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<div>Excellent! </div>
<div>Enjoy the matured life and the Year of Light. </div>
<div>Chandra. </div>
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<div style="font-size:85%; color:#575757">Sent via the Samsung Galaxy S® 5 ACTIVE™, an AT&T 4G LTE smartphone</div>
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-------- Original message --------<br>
From: Joakim Pettersson <joakimbits@gmail.com> <br>
Date: 12/1/2015 4:12 AM (GMT-05:00) <br>
To: Richard Gauthier <richgauthier@gmail.com> <br>
Cc: Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion <general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
<br>
Subject: Re: [General] Nature of charge <br>
<br>
<div>Sorry, I used the wrong reply button. Long for such a book though :-). BR/joakim<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 2015-12-01 05:53, Richard Gauthier wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div class="">Vivian,</div>
<div class="">Or at least the forward.</div>
<div class=""> Richard</div>
<br class="">
<div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Nov 30, 2015, at 12:54 PM, Joakim Pettersson <<a href="mailto:joakimbits@gmail.com" class="">joakimbits@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="">Vivian: What if you invited John Williamson to write the first chapter of your book?
<br class="">
Besides, a Kickstarter campain for that book could probably finance John's work on that chapter and more ;-)!<br class="">
BR/joakim<br class="">
<br class="">
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 2015-11-30 12:55, Vivian Robinson wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote type="cite" class=""><base href="" class="">Johns W, H and All
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">I would like to add a little to the discussion, particularly John Hodge's request for "What are the fundamentals of the universe? In doing so I wish to shorten John W's list somewhat. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">We have basic physical constants.</div>
<div class="">Planck's constant <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">
</span>h</div>
<div class="">Electric charge <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">
</span>e</div>
<div class="">Gravitational constant <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">
</span>G</div>
<div class="">Electric permittivity<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">
</span><span class="" style="font-size:16px">𝜀</span>o</div>
<div class="">Magnetic permeability<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">
</span><span class="" style="font-size:14px">µ</span>o</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">On top of those we have properties of matter:</div>
<div class="">Structure<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>
?</div>
<div class="">Mass<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>m</div>
<div class="">Angular momentum<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">
</span>Iω (spin and intrinsic spin)</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Fundamental physical principles:</div>
<div class="">Conservation of energy, momentum, parity</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">Space<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>x, y, z of any value (Empty space has quite a lot of other interesting properties, the greatest of which are <span class="" style="font-size:16px">𝜀</span>o and <span class="" style="font-size:14px">µ</span>o)</div>
<div class="">Position<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>
(wrt an observer)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Δx, Δy, Δz from origin x = y = z = 0</div>
<div class="">Time (wrt an observer)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre">
</span>t </div>
</div>
<div class="">Inverse time<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>
ν (frequency)</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">I may have left out some and I am sure others will add those I have missed.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Then you have derived properties, </div>
<div class="">velocity<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>
d(x,y,z)/dt</div>
<div class="">c<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>= 1/(<span class="" style="font-size:16px">𝜀</span>o<span class="" style="font-size:14px">µ</span>o)^2</div>
<div class="">Energy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>
E = mc^2 = hν</div>
<div class="">Temperature</div>
<div class="">Pressure</div>
<div class="">Special and general relativity theories</div>
<div class="">etc.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">The list of derived properties gets quite large. I would like to go so far and suggest some physical principles, e.g., Pauli's exclusion principle and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle are derived properties based upon the structure of matter.
