<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"><base href="x-msg://10618/"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; ">Johns W, H and All<div><br></div><div>I would like to add a little to the discussion, particularly John Hodge's request for "What are the fundamentals of the universe? In doing so I wish to shorten John W's list somewhat. </div><div><br></div><div>We have basic physical constants.</div><div>Planck's constant <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>h</div><div>Electric charge <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>e</div><div>Gravitational constant <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>G</div><div>Electric permittivity<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><span style="font-size: 16px; ">𝜀</span>o</div><div>Magnetic permeability<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; ">µ</span>o</div><div><br></div><div>On top of those we have properties of matter:</div><div>Structure<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>?</div><div>Mass<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>m</div><div>Angular momentum<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Iω (spin and intrinsic spin)</div><div><br></div><div>Fundamental physical principles:</div><div>Conservation of energy, momentum, parity</div><div><div>Space<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre; "> </span>x, y, z of any value (Empty space has quite a lot of other interesting properties, the greatest of which are <span style="font-size: 16px; ">𝜀</span>o and <span style="font-size: 14px; ">µ</span>o)</div><div>Position<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre; "> </span>(wrt an observer)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre; "> </span>Δx, Δy, Δz from origin x = y = z = 0</div><div>Time (wrt an observer)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre; "> </span>t </div></div><div>Inverse time<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>ν (frequency)</div><div><br></div><div>I may have left out some and I am sure others will add those I have missed.</div><div><br></div><div>Then you have derived properties, </div><div>velocity<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>d(x,y,z)/dt</div><div>c<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>= 1/(<span style="font-size: 16px; ">𝜀</span>o<span style="font-size: 14px; ">µ</span>o)^2</div><div>Energy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>E = mc^2 = hν</div><div>Temperature</div><div>Pressure</div><div>Special and general relativity theories</div><div>etc.</div><div><br></div><div>The list of derived properties gets quite large. I would like to go so far and suggest some physical principles, e.g., Pauli's exclusion principle and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle are derived properties based upon the structure of matter. You can argue whether energy is derived or fundamental, in the latter case, frequency and mass are derived.</div><div><br></div><div>As best I can work out this discussion group has been about one of those properties of matter, namely structure. What started out s a discussion on the structure of photons has been extended to proposals for the structure of electrons. While new ideas are welcome, they should fit within a few parameters:-</div><div>1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Known or demonstrable physical particles and principles. The standard model for the structure of sub atomic particles already has 61 fundamental particles (36 quarks, 12 leptons, 8 gluons and 5 bosons (including the photon). Of those, none of the 36 quarks and 8 gluons have been separately isolated and identified (they are all derived from experiment and mathematics). Only two combinations of two of the quarks form stable nucleons. Only three leptons, electron and electron and anti-electron neutrino, are known to be stable. The demonstration of their physical principles is almost entirely complex mathematics. Increasing that number and complexity on an "it matches a couple of properties" basis is not going to impress anyone unless it answers a lot of other questions.</div><div>2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Electrons don't exist in isolation. They interact with protons, neutrons and photons in complex manners. If you wish your thoughts to be considered seriously it would be advantageous to show how your structure solves some of the unknowns about those other particles and some of the complex interactions. </div><div>3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Demonstrate how a proposed structure matches known properties of electrons and preferably predicts unknown properties.</div><div>4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>From a personal perspective I would also add that if you can show how your structure leads to what I call derived properties, Pauli's and Heisenberg's principles, relativity etc. that is so much the better.</div><div><br></div><div>Having said that, even if you do, there is no guarantee that your ideas will be taken seriously. </div><div><br></div><div>I now revert to John H's question, "What are the fundamentals of the universe?" Apart from those listed above and some I may have missed out, my contention is that all matter is made of the same "stuff" (quoting MvdM), and that stuff is photons. Thus the importance of the SPIE conference and this discussion group on "what is a photon?" That the photon is not a well understood entity does not prevent it from being used as the basis of other structures, as long as known properties are acknowledged. Like others I contend that the electron is a photon (of a particular lower energy) that makes two revolutions within its wavelength to become the particle that is the electron. In order to physically rotate, it must continually emit and absorb (virtual) photons at a constant rate that matches its angular momentum (Iω), giving it the property of electric charge. Its spin is angular momentum, which is made up of the mass of the photon, m = hν/c^2, travelling in a circle of radius hbar/2mc at the speed of light. As it moves, its structure means that it automatically moves according to the special relativity corrections, with the added proviso that its radius must diminish as its velocity increases. This is why the electron is observed as a point particle when scattered at high energy. Its magnetic moment is generated as a combination of the rotating charge and the residual magnetic moment of photon's B field. </div><div><br></div><div>That structure is also the key to Einstein's E = mc^2 equation. When the photon is travelling in a circle, it is mass with angular momentum Iω = half hbar. Unlocking its angular momentum converts it to a linear photon with energy E = mc^2. That model makes a number of testable predictions of unknown electron properties. The two polarities of electric charge are the direction the photon that is the particle rotates wrt its magnetic field. Different charges are mirror images of each other. Spin is quantised because an electron can only spin one way to the other, wrt an observer. The different states of spin are merely "other side of the page" images (measurements) of the same rotating photon.