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<p><font size="-1">Hi Chip,</font></p>
<p><font size="-1">I shall answer with some comments in the text.</font></p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix"><font size="-1">Am 03.06.2016 um 15:54
schrieb Chip Akins:</font><br>
</div>
<blockquote cite="mid:001f01d1bd9f$73653f80$5a2fbe80$@gmail.com"
type="cite">
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<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Hi Albrecht<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Consider that if
we are willing to insert magical particles, and choose what
properties those particles display and what properties they
don’t display, where none have been detected, we can create
models which conform to any behavior we wish.</span></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<font size="-1">My "basic particles" have electrical charge as the
electron has it. They permanently move with speed of light c which
is required by SR, dilation. And they are mass-less as otherwise c
is not possible. There have to be two of them in an elementary
particle as otherwise the law of momentum is violated, which is
(one of) the most fundamental laws in physics. The introduction of
the "zitterbewegung" by Schrödinger is a consequence of this
necessity. More assumptions are not necessary. - What is in your
view unnatural with theses assumptions?</font><br>
<blockquote cite="mid:001f01d1bd9f$73653f80$5a2fbe80$@gmail.com"
type="cite">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">After much
discussion and reading your work, I feel you have become so
emotionally attached to your model that you can no longer
see beyond it to explore where it may be right and may be
wrong.</span></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<font size="-1">I am discussing every property of this model at many
conferences here and abroad (about twice a year) since 2001. There
are always many questions and arguments. But the repeated argument
in this discussion here that my assumption are to some extent
arbitrary I have never heard before (at least I do not remember
it). The audience is growing from case to case, so there is some
appreciation that it is substantial. But of course I am always
open for critical questions. Also in this forum as you may have
noticed. </font><br>
<blockquote cite="mid:001f01d1bd9f$73653f80$5a2fbe80$@gmail.com"
type="cite">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Experimental
evidence has clearly indicated that the electron is a single
entity. Likewise with the photon.</span></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<font size="-1">I have worked for a research centre where those
investigations have been made very carefully. It is the German
Electron Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg. I know the investigations
and the arguments. The conclusion of the investigations was indeed
that the electron is not composite. But the evaluation of the
experiments has pre-assumed (as a matter of course) that, if the
electron is composed, then the constituents have a mass on their
own. The other possibility that the constituents are mass-less was
never considered. Because that requires a mechanism for the
generation of mass within a particle. According to the adherence
to the Higgs model main stream physics have not looked at this
possibility. The constituents in my model are mass-less, so the
conclusion made is not applicable. That was even admitted by the
research director of this centre. <br>
<br>
The very small size assumed for the electron was also here
understood as the size of the electric charge in it, not of the
entire particle. That was even admitted by main stream. <br>
</font>
<blockquote cite="mid:001f01d1bd9f$73653f80$5a2fbe80$@gmail.com"
type="cite">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">I will join
Richard and discontinue discussing your model, simply
because your model is not the simplest and most accurate
description of what we see in nature. I cannot convince you
of this, so we are wasting our time.</span></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<font size="-1">I do not see an explanation of particle properties
in the other models presented here. All the models, as far as I
understand, assume the electron to be built by a photon, and the
properties of the photon (which are by themselves unexplained but
simply believed) are taken over for the electron. This is in my
view in no way a true explanation. My explanations are from the
scratch. If you disagree to this please tell your arguments.<br>
<br>
I regret if you do not want to further participate in this part of
the discussion, but it is of course you own decision.</font><br>
<blockquote cite="mid:001f01d1bd9f$73653f80$5a2fbe80$@gmail.com"
type="cite">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">My best to you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Chip</span></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<font size="-1">The best to you back<br>
Albrecht<br>
<br>
<br>
</font>
<blockquote cite="mid:001f01d1bd9f$73653f80$5a2fbe80$@gmail.com"
type="cite">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1
1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
General
[<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Richard Gauthier<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, June 02, 2016 5:54 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:phys@a-giese.de">phys@a-giese.de</a><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Nature of Light and Particles - General
Discussion
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org></a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] inertia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hello Albrecht,<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> My electron model is built of a single
circulating spin-1/2 charged photon. It is not built “by