You can argue whether energy is derived or fundamental, in the latter case, frequency and mass are derived.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">As best I can work out this discussion group has been about one of those properties of matter, namely structure. What started out s a discussion on the structure of photons has been extended to proposals for the structure of electrons. While new
ideas are welcome, they should fit within a few parameters:-</div>
<div class="">1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Known or demonstrable physical particles and principles. The standard model for the structure of sub atomic particles already has 61 fundamental particles (36 quarks, 12 leptons, 8
gluons and 5 bosons (including the photon). Of those, none of the 36 quarks and 8 gluons have been separately isolated and identified (they are all derived from experiment and mathematics). Only two combinations of two of the quarks form stable nucleons. Only
three leptons, electron and electron and anti-electron neutrino, are known to be stable. The demonstration of their physical principles is almost entirely complex mathematics. Increasing that number and complexity on an "it matches a couple of properties"
basis is not going to impress anyone unless it answers a lot of other questions.</div>
<div class="">2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Electrons don't exist in isolation. They interact with protons, neutrons and photons in complex manners. If you wish your thoughts to be considered seriously it would be advantageous
to show how your structure solves some of the unknowns about those other particles and some of the complex interactions. </div>
<div class="">3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Demonstrate how a proposed structure matches known properties of electrons and preferably predicts unknown properties.</div>
<div class="">4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>From a personal perspective I would also add that if you can show how your structure leads to what I call derived properties, Pauli's and Heisenberg's principles, relativity etc. that
is so much the better.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Having said that, even if you do, there is no guarantee that your ideas will be taken seriously. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">I now revert to John H's question, "What are the fundamentals of the universe?" Apart from those listed above and some I may have missed out, my contention is that all matter is made of the same "stuff" (quoting MvdM), and that stuff is photons.
Thus the importance of the SPIE conference and this discussion group on "what is a photon?" That the photon is not a well understood entity does not prevent it from being used as the basis of other structures, as long as known properties are acknowledged.
Like others I contend that the electron is a photon (of a particular lower energy) that makes two revolutions within its wavelength to become the particle that is the electron. In order to physically rotate, it must continually emit and absorb (virtual) photons
at a constant rate that matches its angular momentum (Iω), giving it the property of electric charge. Its spin is angular momentum, which is made up of the mass of the photon, m = hν/c^2, travelling in a circle of radius hbar/2mc at the speed of light. As
it moves, its structure means that it automatically moves according to the special relativity corrections, with the added proviso that its radius must diminish as its velocity increases. This is why the electron is observed as a point particle when scattered
at high energy. Its magnetic moment is generated as a combination of the rotating charge and the residual magnetic moment of photon's B field. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">That structure is also the key to Einstein's E = mc^2 equation. When the photon is travelling in a circle, it is mass with angular momentum Iω = half hbar. Unlocking its angular momentum converts it to a linear photon with energy E = mc^2. That
model makes a number of testable predictions of unknown electron properties. The two polarities of electric charge are the direction the photon that is the particle rotates wrt its magnetic field. Different charges are mirror images of each other. Spin is
quantised because an electron can only spin one way to the other, wrt an observer. The different states of spin are merely "other side of the page" images (measurements) of the same rotating photon.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">I also suggest that same model is the basis of the other particles, proton, neutron and neutrino. That enables a good number of properties of the protons and neutrons to be matched (I haven't tried them all), as well as predicting quite a few
unknown properties that cn be tested experimentally. It also gives a structure and maximum mass for (electron) neutrinos and shows why they effectively travel at the speed of light c, even though they have mass. The measured diameter of the central core of
the nucleons, ≈ 0.105 fm, exactly matches the radius predicted under this model, namely r = hbar/2mc. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">The structure of the nucleons is responsible the generation of the elementary particles. The muons and pions. the longest lived elementary particles, exist inside the nucleons at rest. The remainder are only generated when accelerated nucleons,
which have an increased frequency and hence mass, are stopped in a collision. The nucleons now have excess energy of which they must rid themselves because their frequencies are no longer stable under their rest time frame reference. They do so by cascading
through a series of quasi stable oscillations, continually generating and emitting muons and pions as circular photons and also energy as linear photons. Muons are 1/9th the fundamental proton frequency and are a single oscillation, giving them angular momentum