</div><div><br></div><div>I also suggest that same model is the basis of the other particles, proton, neutron and neutrino. That enables a good number of properties of the protons and neutrons to be matched (I haven't tried them all), as well as predicting quite a few unknown properties that cn be tested experimentally. It also gives a structure and maximum mass for (electron) neutrinos and shows why they effectively travel at the speed of light c, even though they have mass. The measured diameter of the central core of the nucleons, ≈ 0.105 fm, exactly matches the radius predicted under this model, namely r = hbar/2mc. </div><div><br></div><div>The structure of the nucleons is responsible the generation of the elementary particles. The muons and pions. the longest lived elementary particles, exist inside the nucleons at rest. The remainder are only generated when accelerated nucleons, which have an increased frequency and hence mass, are stopped in a collision. The nucleons now have excess energy of which they must rid themselves because their frequencies are no longer stable under their rest time frame reference. They do so by cascading through a series of quasi stable oscillations, continually generating and emitting muons and pions as circular photons and also energy as linear photons. Muons are 1/9th the fundamental proton frequency and are a single oscillation, giving them angular momentum half hbar. Pions are two oscillations combined, 1/9th plus 1/27th, giving them angular momentum 0 or 1 x hbar and positive, neutral or negative charge depending upon their combination. </div><div><br></div><div>So it goes on. The proposed nucleon structure makes it very easy to understand nuclear binding and the structure of nuclei. You can get some more details at my website <a href="http://www.universephysics.com">www.universephysics.com</a>. I have compiled everything into a publication, Understanding the Physical Universe, of which the website gives over 10% of what is in the book. I must get some time one day to take it a little further. </div><div><br></div><div>In the second chapter I suggest how special relativity is a derived property from the structure of matter. In the last chapters I suggest how general relativity is a derived property from the properties of photons and the principle of conservation of energy. </div><div><br></div><div>In summary to John H's question, the fundamentals of the universe are a few physical constants, some conservation (and other) principles and the structure of matter based upon the existence of photons. Most of the other properties, special and general relativity, uncertainty and exclusion principles, temperature, etc are derived. Which brings us back to "What is a photon". I am prepared to say "I don't fully understand, but that should stop it from being used in a theory.</div><div><br></div><div>Cheers,</div><div><br></div><div>Viv Robinson</div><div><br></div><div> <br><div><div>On 30/11/2015, at 3:07 PM, John Williamson <<a href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite"><div ocsi="0" fpstyle="1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt; "><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; color: rgb(32, 24, 140); "> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; ">Yo Al,<br><br>(Many others French, Calibar parts of US ...)<br><br>Yep, round and round in circles sounds likely doesn't it! This is certainly true for most of the mad theories out there. The parameter count starts large, argues to deal with one crucial point which "no one else gets" but ends up (after including the ansatz) even larger. The better ones (most of us then!) at least end up with it being the same.<br><br>I have a saying in reply to a cliche. Onwards and upwards! .... and round and round in circles!<br><br>If one goes up a hill one often ends up going round and round in circles – or stuck at a point! There is a group in Scotland who like to climb hills and pick off the tallest one a time - the so called "munro baggers”. My brother, David and I like to mess with this a little, climb the hills, walk round the top in a circle (without mounting it - but taking time for each of the vistas - spending perhaps an hour or two there) When we do this it always amuses us to see how many<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span> </span>folk reach the top, scan round briefly, maybe take a selfie, and then go straight back down again. On the popular hills, on a good day, this can easily be dozens. I have to admit, once the rush has passed, we like to go and sit on the top in peace and quiet as well- weather permitting!<br><br></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; ">Back to business.<span> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>In 1991 Martin and I made a list of all the starting points of the set of theories that constituted the then state of play of the “standard model”. I forget the exact number of a-priori inputs– but it was approaching a hundred. Think … six quarks, the SU(3) of flavour that goes with it,<span> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>the additional SU(3) of colour (gluons), three charged leptons, three neutrinos, four electroweak gauge bosons, The Higgs mechanism to deal with the mass problem, space, time, energy, charge, the Su(2) of spin, the plethora of observed symettries – CPT. A handful of “principles” Pauli exclusion, Heisenberg uncertainty, Mach’s …. wave-particle-duality, U(1) in general (as it pertains to the setting up of “wave-functions”, quantum “collapse”, the Poincare stresses lots of “conservation laws” (which tend to express the conservation of a quantity whose base nature is not more deeply understood) …. I’m up at over 40 already and not even trying!