<html><head></head><body><div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:times new roman, new york, times, serif;font-size:16px"><div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_3414"><span id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_4031">Wolf,</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_3414" dir="ltr"><span id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_4032">The field transmits frequency information/energy in the case of light.  That is the easy part.   For the matter-wave, there are rich enough ways to encode an element's identity.  That is the hard part.  But with what I call <i id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_12101">the ratio trick</i>, and a <i id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_12100">threshold interpretation of our fundamental constants</i>, matter-waves are workable.  It seems I need to express what a photon is.  Please, IMHO a photon is a model, not a thing.  There is energy transmitted of <i>hf</i>, but the photon model excludes the loading theory of continuous absorption.   QM wave-particle duality immediately implies wave-function collapse. entanglement, and all these acts-of-desperation's-worth of imaginative models for QM.  That is how QM works.  Interestingly, if you look at Einstein's 1905<i> Heuristic paper,</i> he considered continuous absorption.    My tests show continuous absorption.  If one wants to make things more difficult, one can lobby for changing the definition of the photon to a puff of light or something.  That would be far too confusing.   But a particle that can be many places at once is just double-speak to be transcended.   A wave can very easily carry detailed properties.  What I think is wrong with Bell's theory is that they are<i id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_11183"> sending</i> quantized, but not realizing things <i id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_11278">absorb</i> continuous, with its pre-loaded state.   You see it right away in Bell's early equations.  Those equations bother me so deeply, I am not able to explain them.  I do not need to.  QM gets the same result as Malus' law,  Bell gets a linearity whereas Malus is a cos^2 relation.  I can see it in my Bell-polarizer-simulator, a thing I built, also.  We expect Malus with the loading theory.  I expect all sorts of waves-guiding-particles arguments here.  I know about it.  That is the distinction my experiments draw.</span></div><div class="qtdSeparateBR" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_4033">Eric<br><br></div><div class="yahoo_quoted" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_5327" style="display: block;"> <blockquote style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(16, 16, 255); margin-left: 5px; margin-top: 5px; padding-left: 5px;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_5326"> <div style="font-family: times new roman, new york, times, serif; font-size: 16px;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_5325"> <div style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_5324"> <div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_9227"> <font size="2" face="Arial" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_9226"> <hr size="1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_9225"> <b><span style="font-weight:bold;">From:</span></b> Wolfgang Baer <wolf@nascentinc.com><br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">To:</span></b> general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org <br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sent:</span></b> Wednesday, June 8, 2016 3:02 PM<br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Subject:</span></b> Re: [General] inertia<br> </font> </div> <div class="y_msg_container" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_5323"><br><div id="yiv7290211889">
  
    
  
  <div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_5322">
    <div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_9228">Albrecht and Richard:</div>
    <div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_5321">This is an interesting discussion and certainly the nature of
      inertia an interesting topic <br>
    </div>
    <div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_9229">But if  ' "Field" is a human abstraction to describe the effect
      of a charge onto another charge.' <br>
    </div>
    <div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_9230">Then the charges are located at the absorber and emitter , the
      photon is a structure of disturbance that propagates from one
      charge to the other.</div>
    <div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_9235">How do you possibly get to the "if a photon has a field" ?</div>
    <div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_5329">If I eat a lot of garlic and walk into a closed room containing
      you. Then when I say "hello" I am emitting a field of garlic
      smelling particles and lucky you would pick up the smell by
      absorbing those particles. You would then say that the garlic
      smell is contained in the particles which make up the field of
      particles. Which is Albrecht's view of photons - they are carriers
      of hidden properties.<br>
    </div>
    <div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_15864">However the sound I make when saying "hello" is a pressure
      disturbance producing a pressure field in the media NOT a particle
      field. THere is no garlic property attached to the pressure wave
      picked up by my ear. <br>
    </div>
    <div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_15850">So you are arguing over the fundamental nature of a photon. Is it
      a particle that can carry hidden properties from one place to
      another. Have not Bell's theorem experiments discounted this
      possibility?</div>
    <div><br>
    </div>
    <div>best</div>
    <div>wolf<br>
    </div>
    <div><br>
    </div>
    <pre class="yiv7290211889moz-signature" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_19810">Dr. Wolfgang Baer
Research Director
Nascent Systems Inc.
tel/fax 831-659-3120/0432
E-mail <a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:wolf@NascentInc.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:wolf@NascentInc.com">wolf@NascentInc.com</a></pre>
    <div class="yiv7290211889moz-cite-prefix">On 6/8/2016 1:34 PM, Albrecht Giese
      wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_19814">
      
      <div>Hello Richard,</div>
      <div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_19816">thank you for your response. - My comments again in the text
        below.<br>
      </div>
      Am 04.06.2016 um 20:20 schrieb Richard Gauthier:<br>
      <blockquote type="cite" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_19824">
        