half hbar. Pions are two oscillations combined, 1/9th plus 1/27th, giving them angular momentum 0 or 1 x hbar and positive, neutral or negative charge depending upon their combination. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">So it goes on. The proposed nucleon structure makes it very easy to understand nuclear binding and the structure of nuclei. You can get some more details at my website
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.universephysics.com/">www.universephysics.com</a>. I have compiled everything into a publication, Understanding the Physical Universe, of which the website gives over 10% of what is in the book. I must get
some time one day to take it a little further. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">In the second chapter I suggest how special relativity is a derived property from the structure of matter. In the last chapters I suggest how general relativity is a derived property from the properties of photons and the principle of conservation
of energy. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">In summary to John H's question, the fundamentals of the universe are a few physical constants, some conservation (and other) principles and the structure of matter based upon the existence of photons. Most of the other properties, special and
general relativity, uncertainty and exclusion principles, temperature, etc are derived. Which brings us back to "What is a photon". I am prepared to say "I don't fully understand, but that should stop it from being used in a theory.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Cheers,</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Viv Robinson</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> <br class="">
<div class="">
<div class="">On 30/11/2015, at 3:07 PM, John Williamson <<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="" style="font-family:Helvetica; font-size:inherit; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:normal; orphans:2; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px">
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<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; color:rgb(32,24,140)"> </span><span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">Yo Al,<br class="">
<br class="">
(Many others French, Calibar parts of US ...)<br class="">
<br class="">
Yep, round and round in circles sounds likely doesn't it! This is certainly true for most of the mad theories out there. The parameter count starts large, argues to deal with one crucial point which "no one else gets" but ends up (after including the ansatz)
even larger. The better ones (most of us then!) at least end up with it being the same.<br class="">
<br class="">
I have a saying in reply to a cliche. Onwards and upwards! .... and round and round in circles!<br class="">
<br class="">
If one goes up a hill one often ends up going round and round in circles – or stuck at a point! There is a group in Scotland who like to climb hills and pick off the tallest one a time - the so called "munro baggers”. My brother, David and I like to mess with
this a little, climb the hills, walk round the top in a circle (without mounting it - but taking time for each of the vistas - spending perhaps an hour or two there) When we do this it always amuses us to see how many<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class=""> </span>folk
reach the top, scan round briefly, maybe take a selfie, and then go straight back down again. On the popular hills, on a good day, this can easily be dozens. I have to admit, once the rush has passed, we like to go and sit on the top in peace and quiet as
well- weather permitting!<br class="">
<br class="">
</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">Back to business.<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>In 1991 Martin and I made a list of all the starting points of the set of theories that constituted the then state of
play of the “standard model”. I forget the exact number of a-priori inputs– but it was approaching a hundred. Think … six quarks, the SU(3) of flavour that goes with it,<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>the additional SU(3)
of colour (gluons), three charged leptons, three neutrinos, four electroweak gauge bosons, The Higgs mechanism to deal with the mass problem, space, time, energy, charge, the Su(2) of spin, the plethora of observed symettries – CPT. A handful of “principles”
Pauli exclusion, Heisenberg uncertainty, Mach’s …. wave-particle-duality, U(1) in general (as it pertains to the setting up of “wave-functions”, quantum “collapse”, the Poincare stresses lots of “conservation laws” (which tend to express the conservation of
a quantity whose base nature is not more deeply understood) …. I’m up at over 40 already and not even trying!</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> </span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">Now it should be realised that if one can express any ONE of these in terms of another – and hence reduce the number of “fundamental” inputs by one, that this is major progress. For example Martin and
my 1997 paper reduced the number of fundamental constants by one expressing charge in terms of Planck’s constant, or vice-versa. This is net progress. It also –incidentally, got the value for g-2 (the experimental difference for the value of 2 for the gyromagnetic
ratio predicted by the Dirac model) from a consideration of the “rotation horizon”.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class=""> </span>This latter is very important as this experiment is the rock on which all previous “electromagnetic electron”
models of the 20<sup class="">th</sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>century (due to Mie, Einstein, Dirac) and many others, had foundered.</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> </span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">It is indeed so that parts of your (latter) list are derivative of one another – but it could be argued that the primary list (of 6) are also not primary. For example, I would not put all of charge, mass,
and length there. I do not thing charge is a primary starting point at all (though I know current comes into the MKSA system). Also one can argue that mass and (inverse) time are related. Maybe I would add stuff instead – for example Planck’s constant hbar.
