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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>Hi Wolfgang<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Here are some thoughts about this centripetal force…<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>For the sake of argument, let us assume that light is quantized into photons. And let us assume that each photon has a spin angular momentum of ħ. Light which comes in groups of photons then could be superposed due to the NIW principal we mentioned above.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>So from these assumptions we can create a simple one wavelength model of a photon. We know that photons can be more than one wavelength long, but for simplicity we will explore the one wavelength photon. We know the forward momentum of a photon is: <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:7.0pt;mso-text-raise:-7.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=38 height=27 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image019.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]> In order for the photon to have a spin angular momentum of ħ and a frequency of <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>f</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:7.0pt;mso-text-raise:-7.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=38 height=27 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image020.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]> we can calculate the photon’s effective spin radius. First we get the wavelength: <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= </m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>f</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:8.5pt;mso-text-raise:-8.5pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=40 height=28 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image021.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>We know our photon model makes one revolution in one wavelength which gives the photon its frequency. So we also know that the effective radius is the wavelength divided by two times π. <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r></span></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:7.0pt;mso-text-raise:-7.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=43 height=28 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image022.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>So suggests a model for a photon which has a radius of <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r></span></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:7.0pt;mso-text-raise:-7.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=14 height=28 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image023.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]> and a forward momentum of <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>.</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:7.0pt;mso-text-raise:-7.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=11 height=27 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image024.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]> Let us try out this model, and construct a gamma photon using the energy of the electron. The energy of our photon is therefore 8.1871E-14 J. So its frequency is: <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>f</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=1.2356E20 </m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:7.0pt;mso-text-raise:-7.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=137 height=27 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image025.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]>Hz. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Which yields a wavelength of: <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= </m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>f</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=2.4263E-12 m </m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:8.5pt;mso-text-raise:-8.5pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=175 height=28 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image026.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>That makes the effective spin radius of this photon: <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r></span></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=3.8616E-13</m:r></span><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> m</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:7.0pt;mso-text-raise:-7.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=174 height=28 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image027.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>The forward momentum of this photon would then be: <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=2.7309E-22</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:7.0pt;mso-text-raise:-7.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=152 height=27 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image028.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>And the calculated angular momentum would be: <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>s</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:3.0pt;mso-text-raise:-3.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=24 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image029.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]> <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><i>p</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=1.05457168E-34=ħ</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:3.0pt;mso-text-raise:-3.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=200 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image030.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>We now have a spin one ħ photon model which displays the known and anticipated values for such a photon.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>However there is one piece of this photon model that we have not yet addressed. That is the force required to cause the energy of this photon to spiral through space at the effective spin radius we have suggested. In order for energy traveling at c and with the momentum: <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=2.7309E-22 </m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:7.0pt;mso-text-raise:-7.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=156 height=27 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image031.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>To circulate around a radius of <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r></span></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=3.8616E-13</m:r></span><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> m,</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:7.0pt;mso-text-raise:-7.