<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="">Hello Albrecht,</div><div class=""> My electron model is built of a single circulating spin-1/2 charged photon. It is not built “by photons”. I know of no experimental evidence that a photon is a composite particle as you claim. Please cite any accepted experimental evidence that a photon is a composite particle. Thanks.</div><div class=""> Richard</div><br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Jun 2, 2016, at 1:37 PM, Albrecht Giese <<a href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de" class="">genmail@a-giese.de</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="">
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" class="">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" class=""><p class="">Hello Richard,</p><p class="">Zero evidence for a composite particle? I think that the evidence
for a composite particle model is very obvious:</p><p class="">- The model explains the mass and the momentum of a particle
with NO new parameters, from the scratch<br class="">
- The model explains the magnetic moment of a particle
classically with no new parameters<br class="">
- The model explains the constancy of the spin classically<br class="">
- The model explains the equation E = h*f classically (was never
deduced before)<br class="">
- The model explains the relativistic increase of mass and the
mass-energy relation E=m*c^2 independent of Einstein's space-time
ideas.</p><p class="">And what is the evidence that the electron is NOT a composite
particle? Your electron model is built by photons, where the
photon is also a composite particle. So, what?<br class="">
</p><p class="">I do not know any other particle models with this ability. Do
you? Such properties are taken as a good evidence in physics. Or
why do main stream physics trust in the existence of an up-quark
and a down-quark? For both there was no direct evidence in any
experiment. The reason to accept their existence is the fact that
this assumption makes some other facts understandable. - The model
of a composite particle is in no way weaker.</p><p class="">Albrecht</p><p class=""><br class="">
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 31.05.2016 um 20:19 schrieb Richard
Gauthier:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote cite="mid:57CFBD3A-0E79-40B4-B1B3-F3582ECCA2D3@gmail.com" type="cite" class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" class="">
<div class="">Hello Albrecht and all,</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> Since there is zero experimental evidence that the
electron is a composite particle, I will no longer comment on
Albrecht's electron model, which postulates as a principal
feature that the electron is a composite particle, unless new
experimental evidence is found that the electron is a composite
particle after all.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> Galileo’s and Newton's “law of inertia" is clearly
an expression of conservation of momentum of objects or “bodies”
in the absence of an imposed external net force. It
revolutionized mechanics because Aristotle had taught
otherwise. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> If a resting electron is a circulating light-speed
electrically charged photon with circulating momentum Eo/c, then
an external force F on the electron equals the additional rate
of change of momentum dp/dt of the circulating charged photon
corresponding to that external force: F=dp/dt , beyond the
constant rate of change of momentum of the circulating charged
photon. The ratio of this applied force F (for example due to an
applied electric field) to the circulating charged photon’s
additional acceleration “a" is called the electron's inertial
mass and is defined by F=ma or m=F/a . There is no separate
mass-stuff or inertia-stuff to be accelerated in a particle.
There is only the circulating momentum Eo/c of the circling
speed-of-light particle with rest energy Eo , that is being
additionally accelerated by the applied force F. Since the
value m = Eo/c^2 of a resting particle (derived from the rate of
change of the circulating momentum Eo/c as compared to its
centripetal acceleration) is the same value in different
reference frames, it is called the particle’s invariant mass m,
but this invariant mass m is still derived from the resting
particle’s internally circulating momentum Eo/c . If the
electron is moving relativistically at v < c, it has an
additional linear momentum p=gamma mv, which when added
vectorially to the transverse circulating momentum Eo/c gives by
the Pythagorean theorem a total circulating vector momentum
P=gamma Eo/c = gamma mc=E/c where E is the electron’s total
energy E=gamma mc^2. This is the origin of the electron’s
relativistic energy-momentum equation E^2 = p^2 c^2 + m^2 c^4
which is just another way to write the Pythagorean momentum
vector relationship above: P^2 = p^2 + (Eo/c)^2 .</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> In my understanding, the Higgs field gives a
non-zero invariant mass (without being able to predict the
magnitude of that mass) to certain particles according to the
relativistic energy-momentum equation, so that any particle
moving at v < c in a Higgs field has invariant mass m >
0. But the inertia of that invariant mass m is not explained by
the action of the Higgs field, in my understanding.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> To try to theoretically explain why a photon has
momentum p = hf/c and energy E=hf is a separate topic beyond
trying to explain why a particle has inertial mass, or
resistance to acceleration by an applied force.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> Richard</div>
<div class=""> </div>
<br class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On May 30, 2016, at 1:04 PM, Albrecht Giese <<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de">genmail@a-giese.de</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" class="">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" class=""><p class="">Hello Richard,</p><p class="">your new paper has again a lot of nice
mathematics. However, it again does not answer the
question of inertia. As earlier, you relate the inertial
mass of an electron to the mass of the circling photon
which builds in your understanding the electron. Then
the mass and the momentum of the electron is calculated
from the mass and momentum of the photon. <br class="">
<br class="">
Such calculation is of course possible if one follows
this picture of an electron. However, it does not answer
the question of what the cause of inertia and momentum
of the photon is. You take this as an 'a priory' fact.