Plus, there is the argument I have been making as to whether space and time, or their inverses are more primary.</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> </span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">After setting up the list, Martin and I set out to try to derive the starting point of where this all came from using the simplest possible ansatz. Now here comes the problem: as you say to a “newbie”
that any of this should be feasible sounds rather unlikely.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class=""> </span>Read no further: the man is clearly a nutter. No-one could do that! Just not possible. Forget about it!</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> </span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">At the same time, as things stand in 2015,<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>there are a large number of “competing” “theories” (as David points out), of which the WvdM
view is only one. The present group, just by themselves, has lots! Not only that<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>- many of the others are more appealing on the surface – they speak to “common sense” notions which dismiss things
many anyway find hard to understand – such as the limiting velocity of light, for example. Some speak to “familiar” science fiction, such as FTL travel and “many worlds” time travel that everyone has seen on TV and in the movies. The WvdM view is, relatively,
extremely hard. Far easier to dismiss it and look, first, at something else. The fact that other “theories” may raise more problems than they solve, and may even be in direct conflict with aspects of experiment, is taken to be irrelevant. If one fails to understand
so many things already, what is a few more?</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> </span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">Now I am very much in favour of saying what goes into a theory – and what comes out. The net balance then. A couple of years ago I gave a series of lectures on “all of science”. These took some of the
base theories, such as quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics and the “standard model” and explained what went in and what came out-<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>in terms meant for the understanding of (erudite) mothers.
You can look at most of these if you like as they are up on Vimeo (thanks Nick!). Just google “Williamson physics vimeo” – should do it! The bottom line of those lectures is that there is an awful lot that goes into the foundation of current physics. The “standard
model has over fifty “free parameters” (see above and below). In my view this is far too many.</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> </span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">On the other hand there are many theories out there purporting to deal with the “central mystery of physics”. One thing. These may explain a particular experiment in an alternative way – but in doing
so they raise a lot of other issues in conflict with other experiment – which is further ignored. This has become all too fashionable – even for<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>so called”mainstream” theories (such as QCD)
which are clearly and fundamentally in conflict with experiment. This is thought by many nowadays to be ok. For me, it is not.</span></div>
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0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> </span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times">Ok .. here is a (short) list of what one would really like to understand. Feel free to add to it</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Cambria">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times"> </span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">h</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">e</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">nature of space and time</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">CPT</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Boltzmann constant</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Non-existence magnetic monopoles</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Gravitons</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Allowed black body modes</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Bell</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Red shift</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">3K
background radiation</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Quantisation
of e</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Mass</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Spin</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">g-2</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Pauli
principle</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Uncertainty
principle</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Origin of universe</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Flatness of universe</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Conservation laws (times n!)</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Energy ... mass</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Momentum .... Force</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Angular momentum</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">why is c constant?</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">and why 300 000 000 m/s?</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">wave-particle duality</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Baryon number (6)</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">why only qqq and qq*</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Lepton number (3) (3 generations puzzle)</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">SU(3) quarks</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">SU(3) gluons</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">neutrinos</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">coupling constant EM</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">coupling constant EW</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">coupling constant S (plus why running coupling constant)</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Postulate of equivalence</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Quantum