        Hello Albrecht,
        <div class="yiv7290211889" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_19823"><br class="yiv7290211889">
          <div class="yiv7290211889" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1465427444393_19822">   I understand your deductive logic for
            thinking that photons are composite, but I think your
            beginning premise "electric charges can only interact with
            other electric charges” is faulty. And although your second
            premise “electrons can interact with photons” is correct,
            your conclusion "a photon must contain electric charges” is
            therefore, like your first premise, also faulty. Electric
            charges can interact with electric fields which are not
            electric charges.</div>
        </div>
      </blockquote>
      What is a field? "Field" is a human abstraction to describe the
      effect of a charge onto another charge. If we notice that at a
      specific position in the space is a force acting on a charge, we
      call this phenomenon a "field". What else is a field? It is the
      effect of a charge at a certain distance, nothing else. - So, the
      natural consequence is that if a photon has a field, which means
      that it has an interaction with a charge, it must contain a
      charge. Or, what else can the notion of a "field" mean?<br>
      <blockquote type="cite">
        <div class="yiv7290211889">
          <div class="yiv7290211889"> For example, an electron is accelerated to
            radiate a photon. The electron then annihilates with a
            positron to produce two photons. So there are no more
            electric charges, and only photons remain.</div>
        </div>
      </blockquote>
      I think that this is a quite easy situation. If an electron
      "annihilates" with a positron then both charges unify to build the
      photon. - The situation with an accelerated electron is a bit
      different. If there is enough energy, then obviously a pair of a
      positive and a negative charge can be built. This generation of
      pairs of charges also takes place at particle collisions in an
      accelerator or a storage ring (like the LHC). At each collision a
      lot of new particles is generated, most of which are charged, so a
      lot of new pairs of charge is generated.<br>
      <blockquote type="cite">
        <div class="yiv7290211889">
          <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
          </div>
          <div class="yiv7290211889">   Your second explanation also is faulty. No
            one knows the composition of a photon. A photon may consist
            of a single particle with a helical spatio-temporal
            movement. For example, my model of a spin-1 photon is that a
            photon is composed of a single transluminal energy quantum
            (TEQ) moving helically at speed c sqrt(2) but having a
            longitudinal speed of c. It has energy E=hf. It has the
            photon’s momentum p=h/lambda and it has spin 1 hbar.</div>
        </div>
      </blockquote>
      TEQ? What is energy? In my understanding (which is generally
      critical about QM) energy is a property of an object, like speed
      or momentum or spin are properties of an object. You cannot have a
      piece of velocity somewhere, similarly you cannot have a piece of
      energy, without having an object which carries this. - I know that
      in QM energy is something by itself, but just this is a core point
      of the weirdness of QM in my understanding. And, what is an
      object? In my understanding candidates for objects are charges,
      like the electrical charge or the charge of the strong force. A
      configuration of such charges can build a higher order object. Do
      we really need more?<br>
      <blockquote type="cite">
        <div class="yiv7290211889">
          <div class="yiv7290211889"> Its forward helical angle is 45 degrees for all
            different energies of photons. Now I think that this TEQ
            generates speed-of-light quantum Huygens wavelets which
            predict where it will be found in the future, and which
            allow the photon to display reflection, refraction,
            diffraction, and interference and to go through double slits
            as a quantum wave pattern, and yet be detected as a single
            localized particle on the other side.</div>
        </div>
      </blockquote>
      What is a wavelet? Not so familiar for me. But phenomena like
      reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference can be
      explained by the superposition of oscillating fields which are the
      extended influences of moving charges. A particle model like the
      one which I have proposed with mass-less constituents can
      perfectly explain these phenomena like reflection, diffraction and
      interference and also the fact that behind a double slit there is
      still a particle present. This particle existed the entire time,
      so as it was assumed by de Broglie when he introduced the pilot
      wave. I think that it is really not necessary to assume all the
      further properties of nature (like a Huygens wavelet), the
      situation seems to be much easier. And why should we make it more
      complicated than necessary?<br>
      <blockquote type="cite">
        <div class="yiv7290211889">
          <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
          </div>
          <div class="yiv7290211889">     Richard</div>
        </div>
      </blockquote>
      Albrecht<br>
      <blockquote type="cite">
        <div class="yiv7290211889">
          <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
            <div>
              <blockquote type="cite" class="yiv7290211889">
                <div class="yiv7290211889">On Jun 4, 2016, at 7:41 AM, Albrecht Giese
                  <<a rel="nofollow" ymailto="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de" target="_blank" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de" class="yiv7290211889">genmail@a-giese.de</a>>
                  wrote:</div>
                <br class="yiv7290211889Apple-interchange-newline">
                <div class="yiv7290211889">

