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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Hi John M<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>One thing is puzzling me.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>A question relating to your statement below:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>You wrote¡<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>¡°</span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>In particular, I initially call your attention to the gravitational equation (15) and the electrostatic equation (16). The <b>only</b> difference between the intermediate part of these two equations is that the gravitational equation (15) has the strain amplitude terms squared (A<sub>s1</sub>A<sub>s2</sub>)<sup>2</sup> and the electrostatic force equation (16) has the strain amplitude terms not squared (A<sub>s1</sub>A<sub>s2</sub>).</span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>¡±<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>And your equations referenced:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=545 height=152 id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image002.png@01D08822.195D60C0" alt="cid:image002.png@01D08822.195D60C0"></span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>In practice, the elementary charge is the unit of charge, (Planck¡¯s charge is not) because the elementary charge is the quantization of charge which particles exhibit. So in order for these two equations to work in practice we must set k=1 in equation (15) and we must set k=<i>fine structure constant</i> in equation (16), making these equations explicitly different in more than just the exponents, and different by a factor we already knew. Can you explain where the new information is in this set of equations?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Chip<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> General [mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Macken<br><b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, May 06, 2015 1:45 PM<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion'<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] Predictions - Rebuttal<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>John W and Everyone,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Before addressing your comments, I want to make one brief comment about a communications problem that apparently exists. I noticed that some equations that I sent out were not shown properly in the return email. For example, </span><i><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>U<sub>i</sub></span></i><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> = <i>k F<sub>p</sub></i>/<i><s>¦Ë</s></i><sup>2</sup> was properly reproduced but point #4 contained the following partially dropped equation: <span style='color:#C00000'>¡°c = ¡±. </span><span style='color:black'>The difference between the two equations is that the dropped portion of the equation was created using the Microsoft equation insert tool that I previously wrote about. I know that the equation was sent properly because I receive correct copies at two different email addresses. If you are not receiving the complete equations, perhaps the problem is either your program or your service provider. </span></span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#C00000;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Even if you did not have received all the equations sent in previous emails, the attachments contained the most important information. </span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>In particular, I want to focus on your harsh criticism on points #4 and #5. In 3 previous postings sent on April 7, April 21 and April 29 I attached a copy of my paper that was just published by Springer titled; <u>Spacetime-based foundation of quantum mechanics and general relativity</u>. In these and other postings that I have discussed the mentioned topics, particularly points #4 and #5. Since the ¡°foundation¡± paper will be referenced in my rebuttal, I have attached a 4<sup>th</sup> copy for easy access. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The ¡°foundation¡± paper has received a lot of attention recently. It has been downloaded 72 times on ResearchGate and 861 times from my website. I have received many email comments on it, but none were critical. One Caltech professor¡¯s comment was ¡°Once you accept the contention of dipole waves in spacetime, everything else follows logically¡±.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:1.5pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Now I will turn to your comments. In response to point #4 you commented: ¡°</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#C00000'>I do not understand this one. The gravitational force is, experimentally, inverse square with the mass, the electrostatic force inverse square with the charge. Different particles (e.g. electron and muon) have different masses, yet the same charge. The only way to make these the same difference is to divide out the mass (inversely proportional to the reduced Compton wavelength). Is this what you mean?¡± </span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The answer to this question is an emphatic No! Dividing out the mass would only address the difference between the electron and muon. It does not connect the gravitational force to the electrostatic force through a simple difference in exponents as I claim. You did not read the text that you are criticizing. The detailed answers are contained in equations 13 to 23 in the attached paper. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>In particular, I initially call your attention to the gravitational equation (15) and the electrostatic equation (16). The <b>only</b> difference between the intermediate part of these two equations is that the gravitational equation (15) has the strain amplitude terms squared (A<sub>s1</sub>A<sub>s2</sub>)<sup>2</sup> and the electrostatic force equation (16) has the strain amplitude terms not squared (A<sub>s1</sub>A<sub>s2</sub>). This difference in the exponents creates the vast difference between the weak gravitational force and the relatively strong electrostatic force. The squaring of the amplitude terms in the gravitational equation also creates the single polarity of the gravitational force. It is always positive.</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>On April 12, I sent out a post titled ¡°Attack on Virtual Photon Force Carriers¡±. In this post I showed that the reduced Compton wavelength (<i><s>¦Ë</s></i><sub>c</sub> ¡Ö 3.86x10<sup>-13 </sup>m) is unique in its ability to unite the forces. Even when there is a factor of 2 difference as advocated by the double loop group, the simple connection between the forces breaks down. The following equations with the underlined terms are explained in the attached paper, but the comparison between single loop and double loop was a point in the April 12 post.