt-from-Galileo-s-Middle-Finger/" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/42399/title/Book-Excerpt-from-Galileo-s-Middle-Finger/</a><o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Dear Friends: I am diverting your attention to a timely and interesting publication by Alice Dreger. The links above will take you to free excerpts out of the book, “Galileo’s Middle-Finger”!<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Regarding our conference: Unless I have accidentally missed them all; I have not yet gotten feedback from any of you regarding your ideas as to (i) how you want to “structure” the Thursday’s “discussion” at the conference and (ii) how to transcribing and organize the ideas-discussed for publication in the conference proceeding.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Sincerely,<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Chandra.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">PS: Vivian: I am actually responding to your “thread” in this discussion series. Although, I am not explicitly responding now to your ideas; but I just want you to know that I like most of your mode of thinking expressed below.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">============================================<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">-----Original Message-----<br class="">From: General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+chandra=phys.uconn.edu@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+chandra=phys.uconn.edu@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>] On Behalf Of Vivian Robinson<br class="">Sent: Saturday, March 21, 2015 6:36 PM<br class="">To: Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion<br class="">Subject: Re: [General] double-loop electron model discussion</div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Richard,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">The intent of my earlier communications has been to suggest that the only arbiter of the actual situation is experimental measurement and observation. Different people have different approaches that can lead to different theories about observed phenomena. One approach that matches an observation does not necessarily have an advantage over another approach that matches the same observation. Its advantage is only in its ability to predict a new phenomenon that other approaches don't predict, which phenomenon can be tested experimentally. If the phenomenon is verified experimentally it suggests the new approach and theory has an advantage over other theories.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Regarding the de Broglie wavelength, it was predicted circa 1923 and observed a few years later. It is well established and deriving it again mathematically is not a new prediction. In a world where everything is electromagnetic E**2 = p**2c**2 + mo**2c**4, mo is the rest mass of a parcel composed of a rotating photon. A linear photon has no rest mass and mo = 0, giving E = pc. The rest of my calculation follows. As far as the zitterbewegung is concerned, it is caused by the frequency of the electron given by nu = mc**2/h. It becomes a minor point as to whether the zbw is defined as the rotating photon's frequency, in which case the vibration is over a whole wavelength, or whether it is defined as being each time the polarity goes through zero, in which case it is every half wavelength and hence double the frequency. The cause is still the frequency of the rotating photon.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">The important feature of the rotating photon model is the predictions that can be made and tested by experiment. As John W mentioned, the scattering experiments I suggested will be most conclusive if they are done with spin polarised electrons. And thanks Martin for suggesting a source of spin polarised electrons. As John W also mentioned, the experiment will be much cheaper than CERN to set up and operate, and has the possibility of obtaining more meaningful results by establishing the correctness of this rotting photon model. Some experiments have already been done scattering beams of spin polarised protons and the results showed a very significant dependence of scattering on the proton's spins. When spin is angular momentum, this would expected. With the same angular momentum (half hbar) and 1/1836 times the mass, there should be a significant dependence of scattering on the electron's angular momentum (spin) as well.<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Richard, and anyone else, if you feel you can contribute to the calculations of the expected dependence of electron scattering upon spin, John W and I would be pleased to receive you contribution. The energy range would be of the order of 500 keV to avoid coulomb scattering. All contributions welcome. Richard if you were to provide the calculations for the expected scattering patterns using your radius diminishing with gamma squared that would assist. In the absence of other suggestions, at this stage the only feature common to the rotating photon models is that the radius will go from 1.93 x 10**-13 m at rest to a point particle at high GeV and TeV energies, making it a clear separation from the standard model.<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Cheers,<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Vivian Robinson<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">On 19/03/2015, at 3:56 PM, Richard Gauthier <<a href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;" class="">richgauthier@gmail.com</span></a>> wrote:<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">> Hello Vivian (and all)<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">> Thank you for your extended comments and explanations. Before we get into further details about your model and whether its frequency depends on the electron’s speed, I would like to hear your replies to my comments towards the end of your article about your asserting that pc = KE of an electron, and your further assertion based on this that you have derived the de Broglie wavelength h/(gamma mv) from your electron model. Also I would like to know why you equated the zitterbewegung frequency of an electron with mc^2/h rather than the accepted value (from the Dirac equation) of 2 mc^2/h.<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">> all the best,<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">> Richard<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">_______________________________________________<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">If you no longer wish to receive communication from the Nature of Light and Particles General Discussion List at<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:chandra@phys.uconn.edu" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;" class="">chandra@phys.uconn.edu</span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="<a href="http://lists.natureoflightandparticles.org/options.cgi/general-natureoflightandparticles.org/chandra%40phys.uconn.edu?unsub=1&unsubconfirm=1" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;" class="">http://lists.natureoflightandparticles.org/options.cgi/general-natureoflightandparticles.org/chandra%40phys.uconn.edu?unsub=1&unsubconfirm=1</span></a>"><o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Click here to unsubscribe<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; 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