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Yes indeed. Closure producing a coherence with a hard carapace or
shell as we can say these days in Cybernetics. <br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Pask#Interactions_of_Actors_Theory">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Pask#Interactions_of_Actors_Theory</a><br>
<br>
At equilibrium total rising edge amplitudes would equal total
falling edge amplitudes. Emission or absorption of photons would
produce self-correcting (the cybernetic core idea) phase shifts in
coherences that manage to persist else decoherence or decay-
Newton's Third law no longer applies to them, the carapace is not
hard. Refraction can produce closure (as in pair production) but
tunnelling might be required to account for the production of the
first components of a refracting medium if a strictly evolutionary
approach is taken.<br>
<br>
Herbert Frohlich FRS did some early work on this kind of thing but
in biological systems.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Fr%C3%B6hlich">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Fr%C3%B6hlich</a><br>
He says after his work in dielectrics the 10^5 volts per cm found in
Bio systems drew him into this field. Rather higher field strengths
are found in atoms that refract.<br>
<br>
Best<br>
<br>
N.<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 22/04/2015 06:16, John Williamson
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote
cite="mid:7DC02B7BFEAA614DA666120C8A0260C90244C77D@CMS08-02.campus.gla.ac.uk"
type="cite">
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<div style="direction: ltr;font-family: Tahoma;color:
#000000;font-size: 10pt;">Yes, that is right. Light in a box has
rest mass (see o.a. Martins "light is heavy" paper).
<br>
<br>
There is, however, a bit missing. Whatever is confining the
photon. Light does not usually go round and round in circles. It
is, as I keep saying, an understanding of the "box" - the
confinement mechanism - that we need to get to.<br>
<br>
Regards, John.<br>
<div style="font-family: Times New Roman; color: #000000;
font-size: 16px">
<hr tabindex="-1">
<div style="direction: ltr;" id="divRpF892302"><font
color="#000000" face="Tahoma" size="2"><b>From:</b>
General
[<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
on behalf of Richard Gauthier [<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>]<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, April 21, 2015 6:29 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Nature of Light and Particles - General
Discussion<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] Position<br>
</font><br>
</div>
<div>Hello John,
<div class=""> The circulating charged photon
(constituting an electron) DOES have a rest mass — it’s
the rest mass of the electron. So the helically
circulating photon of spin 1/2 hbar that “is” the electron
has a charge -e and a rest mass (or mass in more modern
usage) of 0.511Mev/c^2 . When the helically circulating
photon has a forward (longitudinal) velocity v (the
velocity of the electron) it has energy E=gamma mc^2 (the
electron’s energy) = hf, longitudinal momentum p=gamma mv
(the relativistic momentum of the moving electron, and
total circulating momentum Ptotal= gamma mc along its
helical trajectory. The transverse component of the
circulating photon’s total momentum is mc and this is an
invariant of the charged photon’s motion for any speed v
< c of the electron (v being the forward speed of the
helically circulating charged photon.)</div>
<div class=""> There is some confusion in thinking about
the rest mass of a circulating photon (ref the professor
from SLAC). It seems that she thought that the rest mass
is moving at the speed of light within the electron in my
model, but that is not the case. For a resting electron
(circulating charged photon) the transverse momentum mc of
the charged photon is circulating at light speed, but
that’s OK for a photon. The circulating photon’s total
energy (for a resting electron) IS the rest mass of the
electron, but that mass moves with a velocity v when the
circulating photon moves forward longitudinally with
velocity v.</div>
<div class=""> Richard</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
<div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Apr 19, 2015, at 5:03 PM, John
Williamson <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk"
class="" target="_blank">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="font-style:normal;
font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal;
letter-spacing:normal; line-height:normal;
orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px;
text-transform:none; white-space:normal;
widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; direction:ltr;
font-family:Tahoma; font-size:10pt">
HI Richard,<br class="">
<br class="">
Ok ... I see what level she was coming in at then
....<br class="">
<br class="">
Yes, as I said before and as Martin explained in
some length. Briefly, charges, have masses
associated with them. This is true theoretically,
but more importantly there are no rest-massless
charged particles experimentally. Masses aquire a
gamma of infinity as they approach the speed of
light. It does not matter that this is not in the
direction of motion as this is true also for a
"stationary" electron with lightspeed rotation.
The corollary is that: if your definition for a
photon is that it is rest-massless then it cannot,
itself, be charged.<br class="">
<br class="">
One can have a "charged photon", of course, (like
the Z boson) but it then has rest mass and will
get to an infinite gamma as one approaches the
speed of light.<br class="">
<br class="">
Regards, John.<br class="">
<div class="" style="font-family:'Times New
Roman'; font-size:16px">
<hr tabindex="-1" class="">
<div id="divRpF526209" class=""
style="direction:ltr"><font class=""
face="Tahoma" size="2"><b class="">From:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General
[<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"
class="" target="_blank">general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
on behalf of Richard Gauthier [<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"
class="" target="_blank">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>]<br
class="">
<b class="">Sent:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sunday,
April 19, 2015 7:19 AM<br class="">
<b class="">To:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature
of Light and Particles - General Discussion<br
class="">
<b class="">Subject:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re:
[General] Position<br class="">
</font><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">John W. and others,</div>
<div class=""> The physics professor who
moderated my APS session thought she has
spotted a flaw in my model, which refers to
the velocity c of the circulating charged
photon which is a model for the electron.
