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<div style="direction: ltr;font-family: Tahoma;color: #000000;font-size: 10pt;">Hello,<br>
<br>
No. this is confusing mass and rest mass. Photons have "mass" by virtue of their energy. They are not massless but rest-massless and this is not the same thing. The popular literature confuses this. If photons were massless they would not be influenced by a
gravitational field. Photons in a box make the box more rest-massive. You can weigh it! Free light cannot be weighed precisely because it is a gon. The box is at rest and whatever is in it it may be considered "at rest" as well. Forced to rest by being in
the box.<br>
<br>
Light confined in a box increases its effective rest mass in just the same way as any other mass-energy would. If the box is sufficiently sturdy then adding an effective number of joules of mass as a gas, as a photon gas or even as temperature would affect
the rest-mass of the box in exactly the same way. The box aquires the properties of whatever is put into it by virtue of those things being confined in the box.<br>
<br>
Regards, John.<br>
<div style="font-family: Times New Roman; color: #000000; font-size: 16px">
<hr tabindex="-1">
<div style="direction: ltr;" id="divRpF791577"><font face="Tahoma" color="#000000" size="2"><b>From:</b> General [general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] on behalf of Richard Gauthier [richgauthier@gmail.com]<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, April 22, 2015 8:19 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] Position<br>
</font><br>
</div>
<div></div>
<div>Hello John, Vivian and others,
<div class=""> Whatever confines the circulating photon to circular motion in a resting electron also confines the same circulating photon to helical motion in a linearly moving electron (or in a stationary electron as observed in a moving reference frame
— same difference) because the circulating charged photon (constituting an electron) continues to have the same associated mass m and the same associated electric charge -e while traveling forward along its helical trajectory as when the electron is at rest.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> Confined light in a moving box (where the box is moving at speed v less than c) relative to some observer also has the same mass m as in a stationary box, although the total momentum p and energy E of this moving boxed light increases as
p = gamma mv and E = gamma mc^2 respectively if m is the mass of the light in the box. (The idea that the mass of an object like an electron increases with velocity as m = gamma mo is as I understand it an obsolete idea in relativistic dynamics, but still
spread in some popularized science writing—the mass of the electron remains m (its rest mass value .511Mev/c^2) even as the momentum of a relativistically moving electron is p = gamma mv and its total energy is E = gamma mc^2). Do you agree Vivian? </div>
<div class=""> Richard</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
<div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Apr 21, 2015, at 10:16 PM, John Williamson <<a href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk" class="" target="_blank">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; direction:ltr; font-family:Tahoma; font-size:10pt">
Yes, that is right. Light in a box has rest mass (see o.a. Martins "light is heavy" paper).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<br class="">
There is, however, a bit missing. Whatever is confining the photon. Light does not usually go round and round in circles. It is, as I keep saying, an understanding of the "box" - the confinement mechanism - that we need to get to.<br class="">
<br class="">
Regards, John.<br class="">
<div class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:16px">
<hr tabindex="-1" class="">
<div id="divRpF892302" class="" style="direction:ltr"><font class="" face="Tahoma" size="2"><b class="">From:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" class="" target="_blank">general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
on behalf of Richard Gauthier [<a href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" class="" target="_blank">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>]<br class="">
<b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tuesday, April 21, 2015 6:29 AM<br class="">
<b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion<br class="">
<b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Position<br class="">
</font><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""></div>
<div class="">Hello John,
<div class=""> The circulating charged photon (constituting an electron) DOES have a rest mass — it’s the rest mass of the electron. So the helically circulating photon of spin 1/2 hbar that “is” the electron has a charge -e and a rest mass (or mass in more
modern usage) of 0.511Mev/c^2 . When the helically circulating photon has a forward (longitudinal) velocity v (the velocity of the electron) it has energy E=gamma mc^2 (the electron’s energy) = hf, longitudinal momentum p=gamma mv (the relativistic momentum
of the moving electron, and total circulating momentum Ptotal= gamma mc along its helical trajectory. The transverse component of the circulating photon’s total momentum is mc and this is an invariant of the charged photon’s motion for any speed v < c of the
electron (v being the forward speed of the helically circulating charged photon.)</div>
<div class=""> There is some confusion in thinking about the rest mass of a circulating photon (ref the professor from SLAC). It seems that she thought that the rest mass is moving at the speed of light within the electron in my model, but that is not the
case. For a resting electron (circulating charged photon) the transverse momentum mc of the charged photon is circulating at light speed, but that’s OK for a photon. The circulating photon’s total energy (for a resting electron) IS the rest mass of the electron,
but that mass moves with a velocity v when the circulating photon moves forward longitudinally with velocity v.</div>