photons”. I know of no experimental evidence that a photon
is a composite particle as you claim. Please cite any
accepted experimental evidence that a photon is a composite
particle. Thanks.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> Richard<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">On Jun 2, 2016, at 1:37 PM, Albrecht
Giese <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de">genmail@a-giese.de</a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Hello
Richard,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Zero
evidence for a composite particle? I think that the
evidence for a composite particle model is very
obvious:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">-
The model explains the mass and the momentum of a
particle with NO new parameters, from the scratch<br>
- The model explains the magnetic moment of a
particle classically with no new parameters<br>
- The model explains the constancy of the spin
classically<br>
- The model explains the equation E = h*f classically
(was never deduced before)<br>
- The model explains the relativistic increase of
mass and the mass-energy relation E=m*c^2 independent
of Einstein's space-time ideas.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">And
what is the evidence that the electron is NOT a
composite particle? Your electron model is built by
photons, where the photon is also a composite
particle. So, what?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">I
do not know any other particle models with this
ability. Do you? Such properties are taken as a good
evidence in physics. Or why do main stream physics
trust in the existence of an up-quark and a
down-quark? For both there was no direct evidence in
any experiment. The reason to accept their existence
is the fact that this assumption makes some other
facts understandable. - The model of a composite
particle is in no way weaker.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Albrecht<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Am 31.05.2016 um 20:19 schrieb
Richard Gauthier:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hello Albrecht and all,<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> Since there is zero
experimental evidence that the electron is a
composite particle, I will no longer comment on
Albrecht's electron model, which postulates as a
principal feature that the electron is a composite
particle, unless new experimental evidence is
found that the electron is a composite particle
after all.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> Galileo’s and Newton's “law
of inertia" is clearly an expression of
conservation of momentum of objects or “bodies” in
the absence of an imposed external net force. It
revolutionized mechanics because Aristotle had
taught otherwise. <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> If a resting electron is a
circulating light-speed electrically charged
photon with circulating momentum Eo/c, then an
external force F on the electron equals the
additional rate of change of momentum dp/dt of the
circulating charged photon corresponding to that
external force: F=dp/dt , beyond the constant
rate of change of momentum of the circulating
charged photon. The ratio of this applied force F
(for example due to an applied electric field) to
the circulating charged photon’s additional
acceleration “a" is called the electron's inertial
mass and is defined by F=ma or m=F/a . There is no
separate mass-stuff or inertia-stuff to be
accelerated in a particle. There is only the
circulating momentum Eo/c of the circling
speed-of-light particle with rest energy Eo , that
is being additionally accelerated by the applied
force F. Since the value m = Eo/c^2 of a resting
particle (derived from the rate of change of the
circulating momentum Eo/c as compared to its
centripetal acceleration) is the same value in
different reference frames, it is called the
particle’s invariant mass m, but this invariant
mass m is still derived from the resting
particle’s internally circulating momentum Eo/c .
If the electron is moving relativistically at v
< c, it has an additional linear momentum
p=gamma mv, which when added vectorially to the
transverse circulating momentum Eo/c gives by the
Pythagorean theorem a total circulating vector
momentum P=gamma Eo/c = gamma mc=E/c where E is
the electron’s total energy E=gamma mc^2. This is
the origin of the electron’s relativistic
energy-momentum equation E^2 = p^2 c^2 + m^2 c^4
which is just another way to write the
Pythagorean momentum vector relationship above:
P^2 = p^2 + (Eo/c)^2 .<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> In my understanding, the
Higgs field gives a non-zero invariant mass
(without being able to predict the magnitude of
that mass) to certain particles according to the
relativistic energy-momentum equation, so that
any particle moving at v < c in a Higgs field
has invariant mass m > 0. But the inertia of
that invariant mass m is not explained by the
action of the Higgs field, in my understanding.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> To try to theoretically
explain why a photon has momentum p = hf/c and
energy E=hf is a separate topic beyond trying to
explain why a particle has inertial mass, or
resistance to acceleration by an applied force.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> Richard<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">On May 30, 2016, at 1:04
PM, Albrecht Giese <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de">genmail@a-giese.de</a></a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Hello
Richard,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">your
new paper has again a lot of nice
mathematics. However, it again does not
answer the question of inertia. As earlier,
you relate the inertial mass of an electron
to the mass of the circling photon which
builds in your understanding the electron.