She assumed that this c was the velocity
which would go into the calculation of gamma
in my model, leading to an absurd result.
But this is not at all the case. It is the
longitudinal velocity v < c of the
helically-circulating charged photon that
corresponds to the measured electron’s
velocity, and it is this longitudinal
velocity v which goes into calculating
gamma. She didn’t mention anything more
complicated in her criticism like gauge
problems or Yang-Mills theories. Is there
any accepted physical theory that would
claim that a circulating charged photon with
spin 1/2 hbar cannot exist and so cannot be
an electron? I would be surprised if this is
the case.</div>
<div class=""> Richard</div>
<br class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Apr 17, 2015, at 9:12 PM,
John Williamson <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk"
class="" target="_blank">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="font-family:Tahoma;
font-size:10pt; font-style:normal;
font-variant:normal;
font-weight:normal;
letter-spacing:normal;
line-height:normal; orphans:auto;
text-align:start; text-indent:0px;
text-transform:none;
white-space:normal; widows:auto;
word-spacing:0px; direction:ltr">
David,<br class="">
<br class="">
Wonderful!<br class="">
<br class="">
I'm delighted that you pick this up
and help bring the debate to proper
level.<br class="">
<br class="">
You are absolutely right. Especially
in view of gauge theories no-one has
yet been able to "fix" the issue of
charge. This is related to the problem
of covariance of solutions and of the
"desert" to which the quantum field
theory community refers. I was at a
recent conference with Roger Penrose,
and Basil Hiley and Chris Isham
(amongst many other notables). The
closing talk - given by Deser - gave
an overview of attempts to tackle this
- showing that all had been been - so
far - in vain. The main dig was at
Isham, with Deser claiming that he had
personally knocked down all his
attempts. My impression is that the
two are clearly fast friends and this
was an ongoing conversation.<br
class="">
<br class="">
I will copy this to some of the above,
but in the background or as a forward,
as some of these guys get quite enough
spam as it is.<br class="">
<br class="">
My own view is that part of the
problem lies in that "gauge theories"
- magnificent as they are and
complicated as they can get have a
fatal flaw not understood by many -
the idea that there should exist a
full gauge freedom. This blows the
minds of even the best as they try to
puzzle through it.<br class="">
<br class="">
Let me go through some of the below in
turn with reference to experiment
where I know anything about it. I may
try to more after I follow up some of
the links with which I am unfamiliar.
I'll go in blue.<br class="">
<div class=""
style="font-family:'Times New
Roman'; font-size:16px">
<hr tabindex="-1" class="">
<div id="divRpF82008" class=""
style="direction:ltr"><font
class="" face="Tahoma" size="2"><b
class="">From:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General
[<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"
class="" target="_blank">general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
on behalf of David Mathes [<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"
class="" target="_blank">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a>]<br
class="">
<b class="">Sent:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Friday,
April 17, 2015 6:36 PM<br
class="">
<b class="">To:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature
of Light and Particles - General
Discussion<br class="">
<b class="">Cc:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nick
Bailey; Anthony Booth; Manohar
.; Kyran Williamson; Ariane
Mandray<br class="">
<b class="">Subject:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re:
[General] Position<br class="">
</font><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class=""
style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);
font-family:HelveticaNeue,'Helvetica
Neue',Helvetica,Arial,'Lucida
Grande',sans-serif;
font-size:16px">
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
class="">John</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_4967"
class="">Especially in view
of gauge theory, I'm not
sure how to "fix" the issue
of charge.</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3979"
class="">So I've been
muddling around ideas
regarding charge:</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_4041"
class="">1. No other charged
particle is permitted within
the electron. This statement
seems obvious. Proving this
may prove quite challenging.
For some, this suggests no
other mass. For others, this
suggests no other quarks,
and in doing so we are back
to the issue of the negative
vacuum within electron
space.<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class=""
color="0000FF">No solution
here. The leptons in
general and the electron
in particular appear
"structureless" in high
energy collision<font
class="" color="0000FF"><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>experiments</font>. There is no
simpler charged object
within them - at least<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="0000FF">up
to</font><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>the
level of current
experimental capability<font
class="" color="0000FF">.<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="0000FF">If
such a thing was
discovered<font
class=""
color="0000FF">, it
would<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font
class=""
color="0000FF">anyway</font><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>just shift the charge puzzle to a
deeper level.</font></font></font></font><br
class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_4927"><span
class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3935"
class="">2. In any model
circulating photon or
quanta, charge is the result
of transverse fields and may
be an indirect result.</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class="">First note
that all models need to
continuously conserve
momentum.<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br
class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">At
least ... it would be good
if the constituent was also
local, continuous and
properly relativistic as
well.</font><br class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class="">
<br class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""> a)
Photon-in-the electron model
requires containment,
curvature and closed path. All
models should be able to be
modeled with a vector field
even in 4D. 5D is a bit more
difficult with essentially a
5x5 matrix.<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">Agreed
whole-heartedledly.