measurement collapse</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Dark
matter</span></div>
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<span class="" lang="EN-US" style=""> </span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">First law of thermodynamics (Energy conservation)</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Higgs</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Spontaneous symmetry breaking</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Mach’s principle</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:6px">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Poincaré stresses</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Why
4-D?</span><span class=""></span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Why
(apparently) 3D</span><span class=""></span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0px 0cm 0px 36pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times; text-indent:-18pt">
<span class="" style="font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:'Times New Roman'"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">…..</span><a name="_GoBack" class=""></a><span class=""></span></div>
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<span class="" style="">Good ho. Now the solution of Hilbert’s sixth should, if it is indeed a solution, explain all of these, just and no more, in terms of an axiomatic starting set. That is it should, for example, say why there is an SU(3) of flavour AND
why the only observed states within this large group are in the subset of either qqq or qqbar. It should get the SU(2) of spin. Explain the U(1) of electromagnetism and quantum solutions. It should either predict the whole lot, or remove their necessity (e.g
for “spontaneous symmetry breaking) – and explain why this is the case. Big problem!</span></div>
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<span class="" style="">Ok – those particular “big problems” (SU(3) etc .. not the whole list) ARE derived from the new theory. So too are observed symmetries, for example CPT. What has charge got to do with parity and time-reversal? Indeed. Easy to understand
if you take charge to result from an electromagnetic localisation in a non-trivial topology. Other, things which fall (I’m just going up the list) are the<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Poincare stresses, why apparently 3D,
Higgs (not needed). The generations mystery, dark matter, the Pauli principle (my 2012 paper) and the allowed black body modes. This is quite a lot. No a-priori quarks</span></div>
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<span class="" style="">Hodge keeps shouting “what goes in”. John I (and Richard, Chip, John M, Viv, Hagen, Albrecht) have already said what goes in in both the paper and in lots of these emails. Never mind: I will say it again.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="">What goes in (to mine) is space (and its inversion), time (and its inversion) and (root) energy.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="">That is not really fair since there is – in fact more. For one thing there is a specific way in which space and time go in – for me as a restricted Dirac-Clifford algebra. R<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="" style="font-family:Symbol">Ä</span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cl(1,3)
– (as opposed to a general Dirac algebra which is C<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="" style="font-family:Symbol">Ä</span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cl(1,3).
Hence it contains not just space and time but the experimentally observed properties of “space” and “time”.<span class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>So one could better say that what goes in is this restricted algebra, root energy
and no more.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="">Now this algebra includes the properties of “multiplication” “division” (and hence inversion as mentioned above) “addition” and “subtraction”. You may think the latter set are a given – but they are anything but. What does it actually
MEAN to divide space by time. What is the underlying physical process that the (human invention of) “division” is meant to represent in reality? For this to be properly explained you need my and Martins paper on “division and the algebra of reality”. Coming
soon!</span></div>
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<span class="" style="">What does NOT go in are some of the numerical values mentioned above – although given some values (e.g. h) one can calculate others (e.g. e).</span></div>
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<span class="" style="">So- what else comes out in payment for the input. One gets the Maxwell equations – all four of them and not just 2 as in Jackson. As a bonus one gets four more – connecting current and spin. One gets out the SU(2) of spin and SU(3) of
flavour. One can derive U(1) as a simple projection of the better symmetry in eq 21 (e.g. eq 22). In other words one derives a big chunk of the starting assumptions of the standard model. One derives the point-like (as opposed to the point) interaction of
elementary leptons. One gets the starting point of QED, while fixing some of the renormalisation problems. One understands the origin of CPT. One gets out the origin of the Poincare stresses (which bind the electron charge). One gets out a fully-relativistic
wave function for the photon. One gets out the reason for the quantisation of travelling electromagnetic waves. One gets a possible explanation for dark matter. One gets out a possible reason for black-body quantisation. One gets out a new solution of the
new equations corresponding to a charged, spin half pair or particles identified with the electron and the positron. I think, given the Dirac algebra existed already and that I have only made it simpler and more specific, this is net positive. What do you