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=178 height=28 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image032.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>We would need a confinement force for this energetic gamma photon of:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><i>c</i></m:r></span></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= 0.212014</m:r></span><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> kg Force</m:r></span><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>.</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=213 height=33 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image033.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>This is an incredibly strong force. Can this be a real force? If such a force actually exists in nature wouldn’t we be able to see the effects of this force in many different experiments?<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Let us explore that possibility a bit further. We will start by comparing this speculative force to the electric force at this radius:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><i>F</i></m:r></span></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>4</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>0</m:r></span></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= 0.0015472 kg Force</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=254 height=42 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image034.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>And <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> α=0.0015472 kg Force</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:3.0pt;mso-text-raise:-3.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=183 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image035.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>So that: <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:num><m:den><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>0.001547167855</m:r></span></m:num><m:den><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>0.212014</m:r></span></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= 0.0072974=α</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;position:relative;top:8.5pt;mso-text-raise:-8.5pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=248 height=30 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image036.png@01D15784.0F857880"></span><![endif]> and the fine structure constant is α.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>So this speculative confinement force is of exactly the same magnitude as the well-known Strong Nuclear force. We know that the electric force is weaker than the Strong Nuclear force by the factor α. So this confinement force we have speculated, and partially defined, could well be another manifestation of the Strong Force.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Chip<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext'> General [mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Wolfgang Baer<br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, January 25, 2016 1:44 PM<br><b>To:</b> general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] (no subject)<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Does this not all start with the E=mc^2 energy mass equivalence postulate?<br>A moving photon has energy therefore mass , if the wave is confined to a circular path the mass could be considered stationary<br>The equations can all be manipulated to come up with various quantities and interpretations.<br><br>What to me is problematic is the centrifugal forces. What balances the tremendous outward pull?<br>An electron only has charge that repels, and now centrifugal forces, what holds it all together?<br><br>Wolf<br><br><o:p></o:p></p><pre>Dr. Wolfgang Baer<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Research Director<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Nascent Systems Inc.<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>tel/fax 831-659-3120/0432<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>E-mail <a href="mailto:wolf@NascentInc.com">wolf@NascentInc.com</a><o:p></o:p></pre><div><p class=MsoNormal>On 1/25/2016 8:33 AM, Albrecht Giese wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>Dear Richard,<br><br>you know that I object to your derivation of inertial mass. You deduce it from momentum. That is mathematically possible by using the known relations. But it is not logical in so far as momentum depends on inertia. In a world without inertia there would be no momentum.<br><br>So we have to explain first the mechanism of inertia itself, then we can derive the momentum and the inertial mass.<br><br>Best<br>Albrecht<br><br><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>Am 24.01.2016 um 20:42 schrieb Richard Gauthier:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal>Hello Vladimir and Chandra and all,<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> Yes, I definitely support the idea of the ether as material space, and that all physical particles are derived from this ether. This ether can also be called a plenum or Cosmic Tension Field.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> I don’t however think that it is necessary to explain the inertial mass of particles in relation to a "coefficient of inertia” or "the amount of momentum the ether resists." I have shown (<a href="https://www.academia.edu/19652036/The_Origin_of_the_Electrons_Inertia">https://www.academia.edu/19652036/The_Origin_of_the_Electrons_Inertia</a> ) by a very simple derivation that the inertial mass m of an electron may be derived from the momentum of the circling photon in a circulating-photon model of the electron, whose circling photon has momentum mc where m = Eo/c^2 = hf/c^2 , where Eo is the rest energy 0.511 MeV of the electron and f is the frequency of the circulating photon in the resting electron. Secondly, in a similar way I derived a linearly moving photon's inertial mass to be M-inertial = hf/c^2 , where f is the photon’s frequency, even though a photon has zero rest mass. Thirdly, I derived the inertial mass of a relativistic electron, whose momentum is p=gamma mv, to be M-inertial = gamma m , even though the moving electron's rest mass is m. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> I present these derivations below, taken from the <a href="http://academia.edu">academia.edu</a> session on my electron inertia article at <a href="https://www.academia.edu/s/a26afd55e0?source=link">https://www.academia.edu/s/a26afd55e0?source=link</a> :<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=js-non-expanded-comment><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#494848'>"One reason people don’t think that a photon has any inertial mass (because it has no rest mass) is that how do you get a photon to change its momentum (i.e. accelerate) in order to measure its inertial mass. It can’t go faster or slower than c in a vacuum, so it can’t accelerate in a linear direction, and in normal physics a photon doesn’t follow a curved path (except with gravity), which would make it possible to measure its centripetal acceleration c^2/R . But as I showed in my short el</span></span><span class=js-expanded-comment><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#494848'>ectron inertia article at <a href="https://www.academia.edu/19652036/The_Origin_of_%20th%0A%20e_Elect%0A%0Arons_Inertia">https://www.academia.edu/19652036/The_Origin_of_the_Electrons_Inertia</a> , the electron model in a resting electron has the photon going in a circle, with momentum mc and speed c, and the electron's inertial mass is then calculated to be M-inertial =(dp/dt)/Acentrifugal =wmc/(c^2/r)= m which is the inertial mass of the electron. But this calculation of the circling charged photon's inertial mass is independent of the radius of the charged photon’s circular orbit. Let that circular radius go towards infinity and you get a photon traveling in essentially a straight line, still having its inertial mass M =hf/c^2 (where the photon frequency f decreases as the radius of the circle increases) . So according to this logic, a linearly moving photon DOES have inertial mass M-inertial =hf/c^2 even though a photon has zero rest mass. And when a relativistic electron with momentum p=gamma mv travels in a circle with speed v, the inertial mass calcul ation ab ove gives M -in ertial = gamma m for a circling relativistic electron, and not just m the electron’s rest mass . Extending the radius here towards infinity also gives a linearly moving electron an inertial mass M = gamma m and not just the electron's rest mass m."</span></span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=js-expanded-comment><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'> As far as I know these are all original derivations of the inertial mass of a resting electron, a photon and a relativistic electron based on a circulating photon model of an electron. I would be pleased to be shown otherwise.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=js-expanded-comment><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'> Richard</span></span><o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Jan 24, 2016, at 6:42 AM, Roychoudhuri, Chandra <<a href="mailto:chandra.roychoudhuri@uconn.edu">chandra.roychoudhuri@uconn.edu</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Yes, Vlad, that is also my viewpoint.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>I do not remember whether I have attached this paper while communicating with you earlier. I call the “plenum” Cosmic Tension Field (CTF), to be descriptive in its essential properties.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Chandra.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><a name="_MailEndCompose"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'> </span></a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+chandra.roychoudhuri=uconn.edu@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">mailto:general-bounces+chandra.roychoudhuri=uconn.edu@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><b>On Behalf Of<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></b>Vladimir Tamari<br><b>Sent:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Saturday, January 23, 2016 7:00 PM<br><b>To:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion<br><b>Subject:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Re: [General] (no subject)</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Hi Richard <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>I barge into your discussion without knowing your views on a "plenum field" but if it is an ether I definitely think there is one. A "coefficent of inertia" might be defined as the amount of momentum the ether resists. In a charged or gravitational field this coefficent would increase...I think of this in terms of my Beautiful Universe ether of dielectric nodes, except this may give the wrong idea it is something matter wades in.. not so. Matter and ether are made if the selfsame nodes of energy!<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Cheers<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Vladimir<br><br>_____________________<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://vladimirtamari.com/"><span style='color:purple'>vladimirtamari.com</span></a><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><br>On Jan 21, 2016, at 7:41 AM, Richard Gauthier <<a href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Hi Hodge,<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> I don’t remember asking that. But if I did, I’m glad the question was helpful.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> I’m thinking about inertia these days. Do you or others have any insights about its nature?<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> Richard<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Jan 20, 2016, at 1:43 PM, Hodge John <<a href="mailto:jchodge@frontier.com">jchodge@frontier.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453325918779_2533"><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>Richard Gauthier:</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453325918779_2535"><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>You asked if the galaxy redshift, Pioneer anomaly, Pound--Rebka experiment model had a velocity term. I looked at redshift data for 1 galaxy and found no indication of a velocity term.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453325918779_2537"><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453325918779_2539"><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>I had not noticed this in the equations. Your suggestion that the plenum field can look like the Higgs field seems valid. That is, the acceleration of the plenum field looks like it adds energy (mass) is a Higgs Field characteristic. Thus, the plenum is closer to the idea of a quantum field and Higgs field (weak force).</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453325918779_2541"><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453325918779_2543"><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>Thanks for the insight.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453325918779_2545"><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1453325918779_2579"><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'>Hodge<o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>_______________________________________________<br>If you no longer wish to receive communication from the Nature of Light and Particles General Discussion List at<span 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