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Single loop relationship: <b><i><u>F</u></i></b><i><sub>g</sub></i> = <b><i><u>F</u></i></b><i><sub>E</sub><sup>2</sup></i> = <b><i><u>E</u></i></b><i><sub>i</sub><sup>4</sup></i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Double loop relationship: <b><i><u>F</u></i></b><i><sub>g</sub></i> = <b><i><u>F</u></i></b><i><sub>E</sub><sup>2</sup></i>/4 = 4<b><i><u>E</u></i></b><i><sub>i</sub><sup>4</sup></i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The point is that merely including a mass term does not achieve the desired goal. The forces fundamentally scale with <i><s>¦Ë</s></i><sub>c</sub> and the connection between the forces breaks down with any other term.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Moving on, I find the comments to point #5 particularly offensive. I said </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>¡°I have proposed a new constant of nature ¡¡± Your answer was: <span style='color:blue'>¡°</span><span style='color:#C00000'>This is just another constant replacing the charge with one (inversely) proportional to it.</span><span style='color:blue'>¡±</span></span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'> </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>My point #5 continues: ¡°One of the predictions resulting from analysis using this constant is the impedance of free space <i>Z<sub>o</sub></i> ¡Ö 377 ¦¸ converts to the impedance of spacetime <i>Z<sub>s</sub></i> = <i>c<sup>3</sup></i>/<i>G</i>.¡± You said, </span><span style='color:black'>¡°</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#C00000'>One can always find a constant converting one impedance to another¡</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>¡± <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>This subject is covered starting on page 238 of the attached paper. The charge conversion constant was derived, then tested in exactly the sequence described. Substituting an inverse charge does nothing to describe the effect on spacetime produced by charge. I show that the charge conversion constant produces a number of unexpected but reasonable results. All the electrostatic equations continue to be valid when the charge conversion constant is introduced to convert Coulomb to a strain of spacetime. The Coulomb force constant 1/4¦Ð¦Å<sub>o</sub> converts to Planck force <i>F</i><sub>p</sub> = <i>c</i><sup>4</sup>/<i>G</i>. Most important, this conversion gives the correct energy density for photons and electric fields. It is the key to understanding charge and electric fields in terms of something more fundamental. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>I welcome critical, thoughtful comments. If after reading the attached paper you have any such comments, I welcome your input.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>John M.</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> </span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+john=macken.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>mailto:general-bounces+john=macken.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Williamson<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, May 05, 2015 8:51 PM<br><b>To:</b> Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] Predictions<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black'>Hello John M and everyone,<br><br>I think, in general, we need to make a distinction between hypotheses and "predictions". Hypotheses are a starting point, predictions are those things that flow from that. It seems to me that most of the items below fall into the former, rather than the latter, category.<br><br></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:blue'>I will go blue.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'><hr size=3 width="100%" align=center></span></div><div id=divRpF16159><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black'> General [general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] on behalf of John Macken [john@macken.com]<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, May 05, 2015 11:34 PM<br><b>To:</b> Nature of Light and Particles<br><b>Subject:</b> [General] Predictions</span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'> </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>Hello Everyone,</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>Richard and I had an email exchange in which Richard wrote the following: ¡°</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#C00000;background:white'>I have noticed that some of your predictions are about previously known facts like black holes. This kind of result is important but not conclusive for your hypothesis (I won¡¯t call it a theory) as you know. Your hypothesis should predict new results that are in the realm of testability. I am concerned that your defining the uncertainty principle in terms of Planck lengths and times is quite out of the range of present testability. It would help (maybe you have done this somewhere) if you made a list of experimentally testable new predictions from your approach, and shared that with the e-mail discussion group</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>.¡± </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>I decided to make such a list, but first I want to make the following comment. It is true that a prediction that can be proven by a plausible experiment is the gold standard of a physics theory. Most of my predictions do not reach that gold standard, but they are predictions and perhaps qualify for a silver or bronze standard. Here is a list of some of my predictions. The first two points below are predictions which are fundamentally unprovable by direct experiment. However, they are mentioned because they form the background for the other predictions. </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>1)</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Unprovable prediction #1</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>: My spacetime-based model of the universe ¡°predicts¡± that the basis of all particles, fields and forces are dipole waves in spacetime which produce ¡À Planck length modulation of space and ¡À Planck time modulation of the rate of time. These waves fill all of space and give the vacuum its physical properties. These waves are fundamentally undetectable as individual waves but the effects of their presence are everywhere. </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>That these are dipole waves in space-time is derivative to and in in addition to your fundamental starting hypothesis. Is it not? That they are, further, "fundamentally undetectable" is a second hypothesis. This is the point I am least happy with. If it cannot be detected it cannot be disproved.