But this is not our present state of understanding.
Physics are able to go deeper. <br class="">
<br class="">
You write in your paper: "The fact is that the inertial
property of the mass of elementary particles is not
understood". How can you write this? Main stream physics
have the Higgs model which is assumed to describe the
mass of elementary particles. And I have presented a
model which uses the fact that any extended object
inevitably has inertia. The reason is, as you know, that
the fields of the constituents of an extended object
propagate with the finite speed of light. If the
extension of an elementary particle is taken from its
magnetic moment, this model provides very precisely the
mass, the momentum, and a lot of other parameters and
properties of a particle. <br class="">
<br class="">
If you intend to explain the mass of an electron by the
mass of a photon, you should have an appropriate
explanation of the mass and other parameters of a
photon. Otherwise I do not see any real progress in the
considerations of your paper. <br class="">
<br class="">
Albrecht</p><p class=""><br class="">
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 30.05.2016 um 07:40
schrieb Richard Gauthier:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote cite="mid:02CD2095-A3DB-4EBC-B7C2-63D08507238C@gmail.com" type="cite" class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
charset=utf-8" class="">
<div class="">Hello Vladimir,</div>
<div class=""> Thanks. That could be an explanation.
But I’m hoping I can find a simpler explanation, if
possible.</div>
<div class=""> Richard</div>
<br class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On May 29, 2016, at 7:29 PM, Vladimir
Tamari <<a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:vladimirtamari@hotmail.com" class="">vladimirtamari@hotmail.com</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Calibri;
font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal;
orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent:
0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">
<div class=""><font class="" size="3"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
Richard, </font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" size="3"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" size="3">without
going into the details of your model, you
mentioned:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" size="3"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><span style="line-height: 21.3px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><font class="" color="#ac193d" size="3">"It may be that vector momentum
is just not conserved within fundamental
particles even though it is conserved
between two or more particles in their
mutual interactions"</font></span></div>
<div class=""><span style="color: rgb(68, 68,
68); line-height: 21.3px; background-color:
rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><font class="" size="3"><br class="">
</font></span></div>
<div class=""><font class="" color="#444444" size="3"><span style="line-height: 21.3px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">In cellular-automata schemes,
such as my<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://vladimirtamari.com/beautiful_univ_rev_oct_2011.pdf" class="">Beautiful Universe</a>, a
particle is made up of a pattern of
spinning nodes in a matrix. The same type
of spinning nodes also form the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 21.3px;" class="">surrounding
magnetic, gravitational or electrostatic
field etc. Any changes in the angular
momentum or the axis of spin of
the constituent nodes of a particle (or
photon wave) is transmitted as a domino
effect adjusting the angular momentum of
surrounding nodes both internally and
externally. The domino effect is diffused
unto infinity in inverse-square fashion.