<div class=""> Richard</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Apr 19, 2015, at 5:03 PM, John Williamson <<a href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk" class="" target="_blank">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; direction:ltr; font-family:Tahoma; font-size:10pt">
HI Richard,<br class="">
<br class="">
Ok ... I see what level she was coming in at then ....<br class="">
<br class="">
Yes, as I said before and as Martin explained in some length. Briefly, charges, have masses associated with them. This is true theoretically, but more importantly there are no rest-massless charged particles experimentally. Masses aquire a gamma of infinity
as they approach the speed of light. It does not matter that this is not in the direction of motion as this is true also for a "stationary" electron with lightspeed rotation. The corollary is that: if your definition for a photon is that it is rest-massless
then it cannot, itself, be charged.<br class="">
<br class="">
One can have a "charged photon", of course, (like the Z boson) but it then has rest mass and will get to an infinite gamma as one approaches the speed of light.<br class="">
<br class="">
Regards, John.<br class="">
<div class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:16px">
<hr tabindex="-1" class="">
<div id="divRpF526209" class="" style="direction:ltr"><font class="" face="Tahoma" size="2"><b class="">From:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" class="" target="_blank">general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
on behalf of Richard Gauthier [<a href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" class="" target="_blank">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>]<br class="">
<b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sunday, April 19, 2015 7:19 AM<br class="">
<b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion<br class="">
<b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Position<br class="">
</font><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""></div>
<div class="">
<div class="">John W. and others,</div>
<div class=""> The physics professor who moderated my APS session thought she has spotted a flaw in my model, which refers to the velocity c of the circulating charged photon which is a model for the electron. She assumed that this c was the velocity which
would go into the calculation of gamma in my model, leading to an absurd result. But this is not at all the case. It is the longitudinal velocity v < c of the helically-circulating charged photon that corresponds to the measured electron’s velocity, and it
is this longitudinal velocity v which goes into calculating gamma. She didn’t mention anything more complicated in her criticism like gauge problems or Yang-Mills theories. Is there any accepted physical theory that would claim that a circulating charged photon
with spin 1/2 hbar cannot exist and so cannot be an electron? I would be surprised if this is the case.</div>
<div class=""> Richard</div>
<br class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Apr 17, 2015, at 9:12 PM, John Williamson <<a href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk" class="" target="_blank">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:10pt; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; direction:ltr">
David,<br class="">
<br class="">
Wonderful!<br class="">
<br class="">
I'm delighted that you pick this up and help bring the debate to proper level.<br class="">
<br class="">
You are absolutely right. Especially in view of gauge theories no-one has yet been able to "fix" the issue of charge. This is related to the problem of covariance of solutions and of the "desert" to which the quantum field theory community refers. I was at
a recent conference with Roger Penrose, and Basil Hiley and Chris Isham (amongst many other notables). The closing talk - given by Deser - gave an overview of attempts to tackle this - showing that all had been been - so far - in vain. The main dig was at
Isham, with Deser claiming that he had personally knocked down all his attempts. My impression is that the two are clearly fast friends and this was an ongoing conversation.<br class="">
<br class="">
I will copy this to some of the above, but in the background or as a forward, as some of these guys get quite enough spam as it is.<br class="">
<br class="">
My own view is that part of the problem lies in that "gauge theories" - magnificent as they are and complicated as they can get have a fatal flaw not understood by many - the idea that there should exist a full gauge freedom. This blows the minds of even the
best as they try to puzzle through it.<br class="">
<br class="">
Let me go through some of the below in turn with reference to experiment where I know anything about it. I may try to more after I follow up some of the links with which I am unfamiliar. I'll go in blue.<br class="">
<div class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:16px">
<hr tabindex="-1" class="">
<div id="divRpF82008" class="" style="direction:ltr"><font class="" face="Tahoma" size="2"><b class="">From:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" class="" target="_blank">general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
on behalf of David Mathes [<a href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com" class="" target="_blank">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a>]<br class="">
<b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Friday, April 17, 2015 6:36 PM<br class="">
<b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion<br class="">
<b class="">Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nick Bailey; Anthony Booth; Manohar .; Kyran Williamson; Ariane Mandray<br class="">
<b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Position<br class="">
</font><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""></div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255); font-family:HelveticaNeue,'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size:16px">