Then the mass and the momentum of the
electron is calculated from the mass and
momentum of the photon. <br>
<br>
Such calculation is of course possible if
one follows this picture of an electron.
However, it does not answer the question of
what the cause of inertia and momentum of
the photon is. You take this as an 'a
priory' fact. But this is not our present
state of understanding. Physics are able to
go deeper. <br>
<br>
You write in your paper: "The fact is that
the inertial property of the mass of
elementary particles is not understood". How
can you write this? Main stream physics have
the Higgs model which is assumed to describe
the mass of elementary particles. And I have
presented a model which uses the fact that
any extended object inevitably has inertia.
The reason is, as you know, that the fields
of the constituents of an extended object
propagate with the finite speed of light. If
the extension of an elementary particle is
taken from its magnetic moment, this model
provides very precisely the mass, the
momentum, and a lot of other parameters and
properties of a particle. <br>
<br>
If you intend to explain the mass of an
electron by the mass of a photon, you should
have an appropriate explanation of the mass
and other parameters of a photon. Otherwise
I do not see any real progress in the
considerations of your paper. <br>
<br>
Albrecht<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Am 30.05.2016 um 07:40
schrieb Richard Gauthier:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hello Vladimir,<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> Thanks. That could
be an explanation. But I’m hoping I can
find a simpler explanation, if possible.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> Richard<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">On May 29, 2016,
at 7:29 PM, Vladimir Tamari <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:vladimirtamari@hotmail.com"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:vladimirtamari@hotmail.com">vladimirtamari@hotmail.com</a></a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><br>
Richard, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">without
going into the details of your
model, you mentioned:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#AC193D;background:white">"It
may be that vector momentum is
just not conserved within
fundamental particles even
though it is conserved between
two or more particles in their
mutual interactions"</span><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;background:white"><br>
<br>
</span><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#444444;background:white">In
cellular-automata schemes,
such as my<span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://vladimirtamari.com/beautiful_univ_rev_oct_2011.pdf">Beautiful
Universe</a>, a particle is
made up of a pattern of
spinning nodes in a matrix.
The same type of spinning
nodes also form the<span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#444444">surrounding
magnetic, gravitational or
electrostatic field etc. Any
changes in the angular
momentum or the axis of spin
of the constituent nodes of a
particle (or photon wave) is
transmitted as a domino effect
adjusting the angular momentum
of surrounding nodes both
internally and externally. The
domino effect is diffused unto
infinity in inverse-square
fashion. Nothing is hidden or
lost or subject to
uncertainty, and energy is
always conserved. </span><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#444444">In
your case by taking the photon
and electron in isolation
conservation issues seem to be
arising? </span><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Hope
this helps.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#444444">Best
wishes</span><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#444444">Vladimir</span><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center"
align="center"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<hr id="stopSpelling"
align="center" size="2"
width="100%"></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From: <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a></a><br>
Date: Sat, 28 May 2016
17:31:33 -0700<br>
To: <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a></a><br>
CC: <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:jsarfatti@aol.com"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:jsarfatti@aol.com">jsarfatti@aol.com</a></a><br>
Subject: Re: [General]
inertia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Hello
all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> I’ve
been thinking about the
unexplained 0.424 Newtons
force acting on a
circulating double-looped
charged photon to keep it
in its trajectory. Any
double-looping-photon
electron model should have
this force acting on the
circling photon, such John
and Martin’s model and
Chip’s model. The force
doesn’t have an obvious
source. It continuously
changes the direction of
the circling momentum
without changing the
resting energy of the
photon. It may be that
vector momentum is just
not conserved within
fundamental particles even
though it is conserved
between two or more
particles in their mutual
interactions. I believe
that the Dirac equation
solution for a free
electron hints at this
internal non-conservation
of momentum also during
zitterbewegung motion of
the free electron whose
average velocity is v but
whose eigenvalue for speed
is c. The
position-momentum
relations for the
double-looped photon model
of the electron, as I
recall, are below or just
at the the exact
uncertainty expression of
the Heisenberg uncertainty
principle: delta x times
delta p > 1/2 hbar ,
for position and momentum
of an object in a
particular coordinate
direction. So it might not
be possible to
experimentally determine
if linear momentum is
conserved or not within a
particle. The indirect
evidence that there is
such circulating momentum
in a particle is the
inertial mass m=Eo/c^2 of
the particle as it is
derived from the photon’s
circulating momentum
p=Eo/c . If there is
circling momentum for a
single particle, then
momentum conservation
within the particle IS
being violated. An
analogy: just as an
electron has spin but it
not experimentally known
what inside it is
“spinning", an electron
has inertial mass but it
is not known what inside
the particle is “massing”.