Nothing is hidden or lost or subject to
uncertainty, and energy is always
conserved. </span></font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" color="#444444" size="3"><span style="line-height: 21.3px;" class=""><br class="">
</span></font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" color="#444444" size="3"><span style="line-height: 21.3px;" class="">In your case by taking the photon
and electron in isolation conservation
issues seem to be arising? </span></font><span style="line-height: 21.3px; color: rgb(68,
68, 68); font-size: 12pt;" class="">Hope
this helps.</span></div>
<div class=""><font class="" color="#444444" size="3"><span style="line-height: 21.3px;" class="">Best wishes</span></font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" color="#444444" size="3"><span style="line-height: 21.3px;" class="">Vladimir</span></font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" color="#444444"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height:
21.3px;" class=""><br class="">
</span></font></div>
<div class=""><br class="">
<div class="">
<hr id="stopSpelling" class="">From: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a><br class="">
Date: Sat, 28 May 2016 17:31:33 -0700<br class="">
To: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a><br class="">
CC: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:jsarfatti@aol.com" class="">jsarfatti@aol.com</a><br class="">
Subject: Re: [General] inertia<br class="">
<br class="">
<div class="">Hello all,</div>
<div class=""> I’ve been thinking about the
unexplained 0.424 Newtons force acting on
a circulating double-looped charged photon
to keep it in its trajectory. Any
double-looping-photon electron model
should have this force acting on the
circling photon, such John and Martin’s
model and Chip’s model. The force doesn’t
have an obvious source. It continuously
changes the direction of the circling
momentum without changing the resting
energy of the photon. It may be that
vector momentum is just not conserved
within fundamental particles even though
it is conserved between two or more
particles in their mutual interactions. I
believe that the Dirac equation solution
for a free electron hints at this internal
non-conservation of momentum also during
zitterbewegung motion of the free electron
whose average velocity is v but whose
eigenvalue for speed is c. The
position-momentum relations for the
double-looped photon model of the
electron, as I recall, are below or just
at the the exact uncertainty expression
of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle:
delta x times delta p > 1/2 hbar ,
for position and momentum of an object in
a particular coordinate direction. So it
might not be possible to experimentally
determine if linear momentum is conserved
or not within a particle. The indirect
evidence that there is such circulating
momentum in a particle is the inertial
mass m=Eo/c^2 of the particle as it is
derived from the photon’s circulating
momentum p=Eo/c . If there is circling
momentum for a single particle, then
momentum conservation within the particle
IS being violated. An analogy: just as an
electron has spin but it not
experimentally known what inside it is
“spinning", an electron has inertial mass
but it is not known what inside the
particle is “massing”. But but the spin
and the inertial mass are known
experimentally. A double-looping photon
model explains both what is “spinning" and
what is “massing" in an electron.</div>
<div class=""> Richard</div>
<br class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote class="">
<div class="">On May 27, 2016, at 11:50
AM, Richard Gauthier <<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="ecxApple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div style="word-wrap: break-word;" class="">
<div class="">Hello all,</div>
<div class="">Jack Sarfatti, a
well-known physicist, wrote back
to me about my article saying that
no one cares about this work, that
it is just re-inventing the wheel
and that it is not a good problem
to work on. Comments?</div>
<div class=""> Richard</div>
<br class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote class="">
<div class="">On May 26, 2016,
at 8:25 PM, Richard Gauthier
<<a moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="ecxApple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div style="word-wrap:
break-word;" class="">
<div class="">Dear John W,
Martin, Chandra,
Alexander, Chip, Andrew,
Vivian, Albrecht, John M,
David and all,</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
</div>
<span id="ecxcid:16EB32ED-15F5-4669-9E25-C792C203C28F@hsd1.ca.comcast.net." class=""><A New
Derivation of E=mc^2
explains a particle's
inertia.pdf></span>
<div style="word-wrap:
break-word;" class="">
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Here’s my
latest input to the
inertia/particles
discussion: my proposed
new derivation of Eo=mc^2
and the inertial mass of a
particle from the momentum
of a circling photon.</div>
<div class=""> Richard</div>
<div class=""> </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<br class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote class="">
<div class="">On May 17,
2016, at 6:47 PM,
Richard Gauthier <<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="ecxApple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div style="word-wrap:
break-word;" class="">David
<div class="">
These newly
discovered photons
seem very similar
to
helically-moving
spin-1/2 charged
photons, except
for their lack of
electric charge.