Confinement and its
mechanism are the key here.
I have been puzzling for a
long time about the
mechanism for confinement.
As Martin noted, we were
lucky enough to work with
Casimir himself in the early
days - looking for a
possibility of using the
Casimir force for electron
confinement for our electron
as a localised photon model.
Our conclusion was that a
spherical (bubble) cavity
did not work, but that a
toroidal cavity might. My
present view, however, is
that the Casimir force is,
if it exists separately from
the van der Waals force at
all (which I think is not
yet proven experimentally),
is not sufficient to the
task in hand. Anything
confining the photon needs
to be more potent than this.
I now have such a force, as
outlined in the paper
presented at FFP14 which I
circulated earl<font
class="" color="0000FF">ier
- based on the scalar mass<font
class="" color="0000FF">-energy
term<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font
class=""
color="0000FF">I
introduce<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font
class=""
color="0000FF">in
the new theory of
electromagnetism. I
do not think that
this is the whole st<font
class=""
color="0000FF">ory
yet, but hope to
develop that<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="0000FF">this
year in and for
the conference.
Bottom line is -
confinement is
the key to char<font
class=""
color="0000FF">ge
and the
understanding
of charge
needs the
understanding
of photon
confinem<font
class=""
color="0000FF">ent.</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><br
class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class="">b)
Quanta-in-the-electron model
suggests a transformation of
photon-to-quanta,<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="000080">This
is manifestly true from
experiment. Photons
transform to particles and
vice-versa. The key here,
and the argument in the WvdM
model a couple of decades
ago, is that the photon
transverse field becomes
configured topologically so
that it becomes radial. This
is, for us, the origin of
charge.</font><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font
class="" color="000080">In
doing this, the
configuration becomes,<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="000080">necessarily</font>,
double-looped. This is,<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="000080">for
us,</font><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>the
orig<font class=""
color="000080">in of the
creation of fermions from
bos<font class=""
color="000080">ons.<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></font></font></font><br class="">
<br class="">
and in doing so, the quanta
may be charged or not.<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br
class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">No.<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font class="" color="0000FF">To
be covariant i</font>t
must absolutely NOT be
charged. Charge must arise
from the uncharged - as in
experiment. T<font class=""
color="0000FF">his is the
key problem unresolved in
Richards model, Dirac's
relativistic quantum
mechanics (he was aware of
this an<font class=""
color="0000FF">d tried
later to fix it) and in
a<font class=""
color="0000FF">l<font
class=""
color="0000FF">l the
present QFT<font
class=""
color="0000FF">'s
within the
standard model (as
far as I am
aware).</font></font></font></font></font></font><br
class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class="">c) Nested
model combines a and b to
create a 3 level nest
quanta/photon/electron model.
Assumes the quanta has not
structure internally.<br
class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF"><br
class="">
In my view as at present -
again no. The quantum must,
and should, have an internal
structure. This is another
fun puzzle. My answer to
this is to base the internal
structure of the photon on
the underlying relativistic
nature of 4-spacetime. This
is the theme of the paper I
am considering dropping from
the conference in favour of
one answering C<font
class="" color="0000FF">h</font>ip's
problem of causality in the
transactional interpretation
of exchange events. I may
re-consider this.</font><br
class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class="">d) N-nested
layer theory where the 4th
level of nesting is the
structure within the
quanta...one could go further
and perhaps eventually bump
into strings at some point but
the lack of experimental tools
to probe at this level, and
the minimal evidence of the
quanta, puts N-nested theory
of elementary particles in the
highly speculative category<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">My
personal view at present is
that string theory has a lot
of very nice maths, but is
manifestly (and often by
design) completely unrelated
to and untested by any
present experiment. Hence
its survival as a candidate
theory so far.<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><br
class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class="">e) SWAG -
the spindle contains another
sub-elementary particle -
perhaps the magnetic
monopole??? Fantasy that may
be a possibility but is a bit
more complex than proposed
theories.<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br
class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">The
electron monopole model
implies - by duality - a
magnetic monopole model. As
argued in our 1997 paper the
reason for its non-existence
is that the electric
monopole is of the same
nature - but at a far lower
energy. This is related, for
me, to the underlying nature
of the weak force. It is
just the dual of the EM
force.</font><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_4869"><br
class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_4147"
class="">3. The wake of the
quanta or photon which emits
a continuously expanding
field. Think of the wake of
a boat...not only is there a
primary wake but secondary
and beyond wakes. At the
speed of light in vacuo, the
wake is almost transverse to
the quanta/photon. (ref:
Froning and others) We have
already seen other complex
wake signatures<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class=""
color="0000FF">This is
beyond me. Can't wait to
look it up. Do you have
some more detailed
references?</font><br
class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5026"
class="">4. Conditioning of
the photon beyond just
containment and curvature -
Suggestions vary...SU(n),
ribbon like photon, photon
interacting with path, CPT
violating photon, phat
photon, football of
frequencies of quanta for
photon,<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br
class="">
<br class="">
<font class=""
color="0000FF">I think it
is wrong to put complex
structure in a-priori.