But but the spin and the
inertial mass are known
experimentally. A
double-looping photon
model explains both what
is “spinning" and what is
“massing" in an electron.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
Richard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">On May 27, 2016, at
11:50 AM, Richard
Gauthier <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a></a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Hello all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Jack Sarfatti, a
well-known
physicist, wrote
back to me about
my article saying
that no one cares
about this work,
that it is just
re-inventing the
wheel and that it
is not a good
problem to work
on. Comments?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Richard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">On May 26, 2016, at
8:25 PM,
Richard
Gauthier <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a></a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Dear John W, Martin,
Chandra,
Alexander,
Chip, Andrew,
Vivian,
Albrecht, John
M, David and
all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><A New Derivation
of E=mc^2
explains a
particle's
inertia.pdf>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Here’s my latest
input to the
inertia/particles
discussion: my
proposed new
derivation of
Eo=mc^2 and
the inertial
mass of a
particle from
the momentum
of a circling
photon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Richard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">On May 17, 2016, at
6:47 PM,
Richard
Gauthier <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a></a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">David <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> These newly
discovered
photons seem
very similar
to
helically-moving
spin-1/2
charged
photons,
except for
their lack of
electric
charge.
Perhaps these
new spin-1/2
photons become
spin-1/2
charged
photons when
they curl up
in pairs of
photons with
opposite
charge, as in
e-p pair
production : "</span><span
style="font-family:"Roboto",serif;color:#333333;background:white">Researchers
made their
discovery
after passing
light through
special
crystals to
create a light
beam with a
hollow,
screw-like
structure.
Using quantum
mechanics, the
physicists
theorized that
the beam's
twisting
photons were
being slowed
to a
half-integer
of Planck's
constant.</span><span
style="font-family:"Roboto",serif;color:#333333">”</span><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Roboto",serif;color:#333333"> Richard</span><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Roboto",serif;color:#333333"><br>
<br>
</span><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">On May 17, 2016, at
1:56 PM, <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a></a>>
<<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a></a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">Richard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">If pbotons weren't
confusing
enough...just
as Williams
proposed a
quantum number
for energy,
these
researchers
are proposing
a quantum
number for
angular
momentum.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6237">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">The article<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6239">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2016/05/17/Scientists-discover-new-form-of-light/9061463490086/"
target="_blank">Scientists discover new form of light</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6242">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Roboto",serif">"The newly discovered form
of light,
however,
features
photons with
an angular
momentum of
just half the
value of
Planck's
constant. The
difference
sounds small,
but
researchers
say the
significance
of the
discovery is
great.'</span><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">The paper<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5825">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501748.full"
target="_blank">There
are many ways
to spin a
photon:
Half-quantization
of a total
optical
angular
momentum |
Science
Advances</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5946">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5807">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">Best<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5807">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5807">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">David<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5807">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5860">
<blockquote
style="border:none;border-left:solid
windowtext
1.5pt;padding:0in
0in 0in
4.0pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5858">
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5857">
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5862">
<div
class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center" align="center"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">
<hr
align="center"
size="1"
width="100%"></span></div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span
class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span></span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Richard
Gauthier <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a></a>><br>
<b>To:</b><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles -
General
Discussion
<<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a></a>><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
<b>Cc:</b><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Alexander Burinskii <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru">bur@ibrae.ac.ru</a></a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Saturday, May 14, 2016 12:30 AM<br>
<b
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6278">Subject:</b><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] inertia</span><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5856">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div
id="ecxyiv2438876326">
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5855">
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5861">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">Hello Chandra and all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5854">
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""> This is very good
news. I’ve
been reading
several of
Alexander
Burinskii’s
recent (2015
and 2016)
published
papers on his
Kerr-Newman
bag model of
the electron
(2 pdf’s
attached). His
approach
integrates
black-hole
gravitational
theory, Higgs
theory and
electromagnetism
to produce a
internally-light-speed
model of the
electron with
radius
hbar/2mc like
John W and
Martin’s,
Chip’s,
Vivian’s and
my
double-looping-photon
electron
models.