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span class="">John</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_4967" class="">Especially in view of gauge theory, I'm not sure how to "fix" the issue of charge.</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3979" class="">So I've been muddling around ideas regarding charge:</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_4041" class="">1. No other charged particle is permitted within the electron. This statement seems obvious. Proving this may prove quite challenging. For some,
this suggests no other mass. For others, this suggests no other quarks, and in doing so we are back to the issue of the negative vacuum within electron space.<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">No solution here. The leptons in general and the electron in particular appear "structureless" in high energy collision<font class="" color="0000FF"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>experiments</font>. There is no simpler
charged object within them - at least<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="0000FF">up to</font><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>the level of current experimental capability<font class="" color="0000FF">.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="0000FF">If
such a thing was discovered<font class="" color="0000FF">, it would<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="0000FF">anyway</font><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>just shift the charge puzzle to a deeper level.</font></font></font></font><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_4927"><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3935" class="">2. In any model circulating photon or quanta, charge is the result of transverse fields and may be an indirect result.</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class="">First note that all models need to continuously conserve momentum.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">At least ... it would be good if the constituent was also local, continuous and properly relativistic as well.</font><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""> <br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""> a) Photon-in-the electron model requires containment, curvature and closed path. All models should be able to be modeled with a vector field even in 4D. 5D is a bit more difficult with essentially
a 5x5 matrix.<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">Agreed whole-heartedledly. Confinement and its mechanism are the key here. I have been puzzling for a long time about the mechanism for confinement. As Martin noted, we were lucky enough to work with Casimir himself in the early
days - looking for a possibility of using the Casimir force for electron confinement for our electron as a localised photon model. Our conclusion was that a spherical (bubble) cavity did not work, but that a toroidal cavity might. My present view, however,
is that the Casimir force is, if it exists separately from the van der Waals force at all (which I think is not yet proven experimentally), is not sufficient to the task in hand. Anything confining the photon needs to be more potent than this. I now have such
a force, as outlined in the paper presented at FFP14 which I circulated earl<font class="" color="0000FF">ier - based on the scalar mass<font class="" color="0000FF">-energy term<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="0000FF">I introduce<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="0000FF">in
the new theory of electromagnetism. I do not think that this is the whole st<font class="" color="0000FF">ory yet, but hope to develop that<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="0000FF">this year in and for the conference. Bottom
line is - confinement is the key to char<font class="" color="0000FF">ge and the understanding of charge needs the understanding of photon confinem<font class="" color="0000FF">ent.</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class="">b) Quanta-in-the-electron model suggests a transformation of photon-to-quanta,<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="000080">This is manifestly true from experiment. Photons transform to particles and vice-versa. The key here, and the argument in the WvdM model a couple of decades ago, is that the photon transverse field becomes configured topologically
so that it becomes radial. <font class="" color="000080"><font class="" color="000080"></font></font>This is, for us, the origin of charge.</font><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="000080">In doing this, the configuration becomes,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="000080">necessarily</font>,
double-looped. This is,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="000080">for us,</font><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>the orig<font class="" color="000080">in of the creation of fermions from bos<font class="" color="000080">ons.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></font></font></font><br class="">
<br class="">
and in doing so, the quanta may be charged or not.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">No.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="0000FF">To be covariant i</font>t must absolutely NOT be charged. Charge must arise from the uncharged - as in experiment. T<font class="" color="0000FF">his
is the key problem unresolved in Richards model, Dirac's relativistic quantum mechanics (he was aware of this an<font class="" color="0000FF">d tried later to fix it) and in a<font class="" color="0000FF">l<font class="" color="0000FF">l the present QFT<font class="" color="0000FF">'s
within the standard model (as far as I am aware).</font></font></font></font></font></font><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class="">c) Nested model combines a and b to create a 3 level nest quanta/photon/electron model. Assumes the quanta has not structure internally.<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF"><br class="">