Perhaps these new
spin-1/2 photons
become spin-1/2
charged photons
when they curl up
in pairs of
photons with
opposite charge,
as in e-p pair
production : "<span style="color:
rgb(51, 51, 51);
font-family:
Roboto;
font-size: 16px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Researchers made their
discovery after
passing light
through special
crystals to
create a light
beam with a
hollow,
screw-like
structure. Using
quantum
mechanics, the
physicists
theorized that
the beam's
twisting photons
were being
slowed to a
half-integer of
Planck's
constant.</span><font class="" face="Roboto" color="#333333" size="3">”</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="Roboto" color="#333333" size="3"><span style="background-color:
rgb(255, 255,
255);" class="">
Richard</span></font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="Roboto" color="#333333" size="3"><span style="background-color:
rgb(255, 255,
255);" class=""><br class="">
</span></font>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote class="">
<div class="">On
May 17, 2016,
at 1:56 PM,
<<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a>> <<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="ecxApple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div style="background-color:
rgb(255, 255,
255);
font-family:
HelveticaNeue,
'Helvetica
Neue',
Helvetica,
Arial, 'Lucida
Grande',
sans-serif;
font-size:
16px;" class="">
<div id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" class=""><span id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6124" class="">Richard</span></div>
<div id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" class=""><span id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6125" class="">If pbotons weren't
confusing
enough...just
as Williams
proposed a
quantum number
for energy,
these
researchers
are proposing
a quantum
number for
angular
momentum.</span></div>
<div id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6237" class=""><span id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6238" class="">The article</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6239" class=""><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2016/05/17/Scientists-discover-new-form-of-light/9061463490086/" id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6240" target="_blank" class="">Scientists
discover new
form of light</a><br id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6241" class="">
</div>
<div dir="ltr" id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6242" class=""><br id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6243" class="">
</div>
<div id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" dir="ltr" class=""><span id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6193" style="color: rgb(51, 51,
51);
font-family:
Roboto;" class="">"The
newly
discovered
form of light,
however,
features
photons with
an angular
momentum of
just half the
value of
Planck's
constant. The
difference
sounds small,
but
researchers
say the
significance
of the
discovery is
great.'</span><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" class="">The
paper<br class="">
</div>
<div id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5825" dir="ltr" class=""><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501748.full" id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5937" class="ecxenhancr2_bf135610-f16d-2671-d86c-6194a194d730" target="_blank">There
are many ways
to spin a
photon:
Half-quantization
of a total
optical
angular
momentum |
Science
Advances</a><br class="">
</div>
<div id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5946" class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="ecxqtdSeparateBR" id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5807">Best</div>
<div class="ecxqtdSeparateBR" id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5807"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="ecxqtdSeparateBR" id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5807">David</div>
<div class="ecxqtdSeparateBR" id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5807"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="ecxyahoo_quoted" id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5860" style="display: block;">
<blockquote id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5859" style="border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid;
border-left-color:
rgb(16, 16,
255);
padding-left:
5px;" class="">
<div id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5858" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial,
'Lucida
Grande',
sans-serif;
font-size:
16px;" class="">
<div id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5857" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial,
'Lucida
Grande',
sans-serif;
font-size:
16px;" class="">
<div dir="ltr" id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5862" class=""><font id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5983" class="" face="Arial" size="2">
<hr class="" size="1"><b class=""><span style="font-weight: bold;" class="">From:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Richard
Gauthier <<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>><br class="">
<b class=""><span style="font-weight: bold;" class="">To:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature
of Light and
Particles -
General
Discussion
<<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
<b class=""><span style="font-weight: bold;" class="">Cc:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Alexander
Burinskii <<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru">bur@ibrae.ac.ru</a>><br class="">
<b class=""><span style="font-weight: bold;" class="">Sent:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Saturday,
May 14, 2016
12:30 AM<br class="">
<b id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6278" class=""><span id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6277" style="font-weight: bold;" class="">Subject:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] inertia<br class="">
</font></div>
<div class="ecxy_msg_container" id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5856"><br class="">
<div id="ecxyiv2438876326" class="">
<div id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5855" class="">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326" id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5861">Hello Chandra and all,</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326" id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5854"> This is very good news.
I’ve been
reading
several of
Alexander
Burinskii’s
recent (2015
and 2016)
published
papers on his
Kerr-Newman
bag model of
the electron
(2 pdf’s
attached). His
approach
integrates
black-hole
gravitational
theory, Higgs
theory and
electromagnetism
to produce a
internally-light-speed
model of the
electron with
radius
hbar/2mc like
John W and
Martin’s,
Chip’s,
Vivian’s and
my
double-looping-photon
electron
models.