Alexander's
electron model
is
energetically
stable,
contains a
circulating
light-speed
singularity (a
photon?) in
addition to an
electromagnetic wave circling along its outer rim along a circular
gravitational
string, has
g=2 (Dirac
magnetic
moment of
magnitude 1
Bohr
magneton), is
a fermion and
carries the
electron’s
charge. I
think
Alexander’s
electron model
has much to
offer, coming
from a
different
perspective
than much of
our group’s
electron
modeling. I
request
Alexander to
give us a
summary of the
key features
(and perhaps a
brief history)
of his
electron
model,
emphasizing
the nature of
its stability
(an important
issue in
circling-photon
electron
models.) I
hope that this
will stimulate
a critical
discussion of
his approach
in comparison
with our
various
approaches to
electron
modeling,
which could
lead to better
light-speed-based electron models coming up to the next SPIE “What are
photons”
conference in
San Diego in
August 2017.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyiv2438876326yqtfd01392">
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""> Richard <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica
Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div
id="ecxyiv2438876326">
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">On May 12, 2016, at 6:12
PM,
Roychoudhuri,
Chandra <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:chandra.roychoudhuri@uconn.edu"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:chandra.roychoudhuri@uconn.edu">chandra.roychoudhuri@uconn.edu</a></a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">I will request Burinskii
to participate
in our next
conference. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">Chandra. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div
id="ecxyiv2438876326composer_signature">
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica
Neue";color:#575757">Sent
via the
Samsung Galaxy
S® 5 ACTIVE™,
an AT&T 4G
LTE smartphone<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica
Neue""><br>
<br>
--------
Original
message
--------<br>
From: Richard
Gauthier <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a></a>><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
Date:
5/12/2016 2:09
AM (GMT-05:00)<span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
To: Nature of
Light and
Particles -
General
Discussion
<<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a></a>><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
Cc: Alexander
Burinskii <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru">bur@ibrae.ac.ru</a></a>><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
Subject: Re:
[General]
inertia<span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">Dear John W, Martin,
Chandra,
Vivian,
Andrew, John
M, Chip,
Albrecht,
Hodge and
others,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""> I am in contact with
the Russian
physicist and
academician
Alexander
Burinskii
(arXiv page of
his articles
at<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+Alexander+Burinskii/0/1/0/all/0/1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+Alexander+Burinskii/0/1/0/all/0/1">http://arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+Alexander+Burinskii/0/1/0/all/0/1</a></a> ,
biography at<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.scirp.org/journal/DetailedInforOfEditorialBoard.aspx?personID=10183"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.scirp.org/journal/DetailedInforOfEditorialBoard.aspx?personID=10183">http://www.scirp.org/journal/DetailedInforOfEditorialBoard.aspx?personID=10183</a></a> ),
who has
written a very
interesting
article on
arXiv:
“Gravity vs.
quantum
theory: Is the
electron
really
pointlike?”
at <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.0225"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.0225">http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.0225</a></a> .
He draws on
the
interesting
resemblance of
Kerr-Newman
gravity
formulations
to the
properties of
the Dirac
electron as a
light-speed
particle that
can only be
measured at
sub-light
speeds. Here’s
part of the
abstract:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">"Contrary
to the
widespread
opinion that
gravity plays
essential role
only on the
Planck scales,
the
Kerr-Newman
gravity
displays a new
dimensional
parameter </span></span><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326mi"><span
style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"STIXGeneral-Italic",serif;border:none
windowtext
1.0pt;padding:0in">a</span></span><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326mo"><span
style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"STIXGeneral-Regular",serif;border:none
windowtext
1.0pt;padding:0in">=</span></span><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326mi"><span
style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Cambria
Math",serif;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">ℏ</span></span><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326mo"><span
style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"STIXGeneral-Regular",serif;border:none
windowtext
1.0pt;padding:0in">/(</span></span><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326mn"><span
style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"STIXGeneral-Regular",serif;border:none
windowtext
1.0pt;padding:0in">2</span></span><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326mi"><span
style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"STIXGeneral-Italic",serif;border:none
windowtext
1.0pt;padding:0in">m</span></span><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326mo"><span
style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"STIXGeneral-Regular",serif;border:none
windowtext
1.0pt;padding:0in">),</span></span><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif"> which
for parameters
of an electron
corresponds to
the Compton
wavelength and
turns out to
be very far
from the
Planck scale.