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>2)</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Unprovable prediction #2</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>: Fundamental particles are units of quantized angular momentum which result in a dipole wave in spacetime circulating at the speed of light in a volume with radius equal to the particle¡¯s reduced Compton wavelength. This activity creates a disturbance in the surrounding volume of dipole waves. This disturbance involves standing waves at the particle¡¯s Compton wavelength. Nonlinearities create non-oscillating effects in spacetime which we know as the particle¡¯s electric and gravitational fields. </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>This seems to contain a set of hypotheses: firstly that particles are "quantised angular momentum". Why not just start with quantised angular momentum and ditch the superstructure? Second, that particles are a ¡°disturbance¡± in a dipole medium ¨C though the nature of that disturbance seems not fully specified. Third, there are a set of non-specified "nonlinearities" which give rise to the actual measureable effects observed. What are these and how do they work? Differential equations would be nice.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>3)</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>The dipole waves in spacetime exhibit what I call an ¡°interactive energy density¡± which means that other waves in spacetime which are less than Planck frequency can only interact (only couple) with a portion of the 10<sup>113</sup> J/m<sup>3</sup> total energy density of the dipole waves. The predicted energy density equation is <i>U<sub>i</sub></i> = <i>k F<sub>p</sub></i>/<i><s>¦Ë</s></i><sup>2</sup>. Even though this is a quantum mechanical concept, I have supported this prediction using gravitational wave equations from general relativity. At this time I cannot suggest an experiment, but the presence of this energy density should be experimentally provable by its effect on light and physical objects. Therefore, it is plausible that others can devise an experiment.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:navy'>Again there is no prediction here. This is an extra presumption, derived from existing quantum mechanics, that you have put in. Setting the scale for an ¡°interactive energy density¡±reduces the magnitude of the fundamental problem - but the energies and masses you come up with are still very large indeed even for this reduced energy scale.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>4)</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>I have predicted that both the gravitational force and the electrostatic force fundamentally scale with a particle¡¯s reduced Compton wavelength. When these forces are expressed in terms of the number of reduced Compton wavelengths separating them, then the prediction was that the gravitational force and the electrostatic force are related by a simple difference in exponent. This prediction has been shown to be correct. The fact that it did not require an experiment has caused some to discount the importance of this prediction. However, this relationship was previously unknown, so it has fulfilled the ultimate goal of expanding knowledge. When Maxwell developed his equations, the one that caught everyone's attention was: c = <sup> </sup>This did not require an experiment to prove correct. At the time it was considered to be an important ¡°prediction¡± (new insight) which supported the validity of his other equations.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>I do not understand this one. The gravitational force is, experimentally, inverse square with the mass, the electrostatic force inverse square with the charge. Different particles (e.g. electron and muon) have different masses, yet the same charge. The only way to make these the same difference is to divide out the mass (inversely proportional to the reduced Compton wavelength). Is this what you mean?</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>5)</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>I have proposed a new constant of nature which I call the ¡°charge conversion constant¡±. This changes any terms containing ¡°coulomb¡± into a distortion of spacetime with units of length.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>This is just another constant replacing the charge with one (inversely) proportional to it.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>One of the predictions resulting from analysis using this constant is the impedance of free space <i>Z<sub>o</sub></i> ¡Ö 377 ¦¸ converts to the impedance of spacetime <i>Z<sub>s</sub></i> = <i>c<sup>3</sup></i>/<i>G</i>. </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>One can always find a constant converting one impedance to another. If a = cb then a/b =c. The conversion constant here has dimension and magnitude. You cannot then say these are the same.</span><a name="_GoBack"></a><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>This predicts that photons propagate in the spacetime field just like gravitational waves. </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>Is this not the other way round ¨C if you want the gravitational waves in your model to travel at lightspeed, then they must have those properties.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>The spacetime field becomes the new quantum mechanical version of the aether. Quantization of photons and the constant speed of light become conceptually understandable. </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>How?</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>This should produce experimentally measurable results, but the experiments that I can imagine produce an effect that is about a factor of 100 too small to measure with current technology. However, when I extrapolate this effect to the limiting condition of 100% distortion of the properties of spacetime, then the prediction is that there is a limit to the intensity of light which can be transmitted by spacetime. At the time that I first made this prediction, this seemed like an impossibility. I was very surprised and relieved when the condition which produced 100% modulation of spacetime also turned out to be the condition which formed a black hole. Since the black hole would block any further transmission of light, this was a correct prediction.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>Is this not just simply related to the usual Planck- scale problems?