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--></style></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#20188C'>Hodge,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#20188C'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#20188C'>I disagree with many things in your paper. You start off by claiming that black body radiation, the photoelectric effect, and the Compton effect reject the “wave in space models of light”. I discuss the photoelectric effect and the Compton effect in the attached “New Aether” paper. These effects do not disprove “wave in space” models, they merely require that the wave in space must possess quantization which gives it particle-like properties. In fact, this paper describes how the wave-based explanation is actually superior to the particle-based model. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#20188C'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#20188C'>You also discuss the Huygens-Fresnel principle but you reference an antiquated version of this principle that does not include the correction introduced by Kirchhoff in the 1800’s. As discussed in the New Aether paper, the Huygens-Fresnel-Kirchhoff principle accurately describe all diffraction effects – including the example described in figure 1 of the New Aether paper. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#20188C'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#20188C'>Finally, the experiment described in your paper is difficult to interpret. The light source used was a diode pointer laser which is hardly a controlled light source. The spatial coherence is different depending on whether the diode junction is parallel or perpendicular to the slit. Also, the first slit was 1 mm wide and only 10 cm from the laser. This combination is too close and too wide a slit to be sure what is coming through the slit. The second slit also is too wide and too close to be sure that radiation transmitted through the second slit is spatially coherent. In any case, the experiment does not exclude a photon from being a quantized wave. Please read the New Aether paper before you respond.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#20188C'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#20188C'>John M.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#20188C'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#20188C'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#20188C'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [mailto:general-bounces+john=macken.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Hodge John<br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, November 28, 2015 5:18 PM<br><b>To:</b> Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion <general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] Connection between Radii<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1448759831106_2594"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'>John M<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1448759831106_2596"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'>I scaned a few chapters of your book. I’ll so as your suggest (download and read).<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1448759831106_2598"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1448759831106_2592"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'>However, I would appreciate a bit of comment. You seem to suggest a photon is a wave. But I think:<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1448759831106_2601"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1448759831106_2603"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><a href="https://www.academia.edu/17116351/Diffraction_experiment_and_its_STOE_photon_simulation_program_rejects_wave_models_of_light">https://www.academia.edu/17116351/Diffraction_experiment_and_its_STOE_photon_simulation_program_rejects_wave_models_of_light</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1448759831106_2607"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1448759831106_2609"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'>rejects wave models of particles/ light. If the photon is 8 m (?) wide, then the above experiment should falsify it as the “photon” (whatever that is”) must only go through a portion of a slit at a time.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1448759831106_2611"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1448759831106_2613"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'>I have given some thought that a fundamental particle is a discontinuity in some universal field (like quantum vacuum ). Perhaps your field?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1448759831106_2615"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1448759831106_2617"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'>Hodge<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>On Saturday, November 28, 2015 4:25 PM, John Macken <<a href="mailto:john@macken.com">john@macken.com</a>> wrote:</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div><div><div><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Hello All,</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>This second post shows that there is a previously unrecognized relationship between a particle’s reduced Compton wavelength <i><s>λ</s></i><sub>c</sub> and the particle’s Schwarzschild radius. This post will show the reason why this relationship exists. In my “Foundation” paper and “Aether” papers (attached to my previous post) I state that spacetime has a single field rather than the 17 overlapping fields of the standard model. The “spacetime field” has multiple resonances which correspond to the Compton frequencies of the various fundamental particles of the standard model. The spacetime field is a sea of dipole waves in spacetime with dimensionless strain amplitude: </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <i>A</i><sub>s</sub> = <i>L</i><sub>p</sub>/<i><s>λ</s></i> = <i>T<sub>p</sub>ω</i> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>These waves are all frequencies up to Planck angular frequency ω<sub>p</sub> but there are also various resonant frequencies which we know as virtual particles. In the Foundation paper I explain that I view gravity as a nonlinear effect which scales with wave amplitude squared (to a first approximation). Equations 15 to 21 of the Foundation paper support this prediction. For example, the only difference between the gravitational force Eq. 15 and the electrostatic force Eq. 16 is that the strain amplitude in Eq. 15 is <i>A<sub>s</sub></i><sup>2</sup> and in Eq. 16 this is <i>A<sub>s</sub></i><sub> </sub>(not squared). Other equations also show that gravity is a nonlinear effect which scales with amplitude squared <i>A<sub>s</sub></i><sup>2</sup>.