Extremely
large spin of
the electron
with respect
to its mass
produces the
Kerr geometry
without
horizon, which
displays very
essential
topological
changes at the
Compton
distance
resulting in a
two-fold
structure of
the electron
background.
The
corresponding
gravitational
and
electromagnetic
fields of the
electron are
concentrated
near the Kerr
ring, forming
a sort of a
closed string,
structure of
which is close
to the
described by
Sen heterotic
string. The
indicated by
Gravity
stringlike
structure of
the electron
contradicts to
the statements
of Quantum
theory that
electron is
pointlike and
structureless.
However, it
confirms the
peculiar role
of the Compton
zone of the
"dressed"
electron and
matches with
the known
limit of the
localization
of the Dirac
electron." </span></span><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif"><br>
<br>
</span><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica
Neue""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""> I think that there
some potential
for Alexander
Burinskii's
Kerr-Newman
gravity
approach to
the electron
and the
various
double-looping
photon models
of the
electron to
find some
common ground
which may
benefit both
approaches to
modeling the
electron. In
particular the
centripetal
force of 0.424
N causing a
photon of
energy 0.511
MeV to move in
a closed
double-looping
trajectory of
radius
Ro=hbar/2mc in
a resting
electron model
could be
related to the
gravitational
and
electromagnetic
fields and
gravity
stringlike
structure of
the
Kerr-Newman
electron
model. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""> Richard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">On May 9, 2016, at 4:37
AM, Albrecht
Giese <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de">genmail@a-giese.de</a></a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">Hello Richard,<br>
<br>
it is true
that we do not
know
everything in
physics
(otherwise
there would be
no reason for
further
research).
However, many
facts and
rules are
understood,
and I do not
see a good
reason to go
behind this
knowledge.<br>
<br>
From my
2-particle
model it
follows for
leptons and
for quarks
that there is
E = h*ny. The
frequency is
the
circulation,
the energy
follows from
the mass which
the model
yields, when
using E =
m*c^2. This
latter
relation also
follows from
this model. (I
have presented
all this in
San Diego; it
was also
discussed here
earlier as I
remember; and
it is on my
web site "The
Origin of
Mass". Of
course I can
explain it
here again if
there is a
demand.)<br>
<br>
As these
relations
obviously also
apply to the
photon, it
seems very
plausible that
the photon has
a similar
structure like
a lepton and a
quark. The
rules apply if
c is inserted
for the speed.
This also
leads to
p=h*ny/c.<br>
<br>
And which
further
details do we
know about the
photon? It
must have an
extension as
it has a spin
which is
physically not
possible
without an
extension. And
it must have
charges as it
reacts with an
electric field
which is
otherwise not
explainable.
There must be
at least two
charges, a
positive and a
negative one,
as the photon
as a whole is
neutral. The
spin is twice
the one of a
lepton or a
quark, this
may be an
indication
that the
photon is
built by 4
sub-particles
rather than 2
of the kind
which I have
described.<span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
<br>
So, if the
photon has
positive and
negative
charges, which
means that it
has
sub-particles
with positive
and negative
charges, it is
quite
plausible that
the photon can
decompose into
a positive and
a negative
elementary
particle, so
into a
positron and
an electron.<span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
<br>
(You may call
this
speculative.
But it has
some strongly
plausible
aspects which
I am missing
in the other
models
presented
here.)<br>
<br>
The curling-up
which you have
mentioned has
an orbital
component. To
move on an
orbit needs
some physical
conditions.
E.g. an
influence
which causes
the
acceleration
to its center.
This should be
physically
explained.<br>
<br>
The conflict
between the
necessary
Higgs field
and the vacuum
field in the
universe is
treated in the
article of
F.J. Tipler in<span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
<em><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica
Neue"">arXiv</span></em><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326st">:</span><em><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica
Neue"">astro</span></em><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326st">-</span><em><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica
Neue"">ph</span></em><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326st">/</span><em><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica
Neue"">0111520v1
.</span></em><span
class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326st">It
is well known
by particle
physicists I
have at
conferences
here</span><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326st">asked</span><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="ecxyiv2438876326st">several
times the
presenters of
the Higgs
model for this
discrepancy.