In my view as at present - again no. The quantum must, and should, have an internal structure. This is another fun puzzle. My answer to this is to base the internal structure of the photon on the underlying relativistic nature of 4-spacetime. This is the theme
of the paper I am considering dropping from the conference in favour of one answering C<font class="" color="0000FF">h</font>ip's problem of causality in the transactional interpretation of exchange events. I may re-consider this.</font><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class="">d) N-nested layer theory where the 4th level of nesting is the structure within the quanta...one could go further and perhaps eventually bump into strings at some point but the lack of experimental
tools to probe at this level, and the minimal evidence of the quanta, puts N-nested theory of elementary particles in the highly speculative category<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">My personal view at present is that string theory has a lot of very nice maths, but is manifestly (and often by design) completely unrelated to and untested by any present experiment. Hence its survival as a candidate theory so
far.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class="">e) SWAG - the spindle contains another sub-elementary particle - perhaps the magnetic monopole??? Fantasy that may be a possibility but is a bit more complex than proposed theories.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">The electron monopole model implies - by duality - a magnetic monopole model. As argued in our 1997 paper the reason for its non-existence is that the electric monopole is of the same nature - but at a far lower energy. This is
related, for me, to the underlying nature of the weak force. It is just the dual of the EM force.</font><br class="">
</div>
<div class="" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_4869"><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_4147" class="">3. The wake of the quanta or photon which emits a continuously expanding field. Think of the wake of a boat...not only is there a primary wake but
secondary and beyond wakes. At the speed of light in vacuo, the wake is almost transverse to the quanta/photon. (ref: Froning and others) We have already seen other complex wake signatures<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">This is beyond me. Can't wait to look it up. Do you have some more detailed references?</font><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5026" class="">4. Conditioning of the photon beyond just containment and curvature - Suggestions vary...SU(n), ribbon like photon, photon interacting with path,
CPT violating photon, phat photon, football of frequencies of quanta for photon,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">I think it is wrong to put complex structure in a-priori. Such things as SU(n) should flow out of a model, not be put into it.</font><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5204" class="">6. Modification of SRT/GRT - Probably won't work given the 100 or so theories that have attempted to assault GRT as premier. </span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5327" class="">So far, the best that can be done is to linearize GRT using Hoyle-Narkilar (see </span> Lance Williams, Fearn, Miloni,etc)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">I think SRT and GRT are both very nearly correct. Any proper theory must, at least, reduce to these in proper limits. SRT, for me, is absolutely so. GRT is a quite simple theory at present. Here there is more room for manoeuvre
and this could be fun. I think the first step may be to replace the scalar curvature in GRT at present with a pseudoscalar curvature. This is, in itself, quite a big job. Any GRT experts in the group who would like to give it a go?</font><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5219" class="">7. TOEs - Weyl, (Williams)Heim, extended Heim, E8, Quantum Gravity (cGh), loop quantum gravity...TOE is waiting on the photon and electron folks
to figure out the right direction to take the next steps.<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">Too true. One needs a proper theory of the photon and electron at least. Lets get on with it!</font><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_6679" class="">8. FTL approaches where GRT is preserved as a subset...may require negative vacuum, energy density conditioning or other "new and improved" approaches<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">I think FTL is ok, provided it preserves the proper (in the relativistic sense) nature of the underlying absolute relativity.<br class="">
</font></span></div>
<font class="" color="0000FF"></font>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5464" class="">Finally, an issue that impedes further progress may be inertial frames and frames of reference. Millis has for almost two decades been examining
the issue. Here is a recent presentation (2014) on inertial frames.</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><a href="http://aspw.jpl.nasa.gov/files/ASPW2014%20PRESENTATIONS/WEDNESDAY/Breakthrough%20Prop/Millis.pdf" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5609" class="" target="_blank">http://aspw.jpl.nasa.gov/files/ASPW2014%20PRESENTATIONS/WEDNESDAY/Breakthrough%20Prop/Millis.pdf</a><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class="">See also 2013</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><a href="http://www.globalsciencecollaboration.org/public/site/PDFS/time%20distance/Millis%20M.%20Warp%20Drives%20%26%20Wormholes.pdf" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5760" class="" target="_blank">http://www.globalsciencecollaboration.org/public/site/PDFS/time%20distance/Millis%20M.%20Warp%20Drives%20%26%20Wormholes.pdf</a><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_6446" class="">Millis (2011) summarizes the Davis/Millis tome on "Frontiers in Propulsion Science" (2009). </span>Perhaps we need to collectively develop a vetting
