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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Times;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB">Hi Richard,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Times;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
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Times;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#3366FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">blue</span></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark:_GoBack"></span>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">
General [general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] on behalf of Richard Gauthier [richgauthier@gmail.com]<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, November 26, 2015 2:56 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion<br>
<b>Cc:</b> pete@leathergoth.com; Nick Bailey; Ariane Mandray; Mark, Martin van der; David Williamson<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] Nature of charge</span><span style="font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Hello John,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> Thank you for your extended comments.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> First, I did not at all say that Einstein did not use insight, intuition and imagination. Obviously he did to
a huge extent. “ </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:red;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">You need to do what you
were accusing Einstein of not doing! Intuition, insight and imagination!</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> “. I said that he could have probably increased his intuition
(why does this idea offend some people?—Einstein was human too) through a systematic practice. Yogis call this practical approach intuitional science (though it might be more accurately called intuitional engineering since it refers to a practical, applied,
systematic methodology). It doesn’t take the place of logic and reason. A yogi once said “Even if a small child says something logical it should be accepted. And even if the lotus-born Brahma’ (the mythological creator of the universe) says something illogical,
it should be rejected like a straw.” <br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:blue;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Not necessarily – logic can get in the way. It was not intuition which stopped Einstein in making progress in trying to develop
an electromagnetic electron, but (false) logic. He managed to convince himself, using logic, that a certain path was not possible when ,in fact, it was. Also it is logic which is stopping you understanding what charge is – not insight!
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:blue;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:blue;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">To give examples example "big is small" sounds logically inconsistent - yet in a quantum particle big size means necessarily
small energy and vice-versa. Also what about "light is heavy"? Logic is after the fact of the intuition .. but it can lead you far astray with statements that sound sensible – but are already so far from the truth that one is already lost.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> Anyway, it could take me years (if ever) to develop enough intuition, insight and imagination to understand your
recent electron model and its new high-dimensional algebra which is currently Greek to me. But I am eagerly waiting to hear of an endorsement of your new electron model from one or more highly-qualified independent physicists who DO understand all the math
with all its subtleties. <br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:blue;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">You and me both! This stuff is hard for everyone though. It takes seasoned professors back to the days where they first struggled
with the concept of complex numbers. It is hard – but not totally incomprehensible.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> It the meantime, I hope you won’t continue to misunderstand my relatively simple electron model. You wrote: “
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:red;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">You cannot claim to get charge out if you
put it in! Also – I have said this before and will not change my mind – you cannot put it in and stay with a massless photon. You just can’t Do the maths! </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> “.
But the circulating charged photon that I have proposed to model the electron is NOT massless. In my sentence just before your comment, I wrote : "</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">the
circulating double-looping photon is itself electrically charged and also has a rest mass of 0.511 MeV/c^2 and a spin of 1/2 hbar.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> “
. <br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:blue;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">If something is spin half it is, logically, not a photon. Photons are spin one.<br>
If something has rest-mass it is, logically, not a photon. Photons are rest-massless.<br>
If something is charged it is, logically, not a photon. Photons have no charge.<br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:blue;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">So this is exactly what I am objecting to. A thing with the properties of an electron is an electron and not a photon.
</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> <br>
<br>
So I am NOT AT ALL proposing that the charged spin 1/2 photon is massless. Its rest mass IS the electron’s rest mass, as its charge and spin ARE the electron’s charge and spin. How could this be otherwise if a circulating charged photon is to correctly model
an electron? That would not be logical. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#3366FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">This is what I mean by your own
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>“logic” stopping you. You are thinking that the only way for something to have charge is for it to composed of charged stuff. This is you stopping yourself thinking about it by convincing yourself – a priori – that it
cannot be otherwise – by saying to yourself. “How could this be otherwise if a circulating charged photon is to correctly model an electron?” This is what I mean by not using imagination. It is a chosen self-shutdown to free thinking!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#3366FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#3366FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">It is simply not so that the only way is to make the thing “charged” is by having charged constituents.
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Not so – otherwise one could isolate the charged stuff. Charged photon or charge-vot or whatever. No such thing! Not so, or pure (uncharged) energy could never produce charged particles.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#3366FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#3366FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Experimentally, one sees charge associated only with particles. Further,
the stable charged particles are fermions. Further, charge is quantised. This is what one needs explain. Charge in terms of basics, not charge in terms of sub-charges. One needs to think what charge is, not explain charge, circularly, in terms of charge.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#3366FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#3366FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">So what is charge?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Charge is defined in 2 ways in modern physics. Either as a<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>non-zero field divergence (radial electric field in Maxwell) – or as an energy exchange (QED). The new theory explains both – without putting any charge in. The radial field comes from double looping the internal field components, the energy exchange
from an understanding of the process of p-vot exchange. The quantisation comes from a proper understanding of relativity. All the experimental properties of charge to an external observer without putting any charge in.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Your new electron model also has associated electric charge -e, spin 1/2 and the electron's rest mass that it gets
from its p-vot and its various other vots, if I may speak very simplistically and I’m sure imprecisely. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#3366FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">You are right that this is too simple. This is not merely imprecise, but just wrong. No, the theory does not “get”
charge and spin from more of the same. These things are first explained, then calculated, from first principles in the new theory and its resulting models.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#3366FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#3366FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Vot is not just quantities of charge, spin and so on. The vot is just root-energy. It does not gain charge by having
sub-charges, charge-vot or whatever. Charge manifests by a force free motion of rest-mass and field – as described by the new field equations. It is the result of a non-trivial re-circulating topological flow of field momentum. Don’t worry you will get there!