</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Now I am ready to give my new insight. I have discovered that there is a fundamental relationship between a particle’s Compton radius <i><s>λ</s></i><sub>c</sub> and its Schwarzschild radius <i>R</i><sub>s</sub>. Most important, I have discovered the </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>reason</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> for this relationship and it perfectly supports my model of the universe. In my model of a fundamental particle (my rotar model) is a dipole wave in spacetime rotation at the speed of light at its Compton angular frequency </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>ω</span><sub><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>c</span></sub><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>. It is one Compton wavelength in radius which means that its mathematical radius is its reduced Compton wavelength <s>λ</s><sub>c</sub> = ħ/mc = c/ω<sub>c</sub> (single loop). This is the natural unit of length for a fundamental particle and is the reason that force equations become very simple when distance is expressed as the number (<i>N</i>) of reduced Compton wavelengths rather than meters (<i>N</i> = <i>r</i>/<i><s>λ</s></i><sub>c</sub>). In order to mathematically analyze the particle characteristics, it is necessary to also specify the wave amplitude and the impedance of spacetime. The particle’s strain amplitude is <i>A</i><sub>s</sub> = <i>L</i><sub>p</sub>/<i><s>λ</s></i><sub>c</sub> =<i> T<sub>p</sub>ω<sub>c</sub></i> and the impedance of spacetime is: Z<sub>s</sub> = c<sup>3</sup>/G ≈ 4x10<sup>35</sup> kg/s. This combination of component parts has been analyzed in the Foundation paper and the result is that the particle model has internal energy <i>E</i><sub>i</sub> = </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>ħω</span><sub><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>c</span></sub><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> which is correct. </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The Schwarzschild radius of this rotating wave particle model is: <i>R</i><sub>s</sub> = <i>Gm</i>/<i>c<sup>2</sup></i> rather than <i>r</i><sub>s</sub> = 2<i>Gm</i>/<i>c<sup>2</sup></i> . The reason for this difference is because the single fundamental particle is maximally rotating at the speed of light. The difference is a factor of 2 compared to the Schwarzschild radius of a non-rotating body made of multiple particles. I make a distinction by using the symbol <i>R</i><sub>s</sub> rather than <i>r</i><sub>s</sub>. </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The Foundation paper shows that there is a square relationship between the electrostatic force and the gravitational force when forces between single particles are expressed in their fundamental units. That paper also shows that there is a symmetrical relationship between the gravitational force, the electrostatic force and Planck force. Now I have determined that there is also a fundamental relationship between a fundamental particle’s radius <i><s>λ</s></i><sub>c</sub> = </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>ħ</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>/<i>mc</i> and its Schwarzschild radius <i>R<sub>s</sub></i> = <i>Gm</i>/<i>c<sup>2</sup></i>. Again, this relationship requires that these radii be expressed in the natural units which are dimensionless Planck units (designated with an underline) </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><s><u><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#C00000'>λ</span></u></s><u><sub><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#C00000'>c</span></sub></u><u><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#C00000'>R<sub>s</sub> </span></u><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#C00000'>= 1</span><span style='color:black'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>where: <i><s><u>λ</u></s><u><sub>s</sub></u></i> = <i><s>λ</s><sub>s</sub>/L<sub>p</sub></i> and <i><u>R<sub>s</sub></u></i> = <i>R<sub>s</sub></i></span><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'>/</span><i><span style='color:black'>L<sub>p </sub></span></i><span style='color:black'> Planck length = <i>L<sub>p</sub> </i>= (</span><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'>ħ</span><i><span style='color:black'>G</span></i><span style='color:black'>/c<sup>3</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup></span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>In words, a fundamental particle’s Compton radius times its Schwarzschild radius equals 1 when both radii are expressed in dimensionless Planck units. Another way of expressing this is:</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='color:red'> </span><i><s><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#C00000'>λ</span></s></i><sub><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#C00000'>c</span></sub><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#C00000'>/<i>L</i><sub>p</sub> = <i>L</i><sub>p</sub>/<i>R</i><sub>s</sub></span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>There is a type of symmetry between a particle’s Compton radius </span><i><s><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'>λ</span></s></i><sub><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'>c, </span></sub><span style='color:black'>a particle’s<sub> </sub>Schwarzschild radius and Planck length. For example, imagine a log scale of length. On this scale we designate a particle’s Compton radius <i><s>λ</s></i><sub>c</sub> and its Schwarzschild radius R<sub>s</sub>. Planck length is exactly half way between these two designation points on this log scale. There is another important connection between the radii and the forces. Suppose that we have two of the same particles, both with elementary charge <i>e</i>. If they are separated by an arbitrary distance, they will experience an electrostatic force (<i>F</i><sub>e</sub>) and a gravitational force (<i>F</i><sub>g</sub>). The ratio of these two forces is constant (independent of separation distance). This ratio exactly equals the ratio of radii <i>R</i><sub>s</sub>/</span><i><s><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'>λ</span></s></i><sub><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'>c</span></sub><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'>if we compensate for the electrostatic coupling constant by incorporating the inverse of the fine structure constant α<sup>-1</sup> = 137.036 </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='color:black'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>For example, for an electron, both ratios equal 1.75 x 10<sup>-45</sup>. </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>However, I was looking for the reason that there should be a relationship between <i><s>λ</s></i><sub>c</sub> and <i>R</i><sub>s</sub>. These are both radii where <i>R</i><sub>s</sub> is the gravitational radius and <i><s>λ</s></i><sub>c</sub> is a particle’s radius (single loop). In my model, a black hole happens when the strain of spacetime reaches 100% for a particular wavelength or radius. Another way of saying this is a black hole happens when <i>A<sub>s</sub></i> = 1 for a particular wavelength. To explain the rest of the concept I am going to use an electron as an example. An electron has strain amplitude <i>A</i><sub>s</sub> = <i>ħ</i>/<i>mc</i> = <i>m</i>/<i>m</i><sub>p</sub> = ω<sub>c</sub>/ω<sub>p </sub>= <i>L</i><sub>p</sub>/<i><s>λ</s></i><sub>c</sub> ≈ 4.18 x 10<sup>-23</sup> (dimensionless). The standard model also recognizes the importance of this number because the standard model contains many dimensionless numbers and this is the number associated with electrons. In my model, the spatial distortion produced by the rotating dipole wave is <i>A</i><sub>s</sub> = <i>L</i><sub>p</sub>/<i><s>λ</s></i><sub>c</sub>. Gravitational effects scale with <i>A</i><sub>s</sub><sup>2</sup> because the spacetime field is finite and has boundary conditions which means that it is a nonlinear medium for wave propagation. To a first approximation the nonlinear effect scales with amplitude squared. There are higher order terms which are being ignored. Therefore, the oscillating gravitational amplitude is <i>A</i><sub>s</sub><sup>2</sup> ≈ 1.75x10<sup>-45</sup> for an electron. In order to reach the condition which would produce an gravitational amplitude of <i>A<sub>s</sub></i><sup>2</sup> = 1 we would have to reduce the rotar radius of the electron by a factor of <i>A<sub>s</sub></i><sup>2</sup>. A mechanical reduction of the radius would both increase the amplitude As and increase the Compton frequency <i>ω<sub>c</sub></i>. In the mathematical calculation of the Schwarzschild radius, there is no mechanical reduction of radius. Therefore there would be no increase in <i>ω<sub>c</sub></i>. Therefore it is necessary for the calculation to increase the amplitude by <i>A<sub>s</sub></i><sup>2</sup> in order to calculate the Schwarzschild radius with no change in frequency. This leads to the new insight which perfectly supports this model. Here is the equation: </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#C00000'> R</span></i><sub><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#C00000'>s</span></sub><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#C00000'> = <i><s>λ</s></i><sub>c</sub><i>A<sub>s</sub></i><sup>2</sup></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> For an electron: <i>R<sub>s</sub></i> = 6.76x10<sup>-58</sup> m, <i><s>λ</s><sub>c</sub></i> = 3.86x10<sup>-13 </sup>m and <i>A<sub>s</sub><sup>2</sup></i> = 1.75x10<sup>-45</sup> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F7F7F4'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>I have generated a specific quantifiable models of an electron, a photon, the energy density of spacetime, the curvature of spacetime, the gravitational force, the electrostatic force between particles, an electric field and a charged particle. I have found it particularly difficult to get anyone in this group to discuss any of these points. If you disagree with anything in my model, I would like you to point out the logical flaw. I would be happy to discuss and if necessary to debate any point in my model. It would actually be very helpful to me if you can point out a logical flaw. </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='color:black'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>John M. </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='color:black'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='color:black'> </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:black'><br>_______________________________________________<br>If you no longer wish to receive communication from the Nature of Light and Particles General Discussion List at <a href="mailto:jchodge@frontier.com">jchodge@frontier.com</a><br><a href="<a href="http://lists.natureoflightandparticles.org/options.cgi/general-natureoflightandparticles.org/jchodge%40frontier.com?unsub=1&unsubconfirm=1" target="_blank">http://lists.natureoflightandparticles.org/options.cgi/general-natureoflightandparticles.org/jchodge%40frontier.com?unsub=1&unsubconfirm=1</a>"><br>Click here to unsubscribe<br></a><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>