</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>6)</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>I have also made predictions about experiments involving the distortion of spacetime produced by static electric or magnetic fields. Again the predicted results from experiments that I have analyzed are too small to be measured with current technology. However, more advanced experiments should be able to measure this result. However, again the model predicts that there should be a maximum voltage for any ¡°cubic¡± vacuum capacitor. This prediction is confirmed because the predicted maximum voltage would make a black hole.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>The whole point of the Planck scale is it is that scale at which the QM scale meets the black-hole radius. Is this a surprise? Anyway your view of experimental confirmation differs from mine. For me, experiments are things you can do not things you can¡¯t do. Practically, space breaks down and electrons jump at far lower voltages than is required to make a black hole. The fact that one cannot do an experiment in principle does not confirm a theory - merely makes it untestable in that respect.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>7)</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>The spacetime-based cosmological model of the universe makes several predictions. The first is that the universe did not start from a singularity but started as the highest possible observable energy density that spacetime allows. </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>Your starting presumption is, is it not, that all of space is full of this high energy density. Why, then is it not big-banging (like) all of the time?</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>The transformation that follows looks like the Big Bang. The first cosmological prediction is that what we perceive as the expansion of the universe is actually a transformation of the properties of spacetime. In this transformation, the rate of time in the universe is continuously decreasing and the proper volume of the universe is increasing. In this model, the rate of time and volume are inversely connected. If we could compare the rate of time today to the rate of time a billion years ago, our rate of time today would be slower. </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>This may be so</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>The apparent expansion is actually the result of spacetime changing in a way that we and our instruments are shrinking. The redshift of distant galaxies is an observable fact.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>Muddied by the experimental observation of Arp-type objects</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> However, the expansion of the universe is merely a theoretical interpretation of the redshift, not an experimentally observable fact. We only observe a redshift and interpret this as an expansion of the universe. </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>True.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>The spacetime-based model gives the same redshift but the interpretation is different. The experimental conformation of the predicted model of the universe will have to come from astrophysicists interpreting data differently.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>You will still have to deal with Arp type objects</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>8)</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:7.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>According to the commonly accepted model of the universe, galaxies with redshift beyond z = 1.8 are currently crossing our particle horizon and moving away from us at faster than the speed of light. That model predicts that distance galaxies will eventually disappear from our view because their faster than light expansion will carry them beyond our particle horizon. The spacetime-based model makes a different prediction. This model predicts that the currently visible distant galaxies will not disappear from our view. Instead, the counter intuitive prediction is that in the future those distant galaxies will appear to be more distant, but they will also have a smaller redshift. Furthermore, other galaxies currently beyond our particle horizon, will become observable in the future. This prediction takes a lengthy explanation. The prediction¡¯s accuracy should become obvious in a million years or so. However, theory and observation can probably be combined to verify this prediction sooner.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>Two observations: we do not currently observe galaxies with many millions of light years of the (then) lightspeed edge, as they are redshifted almost to oblivion (and they were pretty far away anyway). There are anyway other theories (like Hoyle's) with similar properties - one does not need a huge energy density in background space for this.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>There are actually more predictions that are not included here because they require a more lengthy explanation and the means of verification is not obvious. </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>John M. </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>I really like the fundamental idea that ¡°everything is made of spacetime¡±. I do not see why, however, you feel the need to start at the point where quantum theory and general relativity break down. For the description of photons and electrons, why not just start with quantised angular momentum if you are just putting that in anyway and it does not follow from your model of space? I¡¯m confused: what is the added value? </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>For me, and for many in this group, particles are made from fields. Fields are something you can measure and observe. The underlying space-time you propose cannot, by hypothesis, be measured or observed. You dismiss the models we are proposing as being made of ¡°castles in the air¡±, and this may be so, but at least the ¡°air¡± in which those models are being proposed is an observable ¡°air¡±. Not un-measureable in principle.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>In conclusion, my own feeling is that the particular model you propose for the nature of space-time has, at present, more going into it in the way of hypotheses than is coming out of it in terms of predictions.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:blue'>Regards, John W.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:blue'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:Times;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>