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<div style="direction: ltr;font-family: Tahoma;color: #000000;font-size: 10pt;">Dear All,<br>
<br>
I agree with David - but I think it goes much further than this - and cuts both ways.<br>
<br>
Although a single (good) experiment should destroy a weak theory this is no longer the fashion in 21st century physics.<br>
<br>
For example there was in the 70's a VERY good experiment that destroyed the quark-parton model. It was O'Fallon et el's Phys Rev letter (1977). Notwithstanding this QCD has soldiered on regardless for nearly half a century. The experiment has been repeated
manay times - confirming the original results. The conclusion: the quark parton model is simply inconsistent with experiment! Likewise gluons. There should exist glueballs. We do not see em. QED, QCD is bollocks again. In fact it is stark disagreement with
a whole host of experimental triumphs (such as the EMC effect - one of mine). Experiment used to rule in science, but it rules "science" no more (except for in the tiny minds of one or two dinosaurs like me).<br>
<br>
On the other had there are many experiments purporting to "confirm" this theory or that when they do no such thing. One such is the 3K background temperature - often cited as "proof" of the big bang. It is no such thing. ANY reasonable theory would have a term
for something that is just, after all, the measured black body temperature of the (not completely frozen) universe, as Viv has argued strongly.<br>
<br>
Many folk have read things into experimental results which were not there (including me - on my own experiments!). One needs to take care.<br>
<br>
Actually I think what one REALLY needs to do to make proper progress is not dis this or that theory( fun though it is)- but just get on with making up new ones which ACTUALLY work. Then let Darwinian selection loose. Dinosaur I may be, but lets just see what
a real live dinosaur can do let loose on the current scientific (socio-) ecology.<br>
<br>
Happy hunting folks!<br>
<br>
Cheers, John (W).<br>
<br>
<br>
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<div style="direction: ltr;" id="divRpF295057"><font face="Tahoma" color="#000000" size="2"><b>From:</b> General [general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] on behalf of davidmathes8@yahoo.com [davidmathes8@yahoo.com]<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, November 06, 2015 7:27 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Hodge John; general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org; Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] What a model of photons must do<br>
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<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr"><span>John H</span></div>
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<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr">Nice summary.</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr"><br>
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<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr">Here are a few of my more lucid notes.</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr"><br>
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<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr">Within our universe, there appears to enough uniformity that a ToE might be possible. This immediately eliminates multiverses or the space in between universes. Are they all related? Until shown otherwise,
yes. </div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr"><br>
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<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr">I like the idea of photonic cavitation that limits the velocity to c. While not implemented yet on ships, fluid supercavitation permits higher velocities in water than a hard surface bow. Spacetime cavitation
may be the solution to faster than light travel. Using phat photons or a phat photon laser, spacetime supercavitation may be possible although I would expect that locally, one would have to exceed the Schwinger limit or at least use some sort of broadband
parametric amplification. </div>
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<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr"><span>></span>A single experiment that is unexplained falsifies a proposed photon model.</div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr"><br>
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<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr">That statement needs some qualification. Popper falsification is limited in application as the method only applies to unbounded domains in physics, an attempt essentially to reasonably reduce a Monte Carlo
analysis of infinite proportions. The general approach for falsification is to look to the least likely to be confirmed. While useful at times, beyond physics there are difficulties...for example, in biological science, evolution cannot be Popper Falsified. </div>
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr"><br>
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<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr">The general assumption is that one can measure what they are experimentally looking for with precision and accuracy. The assumption is they known what they are looking for and at the same time, there are
no emergent properties or hidden variables affecting the analysis. So the Uncertainty Principle defines in part the limits imposed by the tools we have. Since physics is still on the hunt for a ToE, a single experiment may not be enough especially when one
only understands 5% of the universe.</div>
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<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr">Best</div>
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<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13886" dir="ltr">David</div>