It is hard though, and will take time.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> Richard</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#3366FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Regards, John.</span></p>
<div style="font-family: Times New Roman; color: #000000; font-size: 16px">
<div>
<div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Nov 23, 2015, at 10:15 PM, John Williamson <<a href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk" class="" target="_blank">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:normal; orphans:auto; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:auto; word-spacing:0px; direction:ltr; font-family:Tahoma; font-size:10pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Hello Chip and Richard,</span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria"><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"> </span><br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">I had been meaning to add to this post for some time, but did not find a free moment till now.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Will comment below, first on Chip’s post, then on Richard’s. This is also relevant to John Hodge's recent post on the nature of charge.<br class="">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Feel like going in red this morning ….</span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria"><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"> </span><br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Tahoma"><span class=""> </span>of comments from what a model…</span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"></span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">Hi Richard</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> </span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">Correct me if I am wrong here. It seems that there is not a requirement that the electron actually be a sphere, but only that its scattering characteristics are the same as that of a sphere. Do you
think this statement is correct?</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:red">Yes and no. What is known is that the scattering is sphere-like – in that there is no “structure function” for the electron. This means, as I have said many times before, that the scattering
is consistent with it being a SINGLE particle, with a spherical – inverse square law of scattering.</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:red">Saying the electron must “be a sphere” anyway begs the question – what<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>kind of sphere? Is it a 3-sphere in 3-space? A four-sphere
in 4D space? A sphere in the three components of the electric field (a bivector space)?<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Something more complicated than any of these?</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:red">I’m afraid, ladies and gentlemen, that the answer is the latter, though of the three specific static cases I think the third case comes closest. The electron, however, is certainly not static
– it is very very dynamic.</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> </span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">Chip</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> </span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<b class=""><span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri">From:</span></b><span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" class="" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On
Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Richard Gauthier<br class="">
<b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thursday, November 19, 2015 7:46 AM<br class="">
<b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion <<a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" class="" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><br class="">
<b class="">Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nick Bailey <<a href="mailto:nick@bailey-family.org.uk" class="" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">nick@bailey-family.org.uk</a>>; David Williamson <<a href="mailto:david.williamson@ed.ac.uk" class="" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">david.williamson@ed.ac.uk</a>>;<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:pete@leathergoth.com" class="" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">pete@leathergoth.com</a>;
Mark, Martin van der <<a href="mailto:martin.van.der.mark@philips.com" class="" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">martin.van.der.mark@philips.com</a>><br class="">
<b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Reply of comments from what a model…</span><span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">Hello John D and Albrecht,</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> We’re not quite there by merely replacing Albrecht’s two circulating massless particles by a double-looping photon. By doing this the radius of the circle drops from hbar/mc to hbar/2mc because the
total loop length is still one Compton wavelength. A double loop of length 1 Compton wavelength h/mc has half the radius of a single loop and therefore (if the circulating photon carries charge -e moving at light speed) half the calculated magnetic moment
of Albrecht’s model, i.e. 1/2 Bohr magneton. The loss in magnetic moment from Albrecht’s 2-particle model has to be made up in some other way. But this double-looping photon model of the electron has spin 1/2 hbar while Albrecht's two-particle model has spin
1 hbar. No argument about retarded light-speed forces between his 2 light-speed circling massless particles will bring the total spin of the two-particle system down to exactly 1/2 hbar while keeping its magnetic moment at 1 Bohr magneton. That would be like
pulling a magical rabbit out of a hat which so far only Dirac with his equation has been able to do successfully (he wasn’t called a magician for nothing.) The Williamson - van der Mark 1997 electron model comes close with its proposed centrally located static
electric charge -e inferred from their twisting double-looping uncharged photon’s inward pointing electric fields at the model’s equator.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:red">The WvdM model does get the magic rabbit right. Not only that it gets the QED first order correction to the magic rabbit right (about 1 part in a thousand bigger) – which the Dirac model does
not do.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">(But what happened to their double-looping photon's electric field at and near the model’s two poles?) .<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:red">Richard, you are still thinking about a little photon bullet whizzing around in 3-space only. This is not good enough. You need to do what you were accusing Einstein of not doing! Intuition,
insight and imagination!</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:red">The original<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>1997 paper already explained the transport around the torus was not in space but in space-time. The rotations
are not just in 3-space but in a higher-dimensional space. In three space one cannot have, simultaneously the two axes of “rotation” that are needed for the WvdM model. In 4-space one can. This is the “quantum bicycle” I keep trying to explain to you. A 4-spatial
rotation is still (in my present view) too simple, but illustrates (one of the) salient points. Imagine a space x y z w. Now allow a rotation in the xy plane, with a simultaneous rotation in the zw plane. Now let the path traced by a point (x y z w) fill 4-space.