process specifically for the electron model similar to what Millis has done in Figure 1. </div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1101.1063" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_6554" class="" target="_blank">http://arxiv.org/abs/1101.1063</a><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">Cannot wait to have a look at these. Next job!<br class="">
</font><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813" dir="ltr" class=""><span class="">David<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">Regards to all.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<br class="">
John W.</font><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3978" class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_4052" class=""><br class="">
</div>
<blockquote id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3847" class="" style="border-left-width:2px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(16,16,255); margin-left:5px; margin-top:5px; padding-left:5px">
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3846" class="" style="font-family:HelveticaNeue,'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size:16px">
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3845" class="" style="font-family:HelveticaNeue,'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size:16px">
<div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3844" class="">
<hr id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5065" class="" size="1">
<font id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3848" class="" face="Arial" size="2"><b class=""><span class="" style="font-weight:bold">From:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>John Williamson <<a href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk" class="" target="_blank">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>><br class="">
<b class=""><span class="" style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion <<a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" class="" target="_blank">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<b class=""><span class="" style="font-weight:bold">Cc:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Manohar . <<a href="mailto:manohar_berlin@hotmail.com" class="" target="_blank">manohar_berlin@hotmail.com</a>>; Nick Bailey <<a href="mailto:nick@bailey-family.org.uk" class="" target="_blank">nick@bailey-family.org.uk</a>>;
Anthony Booth <<a href="mailto:abooth@ieee.org" class="" target="_blank">abooth@ieee.org</a>>; Ariane Mandray <<a href="mailto:ariane.mandray@wanadoo.fr" class="" target="_blank">ariane.mandray@wanadoo.fr</a>>; Kyran Williamson <<a href="mailto:kyran_williamson@hotmail.com" class="" target="_blank">kyran_williamson@hotmail.com</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<b class=""><span class="" style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Friday, April 17, 2015 9:21 AM<br class="">
<b class=""><span class="" style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Position<br class="">
</font></div>
<div class="y_msg_container" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3849"><br class="">
<div id="yiv2844246289" class="">
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3851" class="">
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3850" class="" style="direction:ltr; font-family:Tahoma; font-size:10pt">
Hiya Richard and everyone,<br class="" clear="none">
<br class="" clear="none">
I'm afraid the professor may have a point. This is related to what I was saying in an earlier email about the nature of charge and the relationship to gauge and to mass. Do you remember what she asked exactly?<br class="" clear="none">
<br class="" clear="none">
To have a "charge" you need to go to a Coulomb-type gauge, related to the charge in that specific frame. This charge has a (radial) field associated with it in this frame which, itself, has an energy density (and since it is pinned to that frame a rest-mass
density). You are positing an oscillation backwards and forwards at lightspeed (or greater) of this charge. This, neccessarily, takes one past infinite gamma. If one then wishes to keep special relativity, this is not physically possible. To be fair, as I
said before, this problem is also there in the Dirac model.<br class="" clear="none">
<br class="" clear="none">
This has a big problem with all Yang-Mills type theories (pretty much all of QFT then) and is a well-known problem in HEP and field theory circles. This problem has remained intractable for more than half a century since no one had managed (anyone know any
different?), until my 2014 paper, to write down a covariant wavefunction for the photon, with which to construct an everywhere lightspeed solution without this problem.<br class="" clear="none">
<br class="" clear="none">
At a simpler level one needs a model, such as the old WvdM model, where the photon remains rest-massles and chargeless - and charge the arises from the re-configuration of the field inside a double-loop topology. The ac photon field is then "rectified" in Andrews
parlance, to be outward or inwards directed by virtue of the confinement mechanism (postulated in that paper- ascribed to the new "pivot" term in my new theory). There is no internal charge. Charge emerges as a consequence of the kind of confinement.<br class="" clear="none">
<br class="" clear="none">
Don't worry too much ... these are known problems and I (think I) know how to fix them.<br class="" clear="none">
<br class="" clear="none">
Regards, John W.<br class="" clear="none">
<div class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:16px">
<hr tabindex="-1" class="">
<div class="qtdSeparateBR"><br class="">
<br class="">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289yqt2694553225" id="yiv2844246289yqt17126">
<div id="yiv2844246289divRpF395199" class="" style="direction:ltr"><font class="" face="Tahoma" size="2"><b class="">From:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" class="" target="_blank">general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
on behalf of Richard Gauthier [<a href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" class="" target="_blank">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>]<br class="" clear="none">