</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; ">Now it should be realised that if one can express any ONE of these in terms of another – and hence reduce the number of “fundamental” inputs by one, that this is major progress. For example Martin and my 1997 paper reduced the number of fundamental constants by one expressing charge in terms of Planck’s constant, or vice-versa. This is net progress. It also –incidentally, got the value for g-2 (the experimental difference for the value of 2 for the gyromagnetic ratio predicted by the Dirac model) from a consideration of the “rotation horizon”.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span> </span>This latter is very important as this experiment is the rock on which all previous “electromagnetic electron” models of the 20<sup>th</sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>century (due to Mie, Einstein, Dirac) and many others, had foundered.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; ">It is indeed so that parts of your (latter) list are derivative of one another – but it could be argued that the primary list (of 6) are also not primary. For example, I would not put all of charge, mass, and length there. I do not thing charge is a primary starting point at all (though I know current comes into the MKSA system). Also one can argue that mass and (inverse) time are related. Maybe I would add stuff instead – for example Planck’s constant hbar. Plus, there is the argument I have been making as to whether space and time, or their inverses are more primary.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; ">After setting up the list, Martin and I set out to try to derive the starting point of where this all came from using the simplest possible ansatz. Now here comes the problem: as you say to a “newbie” that any of this should be feasible sounds rather unlikely.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span> </span>Read no further: the man is clearly a nutter. No-one could do that! Just not possible. Forget about it!</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; ">At the same time, as things stand in 2015,<span> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>there are a large number of “competing” “theories” (as David points out), of which the WvdM view is only one. The present group, just by themselves, has lots! Not only that<span> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>- many of the others are more appealing on the surface – they speak to “common sense” notions which dismiss things many anyway find hard to understand – such as the limiting velocity of light, for example. Some speak to “familiar” science fiction, such as FTL travel and “many worlds” time travel that everyone has seen on TV and in the movies. The WvdM view is, relatively, extremely hard. Far easier to dismiss it and look, first, at something else. The fact that other “theories” may raise more problems than they solve, and may even be in direct conflict with aspects of experiment, is taken to be irrelevant. If one fails to understand so many things already, what is a few more?</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; ">Now I am very much in favour of saying what goes into a theory – and what comes out. The net balance then. A couple of years ago I gave a series of lectures on “all of science”. These took some of the base theories, such as quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics and the “standard model” and explained what went in and what came out-<span> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>in terms meant for the understanding of (erudite) mothers. You can look at most of these if you like as they are up on Vimeo (thanks Nick!). Just google “Williamson physics vimeo” – should do it! The bottom line of those lectures is that there is an awful lot that goes into the foundation of current physics. The “standard model has over fifty “free parameters” (see above and below). In my view this is far too many.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; ">On the other hand there are many theories out there purporting to deal with the “central mystery of physics”. One thing. These may explain a particular experiment in an alternative way – but in doing so they raise a lot of other issues in conflict with other experiment – which is further ignored. This has become all too fashionable – even for<span> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>so called”mainstream” theories (such as QCD) which are clearly and fundamentally in conflict with experiment. This is thought by many nowadays to be ok. For me, it is not.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; ">Ok .. here is a (short) list of what one would really like to understand. Feel free to add to it</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">h</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">e</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">nature of space and time</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">CPT</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Boltzmann constant</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Non-existence magnetic monopoles</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Gravitons</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Allowed black body modes</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Bell</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Red shift</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">3K background radiation</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Quantisation of e</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Mass</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Spin</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">g-2</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Pauli principle</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Uncertainty principle</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Origin of universe</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Flatness of universe</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Conservation laws (times n!)