Alexander's
electron model
is
energetically
stable,
contains a
circulating
light-speed
singularity (a
photon?) in
addition to an
electromagnetic wave circling along its outer rim along a circular
gravitational
string, has
g=2 (Dirac
magnetic
moment of
magnitude 1
Bohr
magneton), is
a fermion and
carries the
electron’s
charge. I
think
Alexander’s
electron model
has much to
offer, coming
from a
different
perspective
than much of
our group’s
electron
modeling. I
request
Alexander to
give us a
summary of the
key features
(and perhaps a
brief history)
of his
electron
model,
emphasizing
the nature of
its stability
(an important
issue in
circling-photon
electron
models.) I
hope that this
will stimulate
a critical
discussion of
his approach
in comparison
with our
various
approaches to
electron
modeling,
which could
lead to better
light-speed-based electron models coming up to the next SPIE “What are
photons”
conference in
San Diego in
August 2017.</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326yqt7623502451" id="ecxyiv2438876326yqtfd01392">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
Richard </div>
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</div>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br class="">
<br class="">
<div id="ecxyiv2438876326" class="">
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<div class="">
<blockquote class="ecxyiv2438876326">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">On
May 12, 2016,
at 6:12 PM,
Roychoudhuri,
Chandra <<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:chandra.roychoudhuri@uconn.edu"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:chandra.roychoudhuri@uconn.edu">chandra.roychoudhuri@uconn.edu</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326Apple-interchange-newline" clear="none">
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326" style="word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">I
will request
Burinskii to
participate in
our next
conference. </div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">Chandra. </div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326" id="ecxyiv2438876326composer_signature">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(87, 87, 87);">Sent via the Samsung
Galaxy S® 5
ACTIVE™, an
AT&T 4G
LTE smartphone</div>
</div>
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
--------
Original
message
--------<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
From: Richard
Gauthier <<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
Date:
5/12/2016 2:09
AM (GMT-05:00)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
To: Nature of
Light and
Particles -
General
Discussion
<<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
Cc: Alexander
Burinskii <<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru">bur@ibrae.ac.ru</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
Subject: Re:
[General]
inertia<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">Dear
John W,
Martin,
Chandra,
Vivian,
Andrew, John
M, Chip,
Albrecht,
Hodge and
others,</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
I am in
contact with
the Russian
physicist and
academician
Alexander
Burinskii
(arXiv page of
his articles
at<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+Alexander+Burinskii/0/1/0/all/0/1"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+Alexander+Burinskii/0/1/0/all/0/1">http://arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+Alexander+Burinskii/0/1/0/all/0/1</a> ,
biography at<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.scirp.org/journal/DetailedInforOfEditorialBoard.aspx?personID=10183"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.scirp.org/journal/DetailedInforOfEditorialBoard.aspx?personID=10183">http://www.scirp.org/journal/DetailedInforOfEditorialBoard.aspx?personID=10183</a> ),
who has
written a very
interesting
article on
arXiv:
“Gravity vs.
quantum
theory: Is the
electron
really
pointlike?”
at <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.0225"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.0225">http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.0225</a> .
He draws on
the
interesting
resemblance of
Kerr-Newman
gravity
formulations
to the
properties of
the Dirac
electron as a
light-speed
particle that
can only be
measured at
sub-light
speeds. Here’s
part of the
abstract:</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><span class="ecxyiv2438876326" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', helvetica,
arial,
verdana,
sans-serif;
font-size:
14px;
background-color:
rgb(255, 255,
255);">"Contrary
to the
widespread
opinion that
gravity plays
essential role
only on the
Planck scales,
the
Kerr-Newman
gravity
displays a new
dimensional
parameter </span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326MathJax_Preview" style="color: rgb(136, 136,
136);
font-family:
'Lucida
Grande',
helvetica,
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verdana,
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font-size:
14px;"></span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326MathJax" id="ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Element-5-Frame" style="display: inline; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: normal; white-space:
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0px; border:
0px; padding:
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'Lucida
Grande',
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arial,
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sans-serif;"><span class="ecxyiv2438876326math" id="ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-30" style="display:
inline-block;
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vertical-align: 0px; width: 5.722em;"><span class="ecxyiv2438876326" style="display:
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vertical-align: 0px; width: 4.788em; height: 0px; font-size: 17px;"><span class="ecxyiv2438876326" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px;
vertical-align:
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vertical-align:
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inline;
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STIXVariants;">ℏ</span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326texatom" id="ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-35" style="display:
inline;
border: 0px;
padding: 0px;
vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="ecxyiv2438876326mrow" id="ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-36" style="display: inline; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="ecxyiv2438876326mo" id="ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-37" style="display:
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border: 0px;
padding: 0px;
vertical-align: 0px; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular;">/</span></span></span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326mo" id="ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-38" style="display:
inline;
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padding: 0px;
vertical-align: 0px; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular;">(</span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326mn" id="ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-39" style="display: inline; border:
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vertical-align: 0px; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic;">m</span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326mo" id="ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-41" style="display: inline; border:
0px; padding:
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STIXGeneral-Regular;">)</span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326mo" id="ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-42" style="display:
inline;
border: 0px;
padding: 0px;
vertical-align: 0px; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular;">,</span></span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326" style="display: inline-block; border: 0px;
padding: 0px;
vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; height: 2.512em;"></span></span></span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326" style="display: inline-block; border-width:
0px;
border-left-style:
solid;
padding: 0px;
vertical-align: -0.274em; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height:
1.184em;"></span></span></span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', helvetica,
arial,
verdana,
sans-serif;
font-size:
14px;
background-color:
rgb(255, 255,
255);"> which
for parameters
of an electron
corresponds to
the Compton
wavelength and
turns out to
be very far
from the
Planck scale.