<b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Friday, April 17, 2015 4:47 PM<br class="" clear="none">
<b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion<br class="" clear="none">
<b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Position<br class="" clear="none">
</font><br class="" clear="none">
</div>
<div class=""></div>
<div class="">
<div class="yiv2844246289" style="word-wrap:break-word">Chandra, Andrew and others,
<div class="yiv2844246289"> My presentation at APS in Baltimore on Tuesday went well in that in 10 minutes I presented the material as planned. The session had about 10 attendees, and was moderated by a professor of theoretical high energy physics from SLAC
(This was very good). My powerpoint for the session is attached below.</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"></div>
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289" style="word-wrap:break-word">
<div class="yiv2844246289"></div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">The moderator asked a question indicating that she had misunderstood (perhaps because of the way I expressed it) a main idea in my electron model. She thought that because I proposed that the electron is a circulating charged photon,
that this implies that gamma for the electron model is infinite, making the model absurd. But in the model, while the circulating charged photon’s velocity is c along its helical path, it is the charged photon's longitudinal component velocity v that corresponds
to v of the electron. The experimentally measured velocity v of the electron is always less than c, so gamma in the model is normal and not infinite. I didn’t have time to clarify this to her after my talk so I will try to do so by email. I hope no one in
this group has the professor’s misunderstanding of my model on this point.</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"> Richard<br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
<div class="yiv2844246289"> <br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
<div class="">
<blockquote class="yiv2844246289" type="cite">
<div class="yiv2844246289">On Apr 16, 2015, at 10:54 PM, Richard Gauthier <<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="yiv2844246289" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="yiv2844246289x_Apple-interchange-newline" clear="none">
<div class="yiv2844246289">
<div class="yiv2844246289" style="word-wrap:break-word">
<div class="yiv2844246289">Andrew,</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">Thanks for your questions.</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"><br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">1 As far as I know, a light beam of normal (uncharged, spin 1 hbar) photons is not bent in a strong electric or magnetic field. The proposed circulating charged photon (spin 1/2 hbar and charge -e for an electron) that models an
electron would of course bend in both an electric field and a magnetic field (unless the electric and magnetic forces cancelled each other). </div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"><br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">2. As far as I know, mass is always associated with a charged particle. In the case of a circulating charged photon, its mass is the energy that the circulating charged photon has when its longitudinal velocity (called the electron’s
velocity) is at or near zero, i.e. m=Erest/c^2= 0.511 Mev/c^2 .</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"><br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">3. The circulating charged photon model of a relativistic electron does not incorporate a specific model of the charged photon, so different charged photon models could have different charge distributions. I doubt that the transluminal
energy quantum associated with a photon or an electron in my models of the photon and the electron is point-like since the transluminal energy quantum for a photon or an electron can pass through a double-slit like an extended wave. The charged photon’s electric
charge is associated with the helical movement of the charged photon at light-speed along its helical trajectory, while an uncharged spin 1 hbar photon travels linearly at light-speed, unless either the electron or photon is being diffracted by a slit or double
slit for example in which case their motions are not yet defined. In my transluminal energy quantum model of the uncharged spin 1 hbar photon, the photon is itself composed of a helically circulating transluminal energy quantum, which is uncharged. In the
circulating-charged-photon model of a relativistic electron, the circulating charged photon must have spin-1/2 hbar at least at relativistic velocities because the electron has spin 1/2 hbar at relativistic velocities, as well as at lower velocities .The
energy quantum appears point like (or very small) when a photon or electron is detected, in which case we say that we detected a photon or an electron, when what we actually detected is the photon's or electron’s transluminal energy quantum. The variability
of the position and momentum of the helically-moving transluminal energy quantum in the photon model exactly matches the minimum requirement of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle: delta x times delta p = hbar/2 (as shown in my "transluminal energy quantum
models of the photon and the electron” article.) Perhaps it is the variable motion of the energy quantum generating a particle that requires the Heisenberg uncertainty principle that applies to that particle.</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"><br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"> Richard</div>
<br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
<div class="yiv2844246289">
<blockquote class="yiv2844246289" type="cite">
<div class="yiv2844246289">On Apr 16, 2015, at 12:34 PM, Andrew Meulenberg <<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="yiv2844246289" href="mailto:mules333@gmail.com" target="_blank">mules333@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="yiv2844246289x_Apple-interchange-newline" clear="none">