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<font id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13884" face="Arial" size="2"><b><span style="font-weight:bold">From:</span></b> Hodge John <jchodge@frontier.com><br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b> "general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" <general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b> Friday, November 6, 2015 10:30 AM<br>
<b id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_16503"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_16502" style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b> [General] What a model of photons must do<br>
</font></div>
<div class="y_msg_container" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13700"><br>
<div id="yiv9200667423">
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13744">
<div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1446833930782_13743" style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:HelveticaNeue,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif; font-size:16px">
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6855"></div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6906" class="yiv9200667423">Richard,Albrecht</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6906" class="yiv9200667423"><br>
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<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6903" class="yiv9200667423">I suggest a “unity” requirement to help identify light’s character. Our universe is one entity. Therefore, all in it must be related. Science is questing after a Theory of Everything
(ToE) that must unite the big of cosmology, the small of light and particle physics, and the classical of our size domain. The corollary is that the weird quantum assumptions should beg for another explanation following the observations in the cosmological
and classics domains.</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6903" class="yiv9200667423"><br>
</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6904" class="yiv9200667423">I like to think from observations to model other observations.</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6904" class="yiv9200667423"><br>
</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6910" class="yiv9200667423">Cosmology suggests that matter (discrete, extended, with edges) warps “space” (continuous or infinitely divisible, gravitational ether, plenum, quantum vacuum, fills between matter
particles) and “space” directs particles. Therefore, the de Broglie–Bohm theory of 2 components of our universe seems much more likely to yield a ToE than the weird duality notion. It helps that the de Broglie–Bohm theory can derive the Schrödinger equation
because real waves direct the particles.</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6910" class="yiv9200667423"><br>
</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6912" class="yiv9200667423">The source of the wave field that directs the particles is still a problem for the de Broglie–Bohm theory if we insist the speed of the waves is
<i class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6914">c</i> or less. Thomas van Flandern has championed the idea the speed of gravitational waves is much (billions of times) faster than
<i class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6916">c</i>. If only matter is limited to
<i class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6918">c</i>, the instruments measurements would be the same. But that doesn’t make the “space”, gravitational ether, plenum, or quantum vacuum any less real.</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6920" class="yiv9200667423"><br>
</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6920" class="yiv9200667423">Afshar suggested his low intensity diffraction experiments were measuring single photons. I have some difficulty with this because laser light is stimulated emission light in pulses.
However, the “walking drop” experiments show diffraction effects with only a single drop. (Linking the walking drop with de Broglie–Bohm theory seems to be becoming popular.) The unity postulate suggests the forces governing the drop may be similar to the
forces governing light. Therefore, considering a single photon in the experiment at a time and the photon being directed when it is between the mask and screen is required. How does the de Broglie–Bohm theory develop the wave coming through the slit? Well,
it doesn’t - oops. </div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6922" class="yiv9200667423"><br>
</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6922" class="yiv9200667423">The walking drop produces a wave as it drops then bounces off the surface. But an object staying in the medium does not produce a wave that can interfere with other waves unless in
bounces in a direction perpendicular to the medium’s surface. What direction is perpendicular to the medium (space) the photon is in? The unity principle suggests only 3 directions. How are the multiple, interfering waves generated from the photon? Is the
photon agitated - what is the source of the energy for this? Gravity, the mass of the drop, and the external vibration of the medium produce energy externally for the walking drop. The analogy is breaking down. </div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6922" class="yiv9200667423"><br>
</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6922" class="yiv9200667423">A boat traveling along the surface of water produces waves to the side, a relatively flat surface behind and no waves in front as the boat expends all its forward energy. This is not
a good analogy for a diffraction pattern exerting force on photons. An object can produce sonic waves as it moves through fluids by cavitation. But this expends tremendous energy. Indeed, this may be the reason the photons have limited speed. Over all this
(producing an interference wave) is another oops. This is the cause of creating the Huygens- Fresnel wavelet idea. This principle is another violation of the unity principle and a cause of weirdness.