Extremely
large spin of
the electron
with respect
to its mass
produces the
Kerr geometry
without
horizon, which
displays very
essential
topological
changes at the
Compton
distance
resulting in a
two-fold
structure of
the electron
background.
The
corresponding
gravitational
and
electromagnetic
fields of the
electron are
concentrated
near the Kerr
ring, forming
a sort of a
closed string,
structure of
which is close
to the
described by
Sen heterotic
string. The
indicated by
Gravity
stringlike
structure of
the electron
contradicts to
the statements
of Quantum
theory that
electron is
pointlike and
structureless.
However, it
confirms the
peculiar role
of the Compton
zone of the
"dressed"
electron and
matches with
the known
limit of the
localization
of the Dirac
electron." </span></div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><span class="ecxyiv2438876326" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', helvetica,
arial,
verdana,
sans-serif;
font-size:
14px;
background-color:
rgb(255, 255,
255);"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</span></div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
I think that
there some
potential for
Alexander
Burinskii's
Kerr-Newman
gravity
approach to
the electron
and the
various
double-looping
photon models
of the
electron to
find some
common ground
which may
benefit both
approaches to
modeling the
electron. In
particular the
centripetal
force of 0.424
N causing a
photon of
energy 0.511
MeV to move in
a closed
double-looping
trajectory of
radius
Ro=hbar/2mc in
a resting
electron model
could be
related to the
gravitational
and
electromagnetic
fields and
gravity
stringlike
structure of
the
Kerr-Newman
electron
model. </div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
Richard</div>
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
<blockquote class="ecxyiv2438876326">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">On
May 9, 2016,
at 4:37 AM,
Albrecht Giese
<<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de">genmail@a-giese.de</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326Apple-interchange-newline" clear="none">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326moz-cite-prefix">Hello
Richard,<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
it is true
that we do not
know
everything in
physics
(otherwise
there would be
no reason for
further
research).
However, many
facts and
rules are
understood,
and I do not
see a good
reason to go
behind this
knowledge.<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
From my
2-particle
model it
follows for
leptons and
for quarks
that there is
E = h*ny. The
frequency is
the
circulation,
the energy
follows from
the mass which
the model
yields, when
using E =
m*c^2. This
latter
relation also
follows from
this model. (I
have presented
all this in
San Diego; it
was also
discussed here
earlier as I
remember; and
it is on my
web site "The
Origin of
Mass". Of
course I can
explain it
here again if
there is a
demand.)<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
As these
relations
obviously also
apply to the
photon, it
seems very
plausible that
the photon has
a similar
structure like
a lepton and a
quark. The
rules apply if
c is inserted
for the speed.
This also
leads to
p=h*ny/c.<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
And which
further
details do we
know about the
photon? It
must have an
extension as
it has a spin
which is
physically not
possible
without an
extension. And
it must have
charges as it
reacts with an
electric field
which is
otherwise not
explainable.
There must be
at least two
charges, a
positive and a
negative one,
as the photon
as a whole is
neutral. The
spin is twice
the one of a
lepton or a
quark, this
may be an
indication
that the
photon is
built by 4
sub-particles
rather than 2
of the kind
which I have
described.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
So, if the
photon has
positive and
negative
charges, which
means that it
has
sub-particles
with positive
and negative
charges, it is
quite
plausible that
the photon can
decompose into
a positive and
a negative
elementary
particle, so
into a
positron and
an electron.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
(You may call
this
speculative.
But it has
some strongly
plausible
aspects which
I am missing
in the other
models
presented
here.)<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
The curling-up
which you have
mentioned has
an orbital
component. To
move on an
orbit needs
some physical
conditions.
E.g. an
influence
which causes
the
acceleration
to its center.
This should be
physically
explained.<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
The conflict
between the
necessary
Higgs field
and the vacuum
field in the
universe is
treated in the
article of
F.J. Tipler in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<span class="ecxyiv2438876326st"><em class="ecxyiv2438876326">arXiv</em>:<em class="ecxyiv2438876326">astro</em>-<em class="ecxyiv2438876326">ph</em>/<em class="ecxyiv2438876326">0111520v1
.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></em>It
is well known
by particle
physicists I
have at
conferences
here<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326st">asked<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326st">several times the presenters of the Higgs
model for this
discrepancy.