Such things as SU(n)
should flow out of a
model, not be put into it.</font><br
class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5204"
class="">6. Modification of
SRT/GRT - Probably won't
work given the 100 or so
theories that have attempted
to assault GRT as premier. </span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5327"
class="">So far, the best
that can be done is to
linearize GRT using
Hoyle-Narkilar (see </span> Lance
Williams, Fearn, Miloni,etc)<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<br class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">I
think SRT and GRT are both
very nearly correct. Any
proper theory must, at
least, reduce to these in
proper limits. SRT, for me,
is absolutely so. GRT is a
quite simple theory at
present. Here there is more
room for manoeuvre and this
could be fun. I think the
first step may be to replace
the scalar curvature in GRT
at present with a
pseudoscalar curvature. This
is, in itself, quite a big
job. Any GRT experts in the
group who would like to give
it a go?</font><br class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5219"
class="">7. TOEs - Weyl,
(Williams)Heim, extended
Heim, E8, Quantum Gravity
(cGh), loop quantum
gravity...TOE is waiting on
the photon and electron
folks to figure out the
right direction to take the
next steps.<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class=""
color="0000FF">Too true.
One needs a proper theory
of the photon and electron
at least. Lets get on with
it!</font><br class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_6679"
class="">8. FTL approaches
where GRT is preserved as a
subset...may require
negative vacuum, energy
density conditioning or
other "new and improved"
approaches<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class=""
color="0000FF">I think FTL
is ok, provided it
preserves the proper (in
the relativistic sense)
nature of the underlying
absolute relativity.<br
class="">
</font></span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5464"
class="">Finally, an issue
that impedes further
progress may be inertial
frames and frames of
reference. Millis has for
almost two decades been
examining the issue. Here is
a recent presentation (2014)
on inertial frames.</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://aspw.jpl.nasa.gov/files/ASPW2014%20PRESENTATIONS/WEDNESDAY/Breakthrough%20Prop/Millis.pdf"
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5609" class="" target="_blank">http://aspw.jpl.nasa.gov/files/ASPW2014%20PRESENTATIONS/WEDNESDAY/Breakthrough%20Prop/Millis.pdf</a><span
class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class="">See also
2013</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.globalsciencecollaboration.org/public/site/PDFS/time%20distance/Millis%20M.%20Warp%20Drives%20%26%20Wormholes.pdf"
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5760" class="" target="_blank">http://www.globalsciencecollaboration.org/public/site/PDFS/time%20distance/Millis%20M.%20Warp%20Drives%20%26%20Wormholes.pdf</a><br
class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_6446"
class="">Millis (2011)
summarizes the Davis/Millis
tome on "Frontiers in
Propulsion Science" (2009). </span>Perhaps
we need to collectively
develop a vetting process
specifically for the electron
model similar to what Millis
has done in Figure 1. </div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1101.1063"
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_6554" class="" target="_blank">http://arxiv.org/abs/1101.1063</a><br
class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><br
class="">
<font class="" color="0000FF">Cannot
wait to have a look at
these. Next job!<br class="">
</font><br class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3813"
dir="ltr" class=""><span
class="">David<br class="">
<br class="">
<font class=""
color="0000FF">Regards to
all.<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br
class="">
<br class="">
John W.</font><br class="">
</span></div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3978"
class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_4052"
class=""><br class="">
</div>
<blockquote
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3847"
class=""
style="border-left-width:2px;
border-left-style:solid;
border-left-color:rgb(16,16,255);
margin-left:5px;
margin-top:5px;
padding-left:5px">
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3846"
class=""
style="font-family:HelveticaNeue,'Helvetica
Neue',Helvetica,Arial,'Lucida
Grande',sans-serif;
font-size:16px">
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3845"
class=""
style="font-family:HelveticaNeue,'Helvetica
Neue',Helvetica,Arial,'Lucida
Grande',sans-serif;
font-size:16px">
<div dir="ltr"
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3844"
class="">
<hr
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_5065"
class="" size="1">
<font
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3848"
class="" face="Arial"
size="2"><b class=""><span
class=""
style="font-weight:bold">From:</span></b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>John Williamson <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk" class="" target="_blank">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>><br
class="">
<b class=""><span
class=""
style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles -
General Discussion
<<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" class=""
target="_blank">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<b class=""><span
class=""
style="font-weight:bold">Cc:</span></b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Manohar . <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:manohar_berlin@hotmail.com" class="" target="_blank">manohar_berlin@hotmail.com</a>>;
Nick Bailey <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:nick@bailey-family.org.uk" class="" target="_blank">nick@bailey-family.org.uk</a>>;
Anthony Booth <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:abooth@ieee.org" class="" target="_blank">abooth@ieee.org</a>>;
Ariane Mandray <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:ariane.mandray@wanadoo.fr" class=""
target="_blank">ariane.mandray@wanadoo.fr</a>>;
Kyran Williamson <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:kyran_williamson@hotmail.com"
class=""
target="_blank">kyran_williamson@hotmail.com</a>><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<b class=""><span
class=""
style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Friday, April 17, 2015 9:21 AM<br
class="">
<b class=""><span
class=""
style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Position<br class="">
</font></div>
<div
class="y_msg_container"
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3849"><br class="">
<div id="yiv2844246289"
class="">
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3851"
class="">
<div
id="yui_3_16_0_1_1429288576442_3850"
class=""
style="direction:ltr;
font-family:Tahoma;
font-size:10pt">
Hiya Richard and
everyone,<br
class=""
clear="none">
<br class=""
clear="none">
I'm afraid the
professor may have
a point. This is
related to what I
was saying in an
earlier email
about the nature
of charge and the
relationship to
gauge and to mass.