</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Energy ... mass</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Momentum .... Force</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Angular momentum</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">why is c constant?</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">and why 300 000 000 m/s?</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">wave-particle duality</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Baryon number (6)</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">why only qqq and qq*</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Lepton number (3) (3 generations puzzle)</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">SU(3) quarks</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">SU(3) gluons</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">neutrinos</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">coupling constant EM</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">coupling constant EW</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">coupling constant S (plus why running coupling constant)</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Postulate of equivalence</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Quantum measurement collapse</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Dark matter</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">First law of thermodynamics (Energy conservation)</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Higgs</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Spontaneous symmetry breaking</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Mach’s principle</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 6px; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Poincaré stresses</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Why 4-D?</span><span></span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Why (apparently) 3D</span><span></span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><span>·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">…..</span><a name="_GoBack"></a><span></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Good ho. Now the solution of Hilbert’s sixth should, if it is indeed a solution, explain all of these, just and no more, in terms of an axiomatic starting set. That is it should, for example, say why there is an SU(3) of flavour AND why the only observed states within this large group are in the subset of either qqq or qqbar. It should get the SU(2) of spin. Explain the U(1) of electromagnetism and quantum solutions. It should either predict the whole lot, or remove their necessity (e.g for “spontaneous symmetry breaking) – and explain why this is the case. Big problem!</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Ok – those particular “big problems” (SU(3) etc .. not the whole list) ARE derived from the new theory. So too are observed symmetries, for example CPT. What has charge got to do with parity and time-reversal? Indeed. Easy to understand if you take charge to result from an electromagnetic localisation in a non-trivial topology. Other, things which fall (I’m just going up the list) are the<span> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Poincare stresses, why apparently 3D, Higgs (not needed). The generations mystery, dark matter, the Pauli principle (my 2012 paper) and the allowed black body modes. This is quite a lot. No a-priori quarks</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Hodge keeps shouting “what goes in”. John I (and Richard, Chip, John M, Viv, Hagen, Albrecht) have already said what goes in in both the paper and in lots of these emails. Never mind: I will say it again.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">What goes in (to mine) is space (and its inversion), time (and its inversion) and (root) energy.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">That is not really fair since there is – in fact more. For one thing there is a specific way in which space and time go in – for me as a restricted Dirac-Clifford algebra. R<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; ">Ä</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cl(1,3) – (as opposed to a general Dirac algebra which is C<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; ">Ä</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cl(1,3). Hence it contains not just space and time but the experimentally observed properties of “space” and “time”.<span> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>So one could better say that what goes in is this restricted algebra, root energy and no more.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Now this algebra includes the properties of “multiplication” “division” (and hence inversion as mentioned above) “addition” and “subtraction”. You may think the latter set are a given – but they are anything but. What does it actually MEAN to divide space by time. What is the underlying physical process that the (human invention of) “division” is meant to represent in reality? For this to be properly explained you need my and Martins paper on “division and the algebra of reality”. Coming soon!</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">What does NOT go in are some of the numerical values mentioned above – although given some values (e.g. h) one can calculate others (e.g. e).</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">So- what else comes out in payment for the input. One gets the Maxwell equations – all four of them and not just 2 as in Jackson. As a bonus one gets four more – connecting current and spin. One gets out the SU(2) of spin and SU(3) of flavour. One can derive U(1) as a simple projection of the better symmetry in eq 21 (e.g. eq 22). In other words one derives a big chunk of the starting assumptions of the standard model. One derives the point-like (as opposed to the point) interaction of elementary leptons. One gets the starting point of QED, while fixing some of the renormalisation problems. One understands the origin of CPT. One gets out the origin of the Poincare stresses (which bind the electron charge). One gets out a fully-relativistic wave function for the photon. One gets out the reason for the quantisation of travelling electromagnetic waves. One gets a possible explanation for dark matter. One gets out a possible reason for black-body quantisation. One gets out a new solution of the new equations corresponding to a charged, spin half pair or particles identified with the electron and the positron. I think, given the Dirac algebra existed already and that I have only made it simpler and more specific, this is net positive. What do you think?