They have
always
admitted that
this conflict
exists, but
some have
tried to blame
the
astronomers
for it. No one
ever has
presented a
solution for
the conflict.</span><br>
<br>
<span
class="ecxyiv2438876326st">Albrecht</span><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Am 07.05.2016
um 23:32
schrieb
Richard
Gauthier:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">Hello Albrecht,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""> Thank your for your
further
comments and
questions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""> Your are asking me
why photons
have momentum
p=hv/c .
That’s like
asking why
photons have
energy E=hv .
In physics
nobody knows
“why” anything
happens.
“Why?”
questions
always lead
back to a big
unknown.
Physicists
observe nature
qualitatively
and
quantitatively
and search for
cause-effect
relations,
equations,
theoretical
models and
symmetry
relations that
work ("save
the
appearances"),
and lead to
further and
better (more
accurate)
physical
predictions
that often
lead to
practical
applications
and hopefully
deeper
“understanding”
of physical
phenomena.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""> You ask why a
spin-1/2
photon curls
up. You could
just as well
ask why a
spin-1 photon
doesn’t curl
up, since it
has spin. (My
transluminal
energy quantum
model of a
spin-1 photon
at<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron">https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron</a></a><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span> is a helical model that is
consistent
with both a
photon's
spin-1 hbar
and its
forward linear
momentum
p=h/lambda). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""> Your own comments
on the
possible
nature and
make-up of
photons are
extremely
speculative to
say the least.
You have no
photon model
at all. There
is zero
experimental
evidence that
a photon is
composite. You
should at
least try to
show how a
sufficiently
energetic
photon leads
to your
electron model
in
electron-positron
pair
production.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""> You claim that
astronomers
deny the
existence of a
Higgs field
strong enough
to explain
noticeable
forces in
elementary
particles.
That is a
blanket
statement that
needs
supporting
evidence.
Please support
your claim
here with
sources. It’s
like claiming
that
“scientists
say”. Thanks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""> Richard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue"">On May 7, 2016, at 10:23
AM, Albrecht
Giese <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de">genmail@a-giese.de</a></a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Hello
Richard,<br>
<br>
thank you for
your mail. I
still have
questions to
your
explanations:<br>
<br>
To para 1):<br>
According to
you
explanations
the circular
motion is
mainly
achieved by
the fact that
the particles
are "curling
up". Which
physical law
do you have in
mind that
causes them to
curl up? What
are the
quantitative
consequences?
- You say that
there is a
"configurational"
force which
controls the
internal
motion of an
electron and a
positron. You
assume that
this may come
from the Higgs
field. I think
that this is
highly
speculative as
astronomers
deny the
existence of a
Higgs field
which is
strong enough
to be an
explanation
for noticeable
forces in
elementary
particles.<br>
<br>
To para 2):<br>
The momentum
of a photon is
h</span><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol">*n</span></span><span
class="ecxyiv2438876326apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif"> </span></span><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">y/c,
true. But what
is the
physical
mechanism
causing this
momentum?
Still not
answered.<span
class="ecxyiv2438876326apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
I believe that
my mass
mechanism is
applicable to
the photon.
The photon has
an extension,
so it has
inertia by the
standard
mechanism for
extended
objects. And
in addition I
think that the
photon may be
composed by
the same
sub-particles
("basic
particles")
like leptons
and quarks.
The question
still open for
me is, why the
photon moves
steadily with
c. An
explanation
may be that it
moves always
into a certain
direction with
respect to its
internal set
up. On the
other hand,
the fact that
the rest mass
of the photon
is zero is
nothing more
than a
mathematical
result. Was
never
measured.<span
class="ecxyiv2438876326apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
<br>
Albrecht<span
class="ecxyiv2438876326apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Am Sat, 30 Apr
2016 um
17:22:00
schrieb
Richard
Gauthier:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;background-color:rgb(255,
255,
255);word-spacing:0px">
<div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Hello
Albrecht,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif"> <span
class="ecxyiv2438876326apple-converted-space"> </span>Thank you for your
two thoughtful
questions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">To
try to answer
them:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">1)
I think it is
an incorrect
assumption
that only a
second
electric
charge or a
corresponding
permanent
field can
cause a
spin-1/2
charged photon
to move in a
circular or
helical
configuration.
