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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Hi All<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>An issue has become interesting regarding the fine structure constant.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>We observe the fine structure constant in many different ways. It is a prevailing constant which is uniquely and widely manifest.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>It is understood that the fine structure constant is simply the difference in strength between the EM force (Fe) and the Strong force (Fs). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Fs = Fe ¥á. And Fe = Fs/¥á. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>It seems we may have overlooked the possibility that what we call the nuclear strong force is present in many more circumstances than we previously assumed.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>So it seems that for every instance where we observe the fine structure ¥á, <b>both</b> of these forces must be at play, or there must be a force equal to the strength of the strong nuclear force, which we have not previously recognized.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Thoughts? Comments?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Chip<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><b>From:</b> General [mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Macken<br><b>Sent:</b> Friday, February 12, 2016 5:11 PM<br><b>To:</b> Nature of Light and Particles <general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org><br><b>Subject:</b> [General] Gravitational Waves and de Broglie Waves<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>Hello Everyone, <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>It has been some time since I have contributed to the discussion but I now have something new to say because of the historic gravitational wave announcement yesterday. It may seem as if gravitational waves are far removed from particles, forces and de Broglie waves, but in my world there is a strong connection. There has been a lot of discussion in the group about the properties of spacetime. However, the discussion has largely ignored all the work done on gravitational waves. These waves propagate in the medium of spacetime and they reveal a lot of concrete information about the properties of spacetime. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>Until yesterday there has been a lot of doubt about whether the theoretically predicted properties of gravitational waves were correct. Serious efforts to detect gravitational waves have been unsuccessful for over more than 25. We now know that the problem was that the detectors were not sensitive enough rather than a mistake in the concept or equations. A few weeks after the sensitivity of LIGO was increased by a factor of 3, they detected the first gravitational wave. The first signal detected came from two black holes merging about 1.3 billion years ago. The detected pattern exactly matches the theoretical wave pattern predicted for the merging of two black holes. The signal was a strain wave in spacetime which had a frequency chirp from about 30 Hz to about 250 Hz. The following link is the first official technical paper on the subject (note the hundreds of authors) : <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102">https://journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>The details about the emitted and detected waves gives support to the model of the universe that I have been proposing. I want to make several points.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='color:#444444'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='color:#444444'>There is now no doubt that the impedance of spacetime is Z<sub>s</sub> =<i> c</i><sup>3</sup>/<i>G</i> = 4 x 10<sup>35</sup> kg/s. This comes from gravitational wave equations. This impedance has been known to the community of scientists working on gravitational waves for a long time (references available). However, now all physicists must admit that spacetime has this important property. I claim that all the quantum mechanical wave properties can be analyzed using the impedance of spacetime. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='color:#444444'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='color:#444444'>This large impedance implies that spacetime is not an empty void. This impedance is a measurable property of spacetime that is about 28 orders of magnitude larger than the impedance of steel. An empty void would have no impedance. Also impedance implies an elastic medium which has the ability to absorb energy and return energy to a propagating wave. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='color:#444444'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='color:#444444'>The model of the vacuum that I have proposed fits perfectly with this impedance. Quantum mechanics implies that there is a Planck length uncertainty in the distance between points and a Planck time uncertainty in the time dimension. If this is modeled as waves in spacetime which are continuously modulating distance by Planck length and modulating the rate of time by Planck time, then suddenly everything fits. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='color:#444444'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>4)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='color:#444444'>Using gravitational wave equations and the impedance of spacetime, it is possible to test the hypothesis that spacetime is really filled with these small amplitude waves. I have shown that zero point energy exactly fits this model.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='color:#444444'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>5)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='color:#444444'>All the forces are explained not by mysterious virtual photons and mysterious gravitons but by waves and distortions of this ¡°spacetime field¡±. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='color:#444444'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>6)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='color:#444444'>Using quantifiable properties of spacetime and Planck length/time waves, it is possible to move from hand waving models of particles, fields and de Broglie waves to models which can be mathematically analyzed and tested. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='color:#444444'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>Previously I was not clear enough about whether these waves filling spacetime fit the definition of being true ¡°energy density¡±. Suppose that we assume that the definition of ¡°observable¡± energy is: <i>E</i><sup>2</sup> = (<i>mc</i><sup>2</sup>)<sup>2</sup> + (<i>pc</i>)<sup>2</sup>. All the fermions and bosons meet this definition of being observable energy. I claim that the difference between observable energy density (fermions and bosons) and the unobservable energy density of the waves in spacetime is that observable energy possess quantized angular momentum (spin) while unobservable energy does not possess spin. These Planck length/time waves have energy-like properties such as a frequency, wave amplitude and encounter the impedance of spacetime, but without quantized angular momentum they do not interact with fermions and bosons in a detectable way. These Planck length/time waves are the most perfect superfluid possible. Their presence is felt because they are responsible for giving spacetime constants such as: <i>c</i>, <i>G</i>, </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#444444'>©¤</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>, ¥å<sub>o</sub> and <i>Z</i><sub>s</sub>. Also these small amplitude waves are responsible for uncertainty and probabilistic characteristics of quantum mechanics.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>If you treat these waves as if they had quantized angular momentum (spin), then the maximum energy density of spacetime would be about 10<sup>113</sup> J/m<sup>3</sup>. However, without angular momentum to make them quantized, the vacuum appears to be an empty void which possesses mysterious physical properties. The moment that new angular momentum is introduced into spacetime, then some of the incomplete energy density of the Planck length/time waves in spacetime becomes complete and observable. For example, two spiraling black holes introduce the missing angular momentum to some of the waves in spacetime and they become observable gravitational waves. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>I want to use information from the above referenced gravitational wave paper to support the contention that spacetime is filled with small amplitude waves. According to this cited paper, the peak power emitted by these black holes as they were merging was 3.6 x 10<sup>49</sup> watts. This is a tremendous power which approaches Planck power. It is possible to drill deeper and analyze the forces involved in the emission of this power. Energy is force times distance. Power (P) is force (F) divided by speed (v). We know the power emitted (3.6 x 10<sup>49</sup> watts) and the paper gives the maximum speed as about ¨ö the speed of light. Therefore the implied force retarding these two merging black holes is about: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>F = P/v = 3.6 x 10<sup>49</sup> w/1.5 x 10<sup>8</sup> m/s = 2.4 x 10<sup>40</sup> N. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>Another calculation can be made of the energy density of gravitational waves leaving the surface of the black holes at the speed of light. This calculation gives the emitted energy density propagating through the spacetime near the Schwarzschild radius as roughly 2 x 10<sup>29</sup> J/m<sup>3</sup>. This is more than 10<sup>8</sup> times greater than the <i>E</i> = <i>mc</i><sup>2</sup> energy density of osmium. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>An interpretation of Einstein¡¯s field equation is that there is a maximum possible force which is: (1/8¥ð)c<sup>4</sup>/G = 4.8 x 10<sup>42</sup> N. Therefore the retarding force on the merging black holes is about 2 orders of magnitude less than the maximum possible force. The conservation of momentum says that every force requires an equal and opposite reaction. What is the opposite reaction in this case? It is easy to say that momentum is being transferred to the emitted gravitational waves, but then the question becomes: What is physically happening in spacetime that allows space to carry away this large a force and power? If spacetime is visualized as an empty void, then the only explanation is that the force is being transferred to gravitons. The more widely accepted explanation of gravity is that gravity is a geometrical effect and not a true force. However this explanation is inadequate because geometry cannot extract a power of 10<sup>49</sup> watts and a force of 10<sup>48</sup> N. Even claiming that gravitons exist and carry away the power is a problem. The paper is also able to place a limit on the Compton wavelength of gravitons (if they exist). The finding is that a graviton must have a Compton wavelength greater than 10<sup>16</sup> m which is a wavelength greater than 1 light year. This obviously seems incompatible with the emission time and frequency of the gravitational waves. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>If spacetime is filled with Planck length/time waves which have an incomplete energy density of about 10<sup>113</sup> J/m<sup>3</sup>, then it is easy to see where the power and offsetting force comes from. The gravitational waves are distorting the tremendous incomplete energy density of the spacetime field and making it complete by adding angular momentum. This addition then completes the requirements for the vacuum fluctuations to become observable energy density which can transfer momentum and remove energy. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>What does all of this have to do with particles, forces and de Broglie waves? Actually I claim that all wave activity in quantum mechanics ultimately is connected to the impedance of spacetime and the Planck length/time waves that fill spacetime. I will be writing a technical paper which explains this in more detail and uses gravitational waves as numerical examples. However, it is possible to find the answers if you combine what has been said in this post with the information in two attached papers. I suggest reading the ¡°foundation¡± paper first if you are interested. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#444444'>John M.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>