Let the length of this path (x squared plus y squared plus z squared plus w squared) oscillate in phase with “rotations”. This is the program I implemented in the little java applet I circulated a few months ago.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class=""> </span>What
does one observe when one projects this “motion” onto 3-space? You can find lots of these projections on the web if you look. It is kind of difficult to do it in your head – but dead easy to implement it in a computer . Anyway, in one kind of projection one
observes a sphere, in another a torus. For such flows, it is perfectly possible (even necessary) to have a spherical projection for the electric field, while having a toroidal form in a projection onto other spaces. Thinking in just 3D space severely limits
ones imagination!</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:red">Now the motion I’m envisioning nowadays is more complicated than merely 4-dimesional, as there are far more “planes” than just the six in 4-D space. The electron rotation has three rotation
planes (at least!) Looking at the photon solution (eq 21) one rotation is a normal spatial plane (xy), the other in the “plane” formed from the scalar and the pseudoscalar. This latter pair are isomorphic to complex numbers. This means the photon “twist” is
already in a 4-component space, just not that of x y z t, but that of scalar, pseudocalar, electric and magnetic field “space”. Now to get the electron solution, one takes that<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>already “4-dimensional”
motion and lets it loop again “rotating” it in yet another plane in the even subset (of eight!) dimensions.<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The resulting object is rotating in (at least) nine “dimensions” (eight modulated
by “time”). What one observes is a projection of this. What is required by experiment is that the interaction part (the electric field part) is spherical, at least if one does not come within touching distance when direct field interference kicks in. At these
distances the Pauli exclusion principle kicks in, as described in my 2012 paper at MENDEL.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">This model can’t convincingly explain how a sphere enclosing a double-looping uncharged photon can have a non-zero divergence of its electric field (indicating a non-zero enclosed electric charge) without
violating Gauss’ law (the first Maxwell equation).</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:red">This is only true if you take the electron to be constituted a massless photon (as you do).<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Let me try, once again, to convince
you.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:red">Look at Gauss’s law in the full set of equations in my paper.<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>This is equation 6. There is another term, as well as the electric
field divergence (which is the DEFINITION of “charge”) corresponding to root-mass exchange.<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>This is the nature of charge in QED. The electric field divergence, in the new equations, is non zero
if there is mass-energy exchange.<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>That is (part of) the root of charge. It is not the whole story – as photon exchange needs ALL eight (well at least seven) of the even terms to explain it properly.
It does mean that Gauss’s law needs to be extended by allowing for mass-energy exchange though. This is anyway the case, if you think about it, in both QED and the inhomogenous Maxwell equations (where,in both, you put in the “charge by hand!).</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:red">Given the state- of play of Martin and my model in 2015 there are now two ways to calculate the charge in the resulting model. The first is to use the curvature, and the calculated electric
field, to get the charge in terms of Plancks’ constant (or vice versa). This is what Martin and I did in out 1997 paper. The other way is to integrate the cross-section of charge-charge interactions over the universe – which requires a knowledge of the number
of charges in the universe and their distribution. This is harder. Both give values for the elementary charge within the right ballpark, however.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">I think that in order to retain a viable double-looping photon model of the electron, one may have to bite the bullet and accept that the circulating double-looping photon is itself electrically charged
and also has a rest mass of 0.511 MeV/c^2 and a spin of 1/2 hbar.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:red">Absolutely not! You cannot claim to get charge out if you put it in! Also – I have said this before and will not change my mind – you cannot put it in and stay with a massless photon. You just
can’t Do the maths! Integrate the mass-energy in any one frame due to the charge alone and you will get a non-zero mass. This mass will be minimal where the field is radial – and will increase for any other frame. End of story. You can SAY you have a “charged
massless photon”– but this does not make it consistent with reality! Sorry!<a name="_GoBack" class=""></a></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:red">You can say (and be right) that you have a charged electron with rest mass (if this is what you mean) – but this is just what we have all been saying all along – so what is the difference?</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> By the way, Albrecht’s two circulating particles may each have no rest mass as he describes, but they certainly each carry 1/2 of 0.511 MeV of a resting electron's total energy. This strongly implies
that they are two circulating photons (or gluons?) each having energy 1/2 x 0.511 MeV. This also gives his electron model a spin of 1 hbar.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> with best regards,</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> Richard</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:red">Regards, from John.</span></div>
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