<div class="yiv2844246289">
<div class="yiv2844246289" dir="ltr">
<div class="yiv2844246289" style="word-wrap:break-word">
<div class="yiv2844246289">Richard,<br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
<br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">I have begun to incorporate the various positions; but, I have a few questions on your model:<br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"></div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">
<ol class="yiv2844246289">
<li class="yiv2844246289">Have you ever found any evidence of a light beam bending in a strong electric or magnetic field? (I have speculated on every photon as being both fermionic and well as bosonic, so there could be a basis for the spin 1/2 component.)<br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</li><li class="yiv2844246289">Do you have any evidence for a charge not having mass?</li><li class="yiv2844246289">How is the charge spatially distributed within the photon?</li></ol>
<div class="yiv2844246289">Andrew<br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</div>
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">__________________________________-<br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
<br class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
Chandra, Andrew and others,</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"> Here’s my current position paper on my charged photon model of the electron, and the energy quantum, with an attached Word file of the same:</div>
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b class="yiv2844246289"><span class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:14pt">Richard Gauthier’s position on photon models of the electron, and the transluminal energy quantum</span></b></div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"> <br class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal"><b class="yiv2844246289">Two types of non-pointlike electron models</b></div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal"><b class="yiv2844246289"> </b></div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">For those who have not accepted the ideal that the electron is pointlike with intrinsic spin (as accepted in the standard model), two distinct loop models with variations have been proposed. The first is a single-loop model
where the electron’s charge or its mass or momentum or a photon or photon-like object moves circularly at light-speed around a loop of circumference one Compton wavelength h/mc and radius R1= hbar/mc. The second is a double-loop model that has the charge or
mass or momentum or a photon or photon-like object moving at light-speed around a double loop whose total length is also one Compton wavelength but whose radius is R2=hbar/2mc . Several models of the photon have been combined with these basic or generic single
or double-loop models to produce more elaborate models of the electron.</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"> <br class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">One main advantage of the single-loop model is that the calculated magnitude of the magnetic moment due to a circulating light-speed electron charge is the Bohr magneton ehbar/2m (the experimental value of the electron’s
magnetic moment is slightly more than this.) But the calculated spin (z-component) of this model from the circulating momentum mc of the photon of Compton wavelength h/mc is Sz=R1 x p = (hbar/mc) x mc = hbar which is twice the spin of the electron. The experimental
value of the spin ½ hbar of the electron has then to be found from some further hypothesis about the single-loop electron model.</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"> <br class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">One main advantage of the double-loop model is that the calculated spin (z-component) is Sz=R2 x p = (hbar/2mc) x mc = hbar/2 which is the correct electron spin (z-component). But the magnitude of the magnetic moment of
this model is found to be ½ Bohr magneton. The experimental value of the electron’s magnetic moment (slightly more than 1 Bohr magneton) has then to be calculated or approximated from some further hypothesis about the double-loop model. The double-loop model
also contains the zitterbewegung frequency fzitt=(2mc^2)/h of the electron found from the Dirac equation.</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"> <br class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">Both the single-loop and double-loop models have generally been described for a resting (v=0) electron. Some models have included motion v>0 of the electron to try to account for the experimental value of the de Broglie
wavelength Ldb=h/(gamma m v) of a moving electron, and the experimental value of the very small (around or less than 10^-18m) of relativistic electrons found in high energy electron scattering experiments.</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"> <br class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal"><b class="yiv2844246289">Gauthier’s charged photon model of the electron</b></div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal"><b class="yiv2844246289"> </b></div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">My approach has been to model the electron relativistically as a helically circulating double-looping photon. The photon carries the electron’s charge and has spin ½ hbar, the same as that of an electron, rather than spin
hbar of an uncharged photon. By equating the moving electron’s relativistic energy E=gamma mc^2 with the photon’s energy E=hf, the charged photon is found to have frequency f=(gamma mc^2)/h and a wavelength L= h/(gamma mc). While this frequency f was used
by deBroglie to derive the electron’s deBroglie wavelength, the wavelength L=h/(gamma mc) of a hypothesized photon corresponding to a relativistic electron has never previously been reported or utilized to my knowledge, neither by de Broglie nor by others
