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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Hello everyone,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>I am going to resist the temptation of answering the questions and comments of David, Mark, Chip and Andrew for now because the problem is that my view of the universe and spacetime is different from yours. Therefore, anything that I say will be interpreted by your world view and the answer will create a different mental picture for you than the one that I intend. Therefore, I will proceed with describing my picture of spacetime and the universe. Once my model of spacetime is clear, then we can discuss photons, charge, the fine structure constant, etc. The rest of this email will be a brief overview. The PDF attachments provide more detail.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>However, before getting started I want to say a few words about the attached two computer simulations of a stationary electron. These videos are given to stress the point that my model of particles and forces can be turned into computer simulations and equations which ultimately give the correct energy, inertia, angular momentum, de Broglie waves, Compton scattering, curvature of spacetime, gravitational force between particles and relationship between gravity and the electrostatic force. None of what I have said will be proven in this message. The problem is that we first need to cover the basic concepts before we can get into actually building particles and obtaining forces. Since some of the following requires some effort to digest, I have decided to attach the first two videos to give you a feel of what is coming. The first video attached above titled “<span style='color:#C00000'>Rotar Simulation</span>” can be thought of as a stationary electron made of distortions of spacetime. This is a greatly simplified view since it appears as if it is a smooth rotating body existing in an empty void. Not shown is the chaotic waves that form energetic spacetime which both distort the electron and also the rotation is also somewhat chaotic. All of that will be explained later. The key part of the model is the yellow and blue dots at the center of the picture. This is the heart of the electron. This is the single loop part that is propagating at the speed of light and has a radius of </span><i><s><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>λ</span></s></i><sub><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>c</span></sub><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> = </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>ħ</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>/mc. </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The rest of the rotating parts appear to be moving faster than the speed of light, but this is just an interference pattern which can move faster than c without violating any laws.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The internal part within the </span><i><s><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>λ</span></s></i><sub><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>c</span></sub><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> radius (called a “rotar”) contains almost all of the electron’s energy (136/137 of the electron’s energy). The blue and yellow dots in the rotar volume represent Planck length and Planck time distortions of spacetime. The bigger yellow and blue rotating regions external to the rotar volume are the electron’s “external volume” containing 1/137 of the electron’s energy. This has much less than Planck length and Planck time distortions. Even though these minute distortions seem ridiculously small, they will be shown to generate the electron’s energy, electric field, gravitational field, etc. This “external volume” part is the part which produces the electron’s de Broglie waves, its electric field and its gravitational field. This results in non-oscillating components of both the electric field and gravitational field (curved spacetime). There is also the oscillating components of both fields. This oscillating part is the part which gives both fields their energy density and actually are responsible for generating the non-oscillating part that we can detect. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The <span style='color:#C00000'>following link </span>is another simplified view of a stationary electron. This is a 3 dimensional simulation created with Mathematica. The vertical dimension above and below a neutral plane represents both spatial and temporal distortions of spacetime. For example, a displacement above the neutral plane can represent a rate of time faster than the local norm and a displacement below the neutral plane can represent a rate of time slower than the local norm. The rotation frequency is equal to the electron’s Compton frequency (about 10<sup>20 </sup>Hz). You are not expected to understand any of this at this time because you first need to understand the basics which begin next. The videos will be given again at a later time when the basics have been explained. The following YouTube video is only 20 seconds long. Therefore, after the video starts to play, I recommend hitting the “pause” button, then enlarging the screen then starting over. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2s5oYtOeXk&feature=youtu.be">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2s5oYtOeXk&feature=youtu.be</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Energy in Spacetime</span></b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>: As John Archibald Wheeler said, <span style='color:#C00000'>“Empty space is not empty … The density of field fluctuation energy in the vacuum argues that elementary particles represent percentage-wise almost completely negligible </span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#C00000'>change in the locally violent conditions that characterize the vacuum.”</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> This quote is contained in my “foundation” paper attached above. Wheeler was referring to the quantum mechanical (QM) properties of the vacuum which imply that spacetime has energy density about 10<sup>120</sup> times greater than the “critical” energy density of the universe obtained from general relativity (GR) and cosmological observation. This is usually viewed as a conflict between GR and QM, but I claim that they are both correct. They are just describing different types of energy density. All the “observable” energy density in the universe possesses quantized angular momentum (fermions, bosons and associated fields). The vastly greater amount of energy density constitutes the structure of spacetime itself. This energy density gives spacetime its properties of c, </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>ħ</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>, G, α, and ε<sub>o</sub>. It also creates the uncertainty principle and the probabilistic characteristics of QM. Furthermore, when GR describes curved spacetime, it is just describing the distortion of the energy density of the spacetime field when quantized angular momentum is introduced into a volume of the energetic vacuum. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The term “spacetime field” will be used to describe the QM model of spacetime which contains energy density of about 10<sup>113</sup> J/m<sup>3</sup>. The standard model has numerous fields, but it is proposed that there is only one fundamental field and that is the spacetime field. All other fields are just different types of resonances in the spacetime field. All particles and forces are also derived from the spacetime field. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> So what is this mysterious energy that gives spacetime its properties? I have attached the “foundation” paper above. The first 5 pages of this paper </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>(pp. 219 to 224) give a good introduction to these concepts. </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> We can learn about the properties of spacetime by studying the properties of gravitational waves. Think of gravitational waves as being similar to sound waves propagating in the medium of spacetime. The same way that we can learn about the density and impedance of an acoustic medium by studying its acoustic properties, so also we can learn about the energy density and impedance of the spacetime field by studying gravitational waves propagating in the medium of spacetime. Two results will be given here but justified in attachments. First, the impedance of spacetime obtained from gravitational wave equations is: <i>Z<sub>s</sub> = c<sup>3</sup>/G</i>. Second, it is also possible to deduce the energy density of spacetime from gravitational wave equations. The result is a bit surprising, but reasonable. It turns out that gravitational waves of different frequencies (</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>ω</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>) encounter different energy densities in spacetime. This difference is caused by different coupling efficiency. This concept is given the name “interactive energy density” with the symbol <i>U<sub>i</sub></i>. Here is the equation derived and tested in the next attachment titled “Force Relationships”:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>U</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>i</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>= </m:r><m:r>k</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ω</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>G</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>k</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><s><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></s></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>k</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ω</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ω</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:sub><m:sup><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSubSup></m:den></m:f><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>U</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>k</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>L</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:sub><m:sup><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSubSup></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><s><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></s></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>U</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=346 height=55 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image007.png@01D09813.6A31BEF0"></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>c = </span></i><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>ω </span></i><i><s><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>λ</span></s></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>F<sub>p</sub> = c<sup>4</sup>/G = Planck force<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>ω</span><sub><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>p</span></sub><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> = </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><m:type m:val="lin"/><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>5</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ħ</m:r><m:r>G</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;position:relative;top:4.0pt;mso-text-raise:-4.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=70 height=29 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image008.png@01D09813.6A31BEF0"></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> = Planck angular frequency<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>L<sub>p</sub> = </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><m:type m:val="lin"/><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ħ</m:r><m:r>G</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;position:relative;top:4.0pt;mso-text-raise:-4.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=70 height=29 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image009.png@01D09813.6A31BEF0"></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> = Planck length<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>U<sub>p</sub> = c<sup>7</sup>/</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>ħ</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>G<sup>2</sup> = Planck energy density<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>If the frequency of a gravitational wave equaled Planck angular frequency</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'> <i>ω</i></span><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>=<i> </i></span><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>ω</span></i><i><sub><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>p</span></sub></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>, then the interactive energy density encountered by such a wave would equal Planck energy density <i>U<sub>p</sub> </i>=<i> c<sup>7</sup>/</i></span><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>ħ</span></i><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>G</span></i><sup><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>2 </span></sup><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>≈ 10<sup>113</sup> J/m<sup>3</sup>. However, lower frequencies have a lower coupling constant. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>What has been said so far about the general properties of vacuum energy is explained in a different way in the <span style='color:#C00000'>first 5 pages (pp. 219 to 224) of the attached “foundation” paper</span>. What has been said about the interactive energy density <i>U</i><sub>i</sub> of the spacetime field is explained in more detail in the <span style='color:#C00000'>“Force Relationships” </span>attachment. The Foundation paper was previously given in its entirety and parts of the Forced Relationships” was also previously given. In future emails I plan to expand on these ideas and show how particles, fields and forces are built from these waves in spacetime. Electrical charge, electric fields, gravity and photons can be explained using these concepts. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Saying that an electron is a confined photon does not tell me anything. I could say that a photon is a liberated electron and complete the circular description. To break out of this loop it is necessary to be able to define the basic building block of both photons and electrons. A real explanation also answers many other questions such as: What is an electric field? Where does inertia come from? How does matter create curved spacetime? How do particles generate de Broglie waves? How do wave-based particles achieve Compton scattering? What is the reason for quantization? Is energy quantized? The model that I propose answers all of these questions and many more. The basic building block is the energetic spacetime field with its Planck amplitude waves, its impedance of spacetime and its Planck energy density of 10<sup>113</sup> J/m<sup>3</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:106%'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>John M. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>