Do you remember
what she asked
exactly?<br
class=""
clear="none">
<br class=""
clear="none">
To have a "charge"
you need to go to
a Coulomb-type
gauge, related to
the charge in that
specific frame.
This charge has a
(radial) field
associated with it
in this frame
which, itself, has
an energy density
(and since it is
pinned to that
frame a rest-mass
density). You are
positing an
oscillation
backwards and
forwards at
lightspeed (or
greater) of this
charge. This,
neccessarily,
takes one past
infinite gamma. If
one then wishes to
keep special
relativity, this
is not physically
possible. To be
fair, as I said
before, this
problem is also
there in the Dirac
model.<br class=""
clear="none">
<br class=""
clear="none">
This has a big
problem with all
Yang-Mills type
theories (pretty
much all of QFT
then) and is a
well-known problem
in HEP and field
theory circles.
This problem has
remained
intractable for
more than half a
century since no
one had managed
(anyone know any
different?), until
my 2014 paper, to
write down a
covariant
wavefunction for
the photon, with
which to construct
an everywhere
lightspeed
solution without
this problem.<br
class=""
clear="none">
<br class=""
clear="none">
At a simpler level
one needs a model,
such as the old
WvdM model, where
the photon remains
rest-massles and
chargeless - and
charge the arises
from the
re-configuration
of the field
inside a
double-loop
topology. The ac
photon field is
then "rectified"
in Andrews
parlance, to be
outward or inwards
directed by virtue
of the confinement
mechanism
(postulated in
that paper-
ascribed to the
new "pivot" term
in my new theory).
There is no
internal charge.
Charge emerges as
a consequence of
the kind of
confinement.<br
class=""
clear="none">
<br class=""
clear="none">
Don't worry too
much ... these are
known problems and
I (think I) know
how to fix them.<br
class=""
clear="none">
<br class=""
clear="none">
Regards, John W.<br
class=""
clear="none">
<div class=""
style="font-family:'Times
New Roman';
font-size:16px">
<hr
tabindex="-1"
class="">
<div
class="qtdSeparateBR"><br
class="">
<br class="">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289yqt2694553225"
id="yiv2844246289yqt17126">
<div
id="yiv2844246289divRpF395199"
class=""
style="direction:ltr"><font
class=""
face="Tahoma"
size="2"><b
class="">From:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"
class=""
target="_blank">general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
on behalf of
Richard
Gauthier [<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" class="" target="_blank">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>]<br
class=""
clear="none">
<b class="">Sent:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Friday, April 17, 2015 4:47 PM<br
class=""
clear="none">
<b class="">To:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles -
General
Discussion<br
class=""
clear="none">
<b class="">Subject:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Position<br class=""
clear="none">
</font><br
class=""
clear="none">
</div>
<div class="">
<div
class="yiv2844246289"
style="word-wrap:break-word">Chandra, Andrew and others,
<div
class="yiv2844246289">
My
presentation
at APS in
Baltimore on
Tuesday went
well in that
in 10 minutes
I presented
the material
as planned.
The session
had about 10
attendees, and
was moderated
by a professor
of theoretical
high energy
physics from
SLAC (This was
very good). My
powerpoint for
the session is
attached
below.</div>
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"
style="word-wrap:break-word">
<div
class="yiv2844246289">The
moderator
asked a
question
indicating
that she had
misunderstood
(perhaps
because of the
way I
expressed it)
a main idea in
my electron
model. She
thought that
because I
proposed that
the electron
is a
circulating
charged
photon, that
this implies
that gamma for
the electron
model is
infinite,
making the
model absurd.