think?</span></div>
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<span class="" style="">Anyway, this is only the beginning. One has a new set of equations of motion to play with, just waiting for people to start finding more particular solutions.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="">More comments below (in blue)</span></div>
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<b class=""><span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Tahoma">From:</span></b><span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Tahoma"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:af.kracklauer@web.de"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:af.kracklauer@web.de">af.kracklauer@web.de</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:af.kracklauer@web.de"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:af.kracklauer@web.de">af.kracklauer@web.de</a>]<br class="">
<b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sunday, November 29, 2015 4:00 PM<br class="">
<b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>John Williamson<br class="">
<b class="">Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Mark, Martin van der;<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>;
Nick Bailey;<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:pete@leathergoth.com"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:pete@leathergoth.com">pete@leathergoth.com</a>; Ariane Mandray; David Williamson<br class="">
<b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Aw: RE: RE: [General] Nature of charge</span><span class="" style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"></span></p>
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<span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Verdana">Privet, Ivan: (Russian hi---more fun!)</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Verdana">I'v been writting "Clifford" where I should have been writting conventional/Grassmann/Clifford. I.e., some version of the basic idea (toy model) that looks and smells like stuff found in no-too-esoteric
lit. Those more used to using than creating/discovering math find it difficult to translate to a known background. (Same with languages, if two are learned without explicit connection, one may be able to speak both fluently but not able to translate between
them, in real time anyway.)</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Verdana; color:rgb(51,102,255)">You are right that people seem to have trouble understanding what I am talking</span><span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Verdana"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>about.
</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Verdana">I find it highly likely that you, Albrecht and John M. are going in circles.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Verdana; color:rgb(51,102,255)">I agree about John M. and Albrecht! (sorry guys – you probably think the same about me!).</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Verdana"> For BASIC physics the set of units is: {e,m,l (x3),t}, that is, 6 entities. On the hand, in physics theories there are many more inserted items: e.g., momentum, energy, wave, angular mommentum, spin,
field, Compton wave length, deBroglie wave, electron, position, quark, ....... etc., etc. Thus, among the latter set, there has to be gobs of redundancy,</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Verdana; color:rgb(51,102,255)">True: see above</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Verdana">which makes it possible to "derive" (actually extract) various constants and magic numbers from other various combinations thereof!</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Verdana; color:rgb(51,102,255)">Agreed. There is a lot of numerology bullshit out there. Please note, I’m not primarily about numbers, but about a new set of differential equations with new solutions.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Verdana"><span class=""> </span> If you wish to argue that this is not the case, then it might be smart to so present your story(s) by starting from an explicit list of what your are inputting (and thereby NOT
explaining) and present arguments why what your choice of inputs is, is resonable given available emperical evidence.</span><span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Verdana"> </span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Verdana; color:rgb(51,102,255)">Good point. Have tried to do this. I thought that was what I was doing in saying what went in (space, time and root-energy) and in defining the algebra to be used. Obviously,
this is not enough to get this across to most folk.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Verdana"><span class=""> </span>For one thing, this gives the newby a shot at determining with relatively litte time invested whether what you intend to do is at all feasible given his (the newby's) state of
knowldege.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Verdana; color:rgb(51,102,255)">Sorry, but hard stuff is just hard – otherwise loads of other folk would have solved the problem long ago. Even when discovered by another and then explained it remains hard.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Verdana"><span class=""> </span> Of course, all conceivable refs, will be newbys in YOUR game. This is where I stumble; usually I just assume that this can be done and give it a go---until entropy diverges
and I quit. </span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Verdana; color:rgb(51,102,255)">You and me both. I tried it myself for a decade, gave up and went into engineering – then met Martin. Two has been enough!</span><span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Verdana; color:rgb(51,102,255)"></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Verdana">For what it's worth, Al</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Verdana; color:rgb(51,102,255)">Ciao, John.</span><span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Verdana; color:rgb(51,102,255)"></span></div>
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