<div dir="ltr"><div style="word-wrap:break-word"><div>Richard,<br><br></div><div>I have begun to incorporate the various positions; but, I have a few questions on your model:<br></div><div></div><div><ol><li>Have you ever found any evidence of a light beam bending in a strong electric or magnetic field? (I have speculated on every photon as being both fermionic and well as bosonic, so there could be a basis for the spin 1/2 component.)<br></li><li>Do you have any evidence for a charge not having mass?</li><li>How is the charge spatially distributed within the photon?</li></ol><p>Andrew<br></p></div><div>__________________________________-<br><br>Chandra, Andrew and others,</div><div>
Here’s my current position paper on my charged photon model of the
electron, and the energy quantum, with an attached Word file of the
same:</div></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b><span style="font-size:14pt">Richard Gauthier’s position on photon
models of the electron, and the transluminal energy quantum </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Two types of
non-pointlike electron models</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b> </b></p><p class="MsoNormal">For those who have not accepted the ideal that the electron
is pointlike with intrinsic spin (as accepted in the standard model), two
distinct loop models with variations have been proposed. The first is a
single-loop model where the electron’s charge or its mass or momentum or a
photon or photon-like object moves circularly at light-speed around a loop of
circumference one Compton wavelength h/mc and radius R1= hbar/mc. The second is
a double-loop model that has the charge or mass or momentum or a photon or
photon-like object moving at light-speed around a double loop whose total
length is also one Compton wavelength but whose radius is R2=hbar/2mc . Several models of the photon have been
combined with these basic or generic single or double-loop models to produce
more elaborate models of the electron.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">One main advantage of the single-loop model is that the calculated
magnitude of the magnetic moment due to a circulating light-speed electron
charge is the Bohr magneton ehbar/2m (the experimental value of the electron’s
magnetic moment is slightly more than this.) But the calculated spin
(z-component) of this model from the circulating momentum mc of the photon of
Compton wavelength h/mc is Sz=R1 x p = (hbar/mc) x mc = hbar which is twice the
spin of the electron. The experimental value of the spin ½ hbar of the electron
has then to be found from some further hypothesis about the single-loop
electron model.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">One main advantage of the double-loop model is that the
calculated spin (z-component) is Sz=R2 x p = (hbar/2mc) x mc = hbar/2 which is
the correct electron spin (z-component). But the magnitude of the magnetic moment
of this model is found to be ½ Bohr magneton. The experimental value of the
electron’s magnetic moment (slightly more than 1 Bohr magneton) has then to be
calculated or approximated from some further hypothesis about the double-loop
model. The double-loop model also contains the zitterbewegung frequency
fzitt=(2mc^2)/h of the electron found from the Dirac equation.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Both the single-loop and double-loop models have generally
been described for a resting (v=0) electron. Some models have included motion v>0
of the electron to try to account for the experimental value of the de Broglie
wavelength Ldb=h/(gamma m v) of a moving electron, and the experimental value
of the very small (around or less than 10^-18m) of relativistic electrons found
in high energy electron scattering experiments.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Gauthier’s charged photon
model of the electron</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b> </b></p><p class="MsoNormal">My approach has been to model the electron relativistically
as a helically circulating double-looping photon. The photon carries the
electron’s charge and has spin ½ hbar, the same as that of an electron, rather
than spin hbar of an uncharged photon. By equating the moving electron’s
relativistic energy E=gamma mc^2 with the photon’s energy E=hf, the charged
photon is found to have frequency f=(gamma mc^2)/h and a wavelength L= h/(gamma
mc). While this frequency f was used by deBroglie to derive the electron’s
deBroglie wavelength, the wavelength L=h/(gamma mc) of a hypothesized photon
corresponding to a relativistic electron has never previously been reported or
utilized to my knowledge, neither by de Broglie nor by others (including other
electron modelers.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The charged photon in the above model has these three photon
characteristics: 1) its energy E=hf, 2) its momentum p=h/L, 3) its speed of light c=fL. In
addition it has 4) the electron’s charge, 5) a light-speed helical motion and
6) a spin ½ hbar. In addition the radius