But in the
model, while
the
circulating
charged
photon’s
velocity is c
along its
helical path,
it is the
charged
photon's
longitudinal
component
velocity v
that
corresponds to
v of the
electron. The
experimentally
measured
velocity v of
the electron
is always less
than c, so
gamma in the
model is
normal and not
infinite. I
didn’t have
time to
clarify this
to her after
my talk so I
will try to do
so by email. I
hope no one in
this group has
the
professor’s
misunderstanding
of my model on
this point.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">
Richard<br
class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
<div
class="yiv2844246289">
<br
class="yiv2844246289"
clear="none">
<div class="">
<blockquote
class="yiv2844246289"
type="cite">
<div
class="yiv2844246289">On
Apr 16, 2015,
at 10:54 PM,
Richard
Gauthier <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="yiv2844246289"
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br
class="yiv2844246289x_Apple-interchange-newline"
clear="none">
<div
class="yiv2844246289">
<div
class="yiv2844246289"
style="word-wrap:break-word">
<div
class="yiv2844246289">Andrew,</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">Thanks
for your
questions.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"><br
class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">1
As far as I
know, a light
beam of normal
(uncharged,
spin 1 hbar)
photons is not
bent in a
strong
electric or
magnetic
field. The
proposed
circulating
charged photon
(spin 1/2 hbar
and charge -e
for an
electron) that
models an
electron would
of course bend
in both an
electric field
and a magnetic
field (unless
the electric
and magnetic
forces
cancelled each
other). </div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"><br
class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">2.
As far as I
know, mass is
always
associated
with a charged
particle. In
the case of a
circulating
charged
photon, its
mass is the
energy that
the
circulating
charged photon
has when its
longitudinal
velocity
(called the
electron’s
velocity) is
at or near
zero, i.e.
m=Erest/c^2=
0.511 Mev/c^2
.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"><br
class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">3.
The
circulating
charged photon
model of a
relativistic
electron does
not
incorporate a
specific model
of the charged
photon, so
different
charged photon
models could
have different
charge
distributions.
I doubt that
the
transluminal
energy quantum
associated
with a photon
or an electron
in my models
of the photon
and the
electron is
point-like
since the
transluminal
energy quantum
for a photon
or an electron
can pass
through a
double-slit
like an
extended
wave. The
charged
photon’s
electric
charge is
associated
with the
helical
movement of
the charged
photon at
light-speed
along its
helical
trajectory,
while an
uncharged spin
1 hbar photon
travels
linearly at
light-speed,
unless either
the electron
or photon is
being
diffracted by
a slit or
double slit
for example in
which case
their motions
are not yet
defined. In my
transluminal
energy quantum
model of the
uncharged spin
1 hbar photon,
the photon is
itself
composed of a
helically
circulating
transluminal
energy
quantum, which
is uncharged.
In the
circulating-charged-photon
model of a
relativistic
electron, the
circulating
charged photon
must have
spin-1/2 hbar
at least at
relativistic
velocities
because the
electron has
spin 1/2 hbar
at
relativistic
velocities, as
well as at
lower
velocities
.The energy
quantum
appears point
like (or very
small) when a
photon or
electron is
detected, in
which case we
say that we
detected a
photon or an
electron, when
what we
actually
detected is
the photon's
or electron’s
transluminal
energy
quantum. The
variability of
the position
and momentum
of the
helically-moving
transluminal
energy quantum
in the photon
model exactly
matches the
minimum
requirement of
the Heisenberg
uncertainty
principle:
delta x times
delta p =
hbar/2 (as
shown in my
"transluminal
energy quantum
models of the
photon and the
electron”
article.)