</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6924" class="yiv9200667423"><br>
</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6924" class="yiv9200667423">Examine the walking drop experiment again (see Johnn Bush “The new wave of pilot-wave theory” in Physics Today Aug 2015. There are also several U-Tube videos). The bouncing drop casues
a wave outward from the drop. The barriers of the slit reflect the wave (this is difficult to see because of the strobing) and another part goes through the slit. This creates a standing wave that directs the drop. Quantum mechanics require not just the
<span class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6926" style="font-family:Symbol">
<span class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6928" style="">y</span></span> but also a
<span class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6930" style="font-family:Symbol">
<span class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6932" style="">y</span></span>*. The conjugate could be a wave directed toward the photon. Here we have analogy - reflected wave in the unity argument and
<span class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6934" style="font-family:Symbol">
<span class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6936" style="">y</span></span>* in quantum mechanics like the
<span class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6938" style="font-family:Symbol">
<span class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6940" style="">y</span></span>* of the Transaction Interpretation. Other models have to assume the intensity is
<span class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6942" style="font-family:Symbol">
<span class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6944" style="">y</span></span>*<span class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6946" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6948" style="">y</span></span>
- more weirdness. </div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6950" class="yiv9200667423">Quantum mechanics also has a “no crossing” rule (assumption). Figure 5c in Bush’s paper shows red lines on the left side and blue lines on the right side entering the region near the
slit. These lines cross and so that the red lines are mostly on the right and blue lines are mostly on the left beyond the slit. If photons are particles, their stream can cross.</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6952" class="yiv9200667423"><br>
</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6952" class="yiv9200667423">The Airy patterns formed by each star through a telescopes aperture seem to not interfere. Peng, Barootkop, Roychoudhuri explored this in their Non-Interference of light (NIL) papers.
If light within a beam of light from a single star can interfere, why doesn’t light (photons) interfere when the beams are coincident (yeah I know, but hold on a minute). Now consider the light from one star. It is coherent because it does from diffraction
patterns when passed through a slit. Further, the light consists of several colors (energy of photon) and each color is diffracted. But the pattern has colors separated on the secondary peaks of the diffraction pattern. Each color is coherent but the multiple
colors are in the beams and apparently not acting coherently as NIL suggests. Light from an incandescent source (black body radiation of a star) is not coherent initially but become coherent as it travels long distances or passes through a slit. The NIL experiments
suggest coherent light can be made to be incoherent with a Fresnel lens. What makes light (photons) coherent? It cannot be the energy level of a photon because laser light is also coherent. Because each energy level photons create a slightly different diffraction
pattern (different frequency), each color must produce a different frequency wave. The NIL energies is experienced in the classical world by common radios and TVs. Different frequency waves in a medium do not interfere or resonate. This implies a photon has
structure and may not be the smallest thing in the universe (speculation: just because electromagnetic pulse travel at the speed of light doesn’t means the particles conveying the energy is photons - it could be these smaller particles). What characteristic
of a photon determines its energy? The <i class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6954">
E=mc</i>^2 relation has <i class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6956">
m</i> as inertial energy. </div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6958" class="yiv9200667423"><br>
</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6958" class="yiv9200667423">The Equivalence Principle is still a postulate not a derived relation. What is the structure of the photon that (warps space) produces gravitation and inertia? When a particle reaction
has energy released and the mass (<i class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6960">m</i>) decreases, radiation in the form of photons is released. That is, photons comprise particles. If photons comprise particles, then of course
particles also diffract. Then the structure of the particles and the structure of the photons must have some means to limit their velocity to less than
<i class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6962">c</i>.</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6964" class="yiv9200667423"><br>
</div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6964" class="yiv9200667423">What makes the energy levels of photons not only different but also discrete (a characteristic of matter not a continuous medium)? Perhaps it is the number of sub-photon matter that
makes the photon have discrete level. The continuous field can have discrete influences because the waves in the field have low energy troughs that the field pushes the particles into.<span class="yiv9200667423" id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6966" style="">
</span></div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6968" class="yiv9200667423"> </div>
<div id="yiv9200667423yui_3_16_0_1_1446834386130_6970" class="yiv9200667423">Now think of single model that meets all these issues. A single experiment that is unexplained falsifies a proposed photon model.
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