(including other electron modelers.)</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"> <br class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">The charged photon in the above model has these three photon characteristics: 1) its energy E=hf, 2) its momentum p=h/L, 3) its speed of light c=fL. In addition it has 4) the electron’s charge, 5) a light-speed helical
motion and 6) a spin ½ hbar. In addition the radius of the helix for a resting electron (where the helix becomes a circle) is hbar/2mc . When these first 3 characteristics and the resting electron radius are combined with the helical motion of characteristic
5, a unique helical trajectory (except for right or left turning) is found for the charged photon model of the electron. Some of its characteristics are:</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"> <br class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">1)<span class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Its radius for a resting electron is R2 = hbar/2mc</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">2)<span class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The radius of the charged photon’s helical trajectory decreases with increasing electron speed as R= R2/(gamma^2)</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">3)<span class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The longitudinal component of the charged photon’s helical speed c is the speed v of the electron being modeled. The forward
angle theta of the circulating helix is given by cos (theta) = v/c.</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">4)<span class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The electron’s momentum p=gamma mv is the longitudinal component of the circulating photon’s momentum P=gamma mc.</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">5)<span class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The pitch of the charged photon’s helical trajectory is maximum for v= c/sqrt(2) and gamma = sqrt(2), where theta = 45 degrees.
The maximum helical pitch here is pi Ro, and decreases towards zero as v->0 and as v->c.</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">6)<span class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The longitudinal component of the charged photon’s wave vector K corresponding the circulating charged photon’s relativistic
wavelength L=h/(gamma mc) generates the de Broglie wavelength of the electron h/(gamma mv)</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">7)<span class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The transverse component of the circulating photon’s momentum is ptrans=mc. At v=0, this transverse momentum when combined with
the circulating photon’s helical radius hbar/2mc gives the electron’s spin Sz= + or – hbar/2</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289">8)<span class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Since the electron has spin ½ hbar at highly relativistic velocities, the spin of the circulating charged photon must also be
½ hbar, since in the charged photon model of the electron it is the charged photon’s spin at highly relativistic velocities that gives the electron model its spin ½ hbar at these velocities. The contribution of the helical radius R of the charged photon’s
axis to the electron model’s spin Sz is R x mc = hbar/(2mc gamma^2) x mc = hbar/(2gamma^2) which is hbar/2 when v=0 but decreases towards zero at highly relativistic velocities. The charged photon’s spin ½ hbar remains constant at highly relativistic velocities
and therefore gives the electron model its spin ½ hbar at these highly relativistic velocities.</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"> <br class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">An objection to the charged photon model that has been repeatedly raised is that an electron has spin ½ hbar and is a fermion while a photon has spin 1 hbar and is a boson, so an electron cannot be a charged photon. But
if a circulating photon carrying the electron’s charge has spin ½ hbar it is not a boson but a fermion. In other words, photons may be of two types: uncharged with spin 1 hbar (boson) and charged with spin ½ hbar (fermion).</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"> <br class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal"><b class="yiv2844246289">Gauthier’s transluminal energy quantum model of the photon and a spin ½ photon model</b></div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal"><b class="yiv2844246289"> </b></div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">A spin ½ hbar photon model is needed that satisfies this requirement of the charged photon model of the electron. One such model is obtained by modifying Gauthier’s transluminal energy quantum model of the photon, which
has spin 1 hbar and is described in another publication (“Transluminal energy quantum models of the photon and the electron”). Suffice it to say here that when the transluminal energy quantum photon model’s helical radius of Lambda/2pi is changed to Lambda/4pi,
the photon’s spin is reduced from hbar to hbar/2 and the photon obtained becomes a candidate for the spin ½ hbar photon that is required for the charged photon model of the electron.</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289"> <br class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">The general concept of the transluminal energy quantum as a fundamental quantum particle is that electrons and photons as well as other fundamental particles may be composed of these energy quanta with different characteristics
that produce gluons, quarks, neutrinos, muons and tau particles, W and Z particles and the Higgs boson, and possibly dark matter particles as well. A quark may be a circulating charged gluon in a similar way that an electron may be a circulating charged photon.
This last paragraph is meant to be suggestive of the possible power of the concept of the transluminal energy quantum for structuring oscillating energy into various physical particles with their characteristics, but more theoretical as well as experimental
research is needed here.</div>
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