Have you
considered
other possible
explanations?
One I have
considered, in
the context of
e-p
production, is
that two
uncharged
spin-1/2
photons of are
formed in the
process of
electron-positron
pair
production
from a spin-1
photon of
sufficient
energy
(greater than
1.022 MeV). At
first the two
uncharged
spin-1/2
photons both
move forward
together in a
kind of
unstable
equilibrium.
One has a
negative
charge
potentiality
and the other
has a positive
charge
potentiality,
yet both are
still neutral.
These two
uncharged
spin-1/2
photons can
either then
unite with
each other to
form a spin-1
photon, or
they can
separate in
the presence
of a nearby
charged
nucleus and
each curl up,
gaining
negative and
positive
charge
respectively,
as well as
rest mass
Eo/c^2, and
slowing down
(as they
become an
electron and
positron) to
less than
light-speed as
they curl up.
(Internally
these spin-1/2
charged
photons
maintain
light-speed c
in their
forward
direction, but
their
curled-up
configurations
as a electron
and a positron
have v < c
.) Once they
are both fully
curled up to
form a fully
charged
electron and
positron, they
continue to
move apart.
Now they each
have a stable
internal
equilibrium
(because of
conservation
of electric
charge) and
they cannot
individually
unroll (except
perhaps
virtually) to
become an
uncharged
spin-1/2
photon, and so
they remain a
stable
electron and a
stable
positron.
Their own
charged
curled-up
stable
equilibrium
maintains them
in their
curled-up
configurations,
supplying the
necessary
configurational
force that
maintains
their
circulating
motion to form
an electron or
a positron.
This
configurational
force that
maintains each
of them curled
up would be a
non-electrical
force. Perhaps
this
configurational
force that
maintains the
electron and
the positron
curled up with
rest mass and
moving at less
than
light-speed c,
comes from the
Higgs field.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif"> <span
class="ecxyiv2438876326apple-converted-space"> </span>When an electron
and positron
meet, they may
first form a
positronium
atom. Then
they both
uncurl and
unite to form
an unstable
neutral
particle which
decays
immediately
into two or
three spin-1
photons, in
the process of
electron-positron annihilation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">2)
Why does the
spin-1/2
charged photon
have momentum?
you ask. It
is because it
is a photon
with momentum
hv/c . My
model of the
spin-1/2
charged photon
is similar to
my internally
transluminal
model of an
uncharged
photon, except
that the
spin-1/2
charged photon
makes two
helical loops
instead of one
per photon
wavelength,
and the
spin-1/2
charged photon
model's
helical radius
is 1/2 that of
the helical
radius of a
spin-1 photon
model , being
R=lambda/4pi
instead of
lambda/2 pi.
The uncurled
transluminal
spin-1/2
uncharged
photon model
curls up
nicely into a
curled-up
double-looping
spin-1/2
charged photon
model of an
electron. You
can read about
my
superluminal
uncharged
photon model
at <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron">https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron</a></a> or
I can e-mail
you a copy. I
have only
talked about
my current
model of the
superluminal
spin-1/2
charged photon
on the “Nature
of Light and
Particles”
e-list during
the past year.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
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<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">I
hope these
possible
explanations
of the
spin-1/2
charged-photon
model are
helpful. I
don’t think
that you have
a photon model
yet that is
consistent
with your
two-particle
electron
model, in
terms of e-p
production and
e-p
annihilation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">The
figure below,
which I
included in
this e-list
some months
ago, shows a
curled-up spin
1/2 charged
photon forming
a resting
electron (top
graphic) and
at different
increasing
relativistic
speeds (lower
graphics). The
green line is
the
double-looping
helical
trajectory of
the
circulating
charged photon
forming the
electron,
while the red
line is the
trajectory of
the
superluminal
energy quantum
of the
spin-1/2
photon model.
The
superluminal
energy quantum
in the resting
electron moves
on the surface
of a
mathematical
horn torus. As
the speed v of
the electron
model
increases, the
radius of the
green helical
trajectory
decreases as
1/gamma^2 ,
while the
radius of the
red trajectory
of the
superluminal
quantum
decreases as
1/gamma. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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