</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Anyway, this is only the beginning. One has a new set of equations of motion to play with, just waiting for people to start finding more particular solutions.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">More comments below (in blue)</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></p><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><hr align="center" size="2" width="100%"></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; ">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; "><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:af.kracklauer@web.de">af.kracklauer@web.de</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[<a href="mailto:af.kracklauer@web.de">af.kracklauer@web.de</a>]<br><b>Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sunday, November 29, 2015 4:00 PM<br><b>To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>John Williamson<br><b>Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Mark, Martin van der;<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>; Nick Bailey;<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:pete@leathergoth.com">pete@leathergoth.com</a>; Ariane Mandray; David Williamson<br><b>Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Aw: RE: RE: [General] Nature of charge</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "></span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Privet, Ivan: (Russian hi---more fun!)</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; ">I'v been writting "Clifford" where I should have been writting conventional/Grassmann/Clifford. I.e., some version of the basic idea (toy model) that looks and smells like stuff found in no-too-esoteric lit. Those more used to using than creating/discovering math find it difficult to translate to a known background. (Same with languages, if two are learned without explicit connection, one may be able to speak both fluently but not able to translate between them, in real time anyway.)</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); ">You are right that people seem to have trouble understanding what I am talking</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>about. </span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; ">I find it highly likely that you, Albrecht and John M. are going in circles.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); ">I agree about John M. and Albrecht! (sorry guys – you probably think the same about me!).</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; "> For BASIC physics the set of units is: {e,m,l (x3),t}, that is, 6 entities. On the hand, in physics theories there are many more inserted items: e.g., momentum, energy, wave, angular mommentum, spin, field, Compton wave length, deBroglie wave, electron, position, quark, ....... etc., etc. Thus, among the latter set, there has to be gobs of redundancy,</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); ">True: see above</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; ">which makes it possible to "derive" (actually extract) various constants and magic numbers from other various combinations thereof!</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); ">Agreed. There is a lot of numerology bullshit out there. Please note, I’m not primarily about numbers, but about a new set of differential equations with new solutions.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; "><span> </span> If you wish to argue that this is not the case, then it might be smart to so present your story(s) by starting from an explicit list of what your are inputting (and thereby NOT explaining) and present arguments why what your choice of inputs is, is resonable given available emperical evidence.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); ">Good point. Have tried to do this. I thought that was what I was doing in saying what went in (space, time and root-energy) and in defining the algebra to be used. Obviously, this is not enough to get this across to most folk.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><span> </span>For one thing, this gives the newby a shot at determining with relatively litte time invested whether what you intend to do is at all feasible given his (the newby's) state of knowldege.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); ">Sorry, but hard stuff is just hard – otherwise loads of other folk would have solved the problem long ago. Even when discovered by another and then explained it remains hard.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><span> </span> Of course, all conceivable refs, will be newbys in YOUR game. This is where I stumble; usually I just assume that this can be done and give it a go---until entropy diverges and I quit. </span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); ">You and me both. I tried it myself for a decade, gave up and went into engineering – then met Martin. Two has been enough!</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); "></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">For what it's worth, Al</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); ">Ciao, John.</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); "></span></div></div>_______________________________________________<br>If you no longer wish to receive communication from the Nature of Light and Particles General Discussion List at<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:viv@universephysics.com">viv@universephysics.com</a><br><a href="<a href="http://lists.natureoflightandparticles.org/options.cgi/general-natureoflightandparticles.org/viv%40universephysics.com?unsub=1&unsubconfirm=1">http://lists.natureoflightandparticles.org/options.cgi/general-natureoflightandparticles.org/viv%40universephysics.com?unsub=1&unsubconfirm=1</a>"><br>Click here to unsubscribe<br></a><br></div></blockquote></div><br></div></body></html>