of the helix for a resting electron (where the helix becomes a circle) is
hbar/2mc . When these first 3 characteristics and the resting electron radius are combined with the helical
motion of characteristic 5, a unique helical trajectory (except for right or
left turning) is found for the charged photon model of the electron. Some of
its characteristics are:</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p>1)<span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>Its radius for a resting electron is R2 =
hbar/2mc</p><p>2)<span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>The radius of
the charged photon’s helical trajectory decreases with increasing electron speed as
R= R2/(gamma^2)</p><p>3)<span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>The longitudinal component of the charged
photon’s helical speed c is the speed v of the electron being modeled. The
forward angle theta of the circulating helix is given by cos (theta) = v/c.</p><p>4)<span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>The electron’s momentum p=gamma mv is the
longitudinal component of the circulating photon’s momentum P=gamma mc.</p><p>5)<span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>The pitch of the charged photon’s helical
trajectory is maximum for v= c/sqrt(2) and gamma = sqrt(2), where theta = 45
degrees. The maximum helical pitch here is pi Ro, and decreases towards zero as
v->0 and as v->c.</p><p>6)<span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>The longitudinal component of the charged
photon’s wave vector K corresponding the circulating charged photon’s
relativistic wavelength L=h/(gamma mc) generates the de Broglie wavelength of
the electron h/(gamma mv)</p><p>7)<span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>The transverse component of the circulating
photon’s momentum is ptrans=mc. At v=0, this transverse momentum when combined
with the circulating photon’s helical radius hbar/2mc gives the electron’s spin
Sz= + or – hbar/2</p><p>8)<span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>Since the electron has spin ½ hbar at highly
relativistic velocities, the spin of the circulating charged photon must also
be ½ hbar, since in the charged photon model of the electron it is the charged
photon’s spin at highly relativistic velocities that gives the electron model
its spin ½ hbar at these velocities. The contribution of the helical radius R
of the charged photon’s axis to the electron model’s spin Sz is R x mc =
hbar/(2mc gamma^2) x mc = hbar/(2gamma^2) which is hbar/2 when v=0 but
decreases towards zero at highly relativistic velocities. The charged photon’s
spin ½ hbar remains constant at highly relativistic velocities and therefore gives
the electron model its spin ½ hbar at these highly relativistic velocities.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">An objection to the charged photon model that has been
repeatedly raised is that an electron has spin ½ hbar and is a fermion while a
photon has spin 1 hbar and is a boson, so an electron cannot be a charged
photon. But if a circulating photon carrying the electron’s charge has spin ½
hbar it is not a boson but a fermion. In other words, photons may be of two
types: uncharged with spin 1 hbar
(boson) and charged with spin ½ hbar (fermion). </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Gauthier’s transluminal
energy quantum model of the photon and a spin ½ photon model</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b> </b></p><p class="MsoNormal">A spin ½ hbar photon model is needed that satisfies this
requirement of the charged photon model of the electron. One such model is
obtained by modifying Gauthier’s transluminal energy quantum model of the
photon, which has spin 1 hbar and is described in another publication
(“Transluminal energy quantum models of the photon and the electron”). Suffice
it to say here that when the transluminal energy quantum photon model’s helical
radius of Lambda/2pi is changed to Lambda/4pi, the photon’s spin is reduced
from hbar to hbar/2 and the photon obtained becomes a candidate for the spin ½
hbar photon that is required for the charged photon model of the electron.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The general concept of the transluminal energy quantum as a
fundamental quantum particle is that electrons and photons as well as other
fundamental particles may be composed of these energy quanta with different
characteristics that produce gluons, quarks, neutrinos, muons and tau
particles, W and Z particles and the Higgs boson, and possibly dark matter
particles as well. A quark may be a circulating charged gluon in a similar way
that an electron may be a circulating charged photon. This last paragraph is
meant to be suggestive of the possible power of the concept of the transluminal
energy quantum for structuring oscillating energy into various physical
particles with their characteristics, but more theoretical as well as
experimental research is needed here.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>April 8, 2015</div>