They have
always
admitted that
this conflict
exists, but
some have
tried to blame
the
astronomers
for it. No one
ever has
presented a
solution for
the conflict.<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
Albrecht</span><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
Am 07.05.2016
um 23:32
schrieb
Richard
Gauthier:<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<blockquote class="ecxyiv2438876326">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">Hello
Albrecht,</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
Thank your
for your
further
comments and
questions.</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
Your are
asking me why
photons have
momentum
p=hv/c .
That’s like
asking why
photons have
energy E=hv .
In physics
nobody knows
“why” anything
happens.
“Why?”
questions
always lead
back to a big
unknown.
Physicists
observe nature
qualitatively
and
quantitatively
and search for
cause-effect
relations,
equations,
theoretical
models and
symmetry
relations that
work ("save
the
appearances"),
and lead to
further and
better (more
accurate)
physical
predictions
that often
lead to
practical
applications
and hopefully
deeper
“understanding”
of physical
phenomena.</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
You ask why
a spin-1/2
photon curls
up. You could
just as well
ask why a
spin-1 photon
doesn’t curl
up, since it
has spin. (My
transluminal
energy quantum
model of a
spin-1 photon
at<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron">https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> is a helical model that is
consistent
with both a
photon's
spin-1 hbar
and its
forward linear
momentum
p=h/lambda). </div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
Your own
comments on
the possible
nature and
make-up of
photons are
extremely
speculative to
say the least.
You have no
photon model
at all. There
is zero
experimental
evidence that
a photon is
composite. You
should at
least try to
show how a
sufficiently
energetic
photon leads
to your
electron model
in
electron-positron
pair
production.</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
You claim
that
astronomers
deny the
existence of a
Higgs field
strong enough
to explain
noticeable
forces in
elementary
particles.
That is a
blanket
statement that
needs
supporting
evidence.
Please support
your claim
here with
sources. It’s
like claiming
that
“scientists
say”. Thanks.</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
Richard</div>
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
<blockquote class="ecxyiv2438876326">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">On
May 7, 2016,
at 10:23 AM,
Albrecht Giese
<<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de">genmail@a-giese.de</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326Apple-interchange-newline" clear="none">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326moz-cite-prefix" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal;
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background-color:
rgb(255, 255,
255);">Hello
Richard,<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
thank you for
your mail. I
still have
questions to
your
explanations:<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
To para 1):<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
According to
you
explanations
the circular
motion is
mainly
achieved by
the fact that
the particles
are "curling
up". Which
physical law
do you have in
mind that
causes them to
curl up? What
are the
quantitative
consequences?
- You say that
there is a
"configurational"
force which
controls the
internal
motion of an
electron and a
positron. You
assume that
this may come
from the Higgs
field. I think
that this is
highly
speculative as
astronomers
deny the
existence of a
Higgs field
which is
strong enough
to be an
explanation
for noticeable
forces in
elementary
particles.<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
To para 2):<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
The momentum
of a photon is
h<span class="ecxyiv2438876326" style="font-family: Symbol;">*n</span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326Apple-converted-space"> </span>y/c,
true. But what
is the
physical
mechanism
causing this
momentum?
Still not
answered.<span class="ecxyiv2438876326Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
I believe that
my mass
mechanism is
applicable to
the photon.
The photon has
an extension,
so it has
inertia by the
standard
mechanism for
extended
objects. And
in addition I
think that the
photon may be
composed by
the same
sub-particles
("basic
particles")
like leptons
and quarks.
The question
still open for
me is, why the
photon moves
steadily with
c. An
explanation
may be that it
moves always
into a certain
direction with
respect to its
internal set
up. On the
other hand,
the fact that
the rest mass
of the photon
is zero is
nothing more
than a
mathematical
result. Was
never
measured.<span class="ecxyiv2438876326Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
Albrecht<span class="ecxyiv2438876326Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
Am Sat, 30 Apr
2016 um
17:22:00
schrieb
Richard
Gauthier:<br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<blockquote class="ecxyiv2438876326" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal;
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<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">Hello
Albrecht,</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
<span class="ecxyiv2438876326Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thank
you for your
two thoughtful
questions.</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">To
try to answer
them:</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">1)
I think it is
an incorrect
assumption
that only a
second
electric
charge or a
corresponding
permanent
field can
cause a
spin-1/2
charged photon
to move in a
circular or
helical
configuration.