Perhaps it is
the variable
motion of the
energy quantum
generating a
particle that
requires the
Heisenberg
uncertainty
principle that
applies to
that particle.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"><br
class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">
Richard</div>
<br
class="yiv2844246289"
clear="none">
<div
class="yiv2844246289">
<blockquote
class="yiv2844246289"
type="cite">
<div
class="yiv2844246289">On
Apr 16, 2015,
at 12:34 PM,
Andrew
Meulenberg
<<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
rel="nofollow"
shape="rect"
class="yiv2844246289"
href="mailto:mules333@gmail.com" target="_blank">mules333@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br
class="yiv2844246289x_Apple-interchange-newline"
clear="none">
<div
class="yiv2844246289">
<div
class="yiv2844246289"
dir="ltr">
<div
class="yiv2844246289"
style="word-wrap:break-word">
<div
class="yiv2844246289">Richard,<br
class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
<br
class="yiv2844246289"
clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">I
have begun to
incorporate
the various
positions;
but, I have a
few questions
on your model:<br
class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">
<ol
class="yiv2844246289">
<li
class="yiv2844246289">Have
you ever found
any evidence
of a light
beam bending
in a strong
electric or
magnetic
field? (I have
speculated on
every photon
as being both
fermionic and
well as
bosonic, so
there could be
a basis for
the spin 1/2
component.)<br
class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</li>
<li
class="yiv2844246289">Do
you have any
evidence for a
charge not
having mass?</li>
<li
class="yiv2844246289">How
is the charge
spatially
distributed
within the
photon?</li>
</ol>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">Andrew<br
class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
</div>
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">__________________________________-<br
class="yiv2844246289" clear="none">
<br
class="yiv2844246289"
clear="none">
Chandra,
Andrew and
others,</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">
Here’s my
current
position paper
on my charged
photon model
of the
electron, and
the energy
quantum, with
an attached
Word file of
the same:</div>
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center" align="center"><b class="yiv2844246289"><span
class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:14pt">Richard Gauthier’s position
on photon
models of the
electron, and
the
transluminal
energy quantum</span></b></div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"> <br
class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal"><b
class="yiv2844246289">Two types of non-pointlike electron models</b></div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal"><b
class="yiv2844246289"> </b></div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">For
those who have
not accepted
the ideal that
the electron
is pointlike
with intrinsic
spin (as
accepted in
the standard
model), two
distinct loop
models with
variations
have been
proposed. The
first is a
single-loop
model where
the electron’s
charge or its
mass or
momentum or a
photon or
photon-like
object moves
circularly at
light-speed
around a loop
of
circumference
one Compton
wavelength
h/mc and
radius R1=
hbar/mc. The
second is a
double-loop
model that has
the charge or
mass or
momentum or a
photon or
photon-like
object moving
at light-speed
around a
double loop
whose total
length is also
one Compton
wavelength but
whose radius
is R2=hbar/2mc
. Several
models of the
photon have
been combined
with these
basic or
generic single
or double-loop
models to
produce more
elaborate
models of the
electron.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"> <br
class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">One
main advantage
of the
single-loop
model is that
the calculated
magnitude of
the magnetic
moment due to
a circulating
light-speed
electron
charge is the
Bohr magneton
ehbar/2m (the
experimental
value of the
electron’s
magnetic
moment is
slightly more
than this.)
But the
calculated
spin
(z-component)
of this model
from the
circulating
momentum mc of
the photon of
Compton
wavelength
h/mc is Sz=R1
x p =
(hbar/mc) x mc
= hbar which
is twice the
spin of the
electron. The
experimental
value of the
spin ½ hbar of
the electron
has then to be
found from
some further
hypothesis
about the
single-loop
electron
model.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"> <br
class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">One
main advantage
of the
double-loop
model is that
the calculated
spin
(z-component)
is Sz=R2 x p =
(hbar/2mc) x
mc = hbar/2
which is the
correct
electron spin
(z-component).
But the
magnitude of
the magnetic
moment of this
model is found
to be ½ Bohr
magneton. The
experimental
value of the
electron’s
magnetic
moment
(slightly more
than 1 Bohr
magneton) has
then to be
calculated or
approximated
from some
further
hypothesis
about the
double-loop
model. The
double-loop
model also
contains the
zitterbewegung
frequency
fzitt=(2mc^2)/h
of the
electron found
from the Dirac
equation.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"> <br
class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">Both
the
single-loop
and
double-loop
models have
generally been
described for
a resting
(v=0)
electron. Some
models have
included
motion v>0
of the
electron to
try to account
for the
experimental
value of the
de Broglie
wavelength
Ldb=h/(gamma m
v) of a moving
electron, and
the
experimental
value of the
very small
(around or
less than
10^-18m) of
relativistic
electrons
found in high
energy
electron
scattering
experiments.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"> <br
class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal"><b
class="yiv2844246289">Gauthier’s charged photon model of the electron</b></div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal"><b
class="yiv2844246289"> </b></div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">My
approach has
been to model
the electron
relativistically
as a helically
circulating
double-looping
photon. The
photon carries
the electron’s
charge and has
spin ½ hbar,
the same as
that of an
electron,
rather than
spin hbar of
an uncharged
photon. By
equating the
moving
electron’s
relativistic
energy E=gamma
mc^2 with the
photon’s
energy E=hf,
the charged
photon is
found to have
frequency
f=(gamma
mc^2)/h and a
wavelength L=
h/(gamma mc).
While this
frequency f
was used by
deBroglie to
derive the
electron’s
deBroglie
wavelength,
the wavelength
L=h/(gamma mc)
of a
hypothesized
photon
corresponding
to a
relativistic
electron has
never
previously
been reported
or utilized to
my knowledge,
neither by de
Broglie nor by
others
(including
other electron
modelers.)</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"> <br
class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">The
charged photon
in the above
model has
these three
photon
characteristics:
1) its energy
E=hf, 2) its
momentum
p=h/L, 3) its
speed of light
c=fL. In
addition it
has 4) the
electron’s
charge, 5) a
light-speed
helical motion
and 6) a spin
½ hbar. In
addition the
radius of the
helix for a
resting
electron
(where the
helix becomes
a circle) is
hbar/2mc .