Have you
considered
other possible
explanations?
One I have
considered, in
the context of
e-p
production, is
that two
uncharged
spin-1/2
photons of are
formed in the
process of
electron-positron
pair
production
from a spin-1
photon of
sufficient
energy
(greater than
1.022 MeV). At
first the two
uncharged
spin-1/2
photons both
move forward
together in a
kind of
unstable
equilibrium.
One has a
negative
charge
potentiality
and the other
has a positive
charge
potentiality,
yet both are
still neutral.
These two
uncharged
spin-1/2
photons can
either then
unite with
each other to
form a spin-1
photon, or
they can
separate in
the presence
of a nearby
charged
nucleus and
each curl up,
gaining
negative and
positive
charge
respectively,
as well as
rest mass
Eo/c^2, and
slowing down
(as they
become an
electron and
positron) to
less than
light-speed as
they curl up.
(Internally
these spin-1/2
charged
photons
maintain
light-speed c
in their
forward
direction, but
their
curled-up
configurations
as a electron
and a positron
have v < c
.) Once they
are both fully
curled up to
form a fully
charged
electron and
positron, they
continue to
move apart.
Now they each
have a stable
internal
equilibrium
(because of
conservation
of electric
charge) and
they cannot
individually
unroll (except
perhaps
virtually) to
become an
uncharged
spin-1/2
photon, and so
they remain a
stable
electron and a
stable
positron.
Their own
charged
curled-up
stable
equilibrium
maintains them
in their
curled-up
configurations,
supplying the
necessary
configurational
force that
maintains
their
circulating
motion to form
an electron or
a positron.
This
configurational
force that
maintains each
of them curled
up would be a
non-electrical
force. Perhaps
this
configurational
force that
maintains the
electron and
the positron
curled up with
rest mass and
moving at less
than
light-speed c,
comes from the
Higgs field.</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">
<span class="ecxyiv2438876326Apple-converted-space"> </span>When
an electron
and positron
meet, they may
first form a
positronium
atom. Then
they both
uncurl and
unite to form
an unstable
neutral
particle which
decays
immediately
into two or
three spin-1
photons, in
the process of
electron-positron annihilation.</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">2)
Why does the
spin-1/2
charged photon
have momentum?
you ask. It
is because it
is a photon
with momentum
hv/c . My
model of the
spin-1/2
charged photon
is similar to
my internally
transluminal
model of an
uncharged
photon, except
that the
spin-1/2
charged photon
makes two
helical loops
instead of one
per photon
wavelength,
and the
spin-1/2
charged photon
model's
helical radius
is 1/2 that of
the helical
radius of a
spin-1 photon
model , being
R=lambda/4pi
instead of
lambda/2 pi.
The uncurled
transluminal
spin-1/2
uncharged
photon model
curls up
nicely into a
curled-up
double-looping
spin-1/2
charged photon
model of an
electron. You
can read about
my
superluminal
uncharged
photon model
at <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron"></a><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron">https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron</a> or
I can e-mail
you a copy. I
have only
talked about
my current
model of the
superluminal
spin-1/2
charged photon
on the “Nature
of Light and
Particles”
e-list during
the past year.</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">I
hope these
possible
explanations
of the
spin-1/2
charged-photon
model are
helpful. I
don’t think
that you have
a photon model
yet that is
consistent
with your
two-particle
electron
model, in
terms of e-p
production and
e-p
annihilation.</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
</div>
<div class="ecxyiv2438876326">The
figure below,
which I
included in
this e-list
some months
ago, shows a
curled-up spin
1/2 charged
photon forming
a resting
electron (top
graphic) and
at different
increasing
relativistic
speeds (lower
graphics). The
green line is
the
double-looping
helical
trajectory of
the
circulating
charged photon
forming the
electron,
while the red
line is the
trajectory of
the
superluminal
energy quantum
of the
spin-1/2
photon model.
The
superluminal
energy quantum
in the resting
electron moves
on the surface
of a
mathematical
horn torus. As
the speed v of
the electron
model
increases, the
radius of the
green helical
trajectory
decreases as
1/gamma^2 ,
while the
radius of the
red trajectory
of the
superluminal
quantum
decreases as
1/gamma. </div>
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<td style="width: 470px; padding-top: 17px; color: #41424e; font-size: 13px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;" class="">Virenfrei. <a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient" target="_blank" style="color: #4453ea;" class="">www.avast.com</a> </td>
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