When these
first 3
characteristics
and the
resting
electron
radius are
combined with
the helical
motion of
characteristic
5, a unique
helical
trajectory
(except for
right or left
turning) is
found for the
charged photon
model of the
electron. Some
of its
characteristics
are:</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"> <br
class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">1)<span
class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Its
radius for a
resting
electron is R2
= hbar/2mc</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">2)<span
class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The
radius of the
charged
photon’s
helical
trajectory
decreases with
increasing
electron speed
as R=
R2/(gamma^2)</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">3)<span
class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The
longitudinal
component of
the charged
photon’s
helical speed
c is the speed
v of the
electron being
modeled. The
forward angle
theta of the
circulating
helix is given
by cos (theta)
= v/c.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">4)<span
class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The
electron’s
momentum
p=gamma mv is
the
longitudinal
component of
the
circulating
photon’s
momentum
P=gamma mc.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">5)<span
class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The
pitch of the
charged
photon’s
helical
trajectory is
maximum for v=
c/sqrt(2) and
gamma =
sqrt(2), where
theta = 45
degrees. The
maximum
helical pitch
here is pi Ro,
and decreases
towards zero
as v->0 and
as v->c.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">6)<span
class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The
longitudinal
component of
the charged
photon’s wave
vector K
corresponding
the
circulating
charged
photon’s
relativistic
wavelength
L=h/(gamma mc)
generates the
de Broglie
wavelength of
the electron
h/(gamma mv)</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">7)<span
class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The
transverse
component of
the
circulating
photon’s
momentum is
ptrans=mc. At
v=0, this
transverse
momentum when
combined with
the
circulating
photon’s
helical radius
hbar/2mc gives
the electron’s
spin Sz= + or
– hbar/2</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289">8)<span
class="yiv2844246289" style="font-size:7pt"> <span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Since
the electron
has spin ½
hbar at highly
relativistic
velocities,
the spin of
the
circulating
charged photon
must also be ½
hbar, since in
the charged
photon model
of the
electron it is
the charged
photon’s spin
at highly
relativistic
velocities
that gives the
electron model
its spin ½
hbar at these
velocities.
The
contribution
of the helical
radius R of
the charged
photon’s axis
to the
electron
model’s spin
Sz is R x mc =
hbar/(2mc
gamma^2) x mc
=
hbar/(2gamma^2)
which is
hbar/2 when
v=0 but
decreases
towards zero
at highly
relativistic
velocities.
The charged
photon’s spin
½ hbar remains
constant at
highly
relativistic
velocities and
therefore
gives the
electron model
its spin ½
hbar at these
highly
relativistic
velocities.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"> <br
class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">An
objection to
the charged
photon model
that has been
repeatedly
raised is that
an electron
has spin ½
hbar and is a
fermion while
a photon has
spin 1 hbar
and is a
boson, so an
electron
cannot be a
charged
photon. But if
a circulating
photon
carrying the
electron’s
charge has
spin ½ hbar it
is not a boson
but a fermion.
In other
words, photons
may be of two
types:
uncharged with
spin 1 hbar
(boson) and
charged with
spin ½ hbar
(fermion).</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"> <br
class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal"><b
class="yiv2844246289">Gauthier’s transluminal energy quantum model of
the photon and
a spin ½
photon model</b></div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal"><b
class="yiv2844246289"> </b></div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">A
spin ½ hbar
photon model
is needed that
satisfies this
requirement of
the charged
photon model
of the
electron. One
such model is
obtained by
modifying
Gauthier’s
transluminal
energy quantum
model of the
photon, which
has spin 1
hbar and is
described in
another
publication
(“Transluminal
energy quantum
models of the
photon and the
electron”).
Suffice it to
say here that
when the
transluminal
energy quantum
photon model’s
helical radius
of Lambda/2pi
is changed to
Lambda/4pi,
the photon’s
spin is
reduced from
hbar to hbar/2
and the photon
obtained
becomes a
candidate for
the spin ½
hbar photon
that is
required for
the charged
photon model
of the
electron.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"> <br
class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289x_MsoNormal">The
general
concept of the
transluminal
energy quantum
as a
fundamental
quantum
particle is
that electrons
and photons as
well as other
fundamental
particles may
be composed of
these energy
quanta with
different
characteristics
that produce
gluons,
quarks,
neutrinos,
muons and tau
particles, W
and Z
particles and
the Higgs
boson, and
possibly dark
matter
particles as
well. A quark
may be a
circulating
charged gluon
in a similar
way that an
electron may
be a
circulating
charged
photon. This
last paragraph
is meant to be
suggestive of
the possible
power of the
concept of the
transluminal
energy quantum
for
structuring
oscillating
energy into
various
physical
particles with
their
characteristics,
but more
theoretical as
well as
experimental
research is
needed here.</div>
<div
class="yiv2844246289"> <br
class="yiv2844246289x_webkit-block-placeholder" clear="none">
</div>
April 8, 2015</div>
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