                  
                  <div class="yiv7290211889">
                    <div class="yiv7290211889">Hello Richard,</div>
                    <div class="yiv7290211889">the experimental evidence that a photon
                      must be a composite object happens e.g. in every
                      radio exchange. The photon interacts with electric
                      charges, this is only possible if one assumes that
                      the photon has electric charge. Now, as it is
                      electrically neutral as a whole, there must be a
                      balance of positive and negative electric
                      charge(s). Those have to have some separation as
                      otherwise they could not react with an outside
                      charge. This is one of the indications that a
                      photon has to be composite.</div>
                    <div class="yiv7290211889">The other way to understand the photon
                      is the way of quantum mechanics. In the view of QM
                      the photon is merely a quantum of energy. Any
                      further understanding of it is - by the view of QM
                      - not possible. To treat a photon physically and
                      quantitatively requires the use of the QM
                      formalism, however, (as usual at QM) without a
                      direct understanding. - This is the position of QM
                      which is formally allows for a point-like photon.
                      But I think that no one in our group is willing to
                      follow QM in this respect. All efforts undertaken
                      here come from the desire to have a physical
                      understanding. And this includes necessarily (in
                      my view) that the photon is composite.</div>
                    <div class="yiv7290211889">Albrecht<br class="yiv7290211889">
                      <br class="yiv7290211889">
                      <br class="yiv7290211889">
                    </div>
                    <div class="yiv7290211889moz-cite-prefix">Am 03.06.2016 um 00:53
                      schrieb Richard Gauthier:<br class="yiv7290211889">
                    </div>
                    <blockquote type="cite" class="yiv7290211889">

                      
                      <div class="yiv7290211889">Hello Albrecht,</div>
                      <div class="yiv7290211889">   My electron model is built of a
                        single circulating spin-1/2 charged photon. It
                        is not built “by photons”. I know of no
                        experimental evidence that a photon is a
                        composite particle as you claim. Please cite any
                        accepted experimental evidence that a photon is
                        a composite particle. Thanks.</div>
                      <div class="yiv7290211889">       Richard</div>
                      <br class="yiv7290211889">
                      <div class="yiv7290211889">
                        <blockquote type="cite" class="yiv7290211889">
                          <div class="yiv7290211889">On Jun 2, 2016, at 1:37 PM,
                            Albrecht Giese <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de" target="_blank" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de">genmail@a-giese.de</a>>
                            wrote:</div>
                          <br class="yiv7290211889Apple-interchange-newline">
                          <div class="yiv7290211889">

                            
                            <div class="yiv7290211889">
                              <div class="yiv7290211889">Hello Richard,</div>
                              <div class="yiv7290211889">Zero evidence for a composite
                                particle? I think that the evidence for
                                a composite particle model is very
                                obvious:</div>
                              <div class="yiv7290211889">-  The model explains the mass
                                and the momentum of a particle with NO
                                new parameters, from the scratch<br class="yiv7290211889">
                                -  The model explains the magnetic
                                moment of a particle classically with no
                                new parameters<br class="yiv7290211889">
                                -  The model explains the constancy of
                                the spin classically<br class="yiv7290211889">
                                -  The model explains the equation E =
                                h*f classically (was never deduced
                                before)<br class="yiv7290211889">
                                -  The model explains the relativistic
                                increase of mass and the mass-energy
                                relation E=m*c^2 independent of
                                Einstein's space-time ideas.</div>
                              <div class="yiv7290211889">And what is the evidence that
                                the electron is NOT a composite
                                particle? Your electron model is built
                                by photons, where the photon is also a
                                composite particle. So, what?<br class="yiv7290211889">
                              </div>
                              <div class="yiv7290211889">I do not know any other
                                particle models with this ability. Do
                                you? Such properties are taken as a good
                                evidence in physics. Or why do main
                                stream physics trust in the existence of
                                an up-quark and a down-quark? For both
                                there was no direct evidence in any
                                experiment. The reason to accept their
                                existence is the fact that this
                                assumption makes some other facts
                                understandable. - The model of a
                                composite particle is in no way weaker.</div>
                              <div class="yiv7290211889">Albrecht</div>
                              <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                              </div>
                              <div class="yiv7290211889moz-cite-prefix">Am 31.05.2016
                                um 20:19 schrieb Richard Gauthier:<br class="yiv7290211889">
                              </div>
                              <blockquote type="cite" class="yiv7290211889">


                                
                                <div class="yiv7290211889">Hello Albrecht and all,</div>
                                <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                </div>
                                <div class="yiv7290211889">  Since there is zero
                                  experimental evidence that the
                                  electron is a composite particle, I
                                  will no longer comment on Albrecht's
                                  electron model, which postulates as a
                                  principal feature that the electron is
                                  a composite particle, unless new
                                  experimental evidence is found that
                                  the electron is a composite particle
                                  after all.</div>
                                <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                </div>
                                <div class="yiv7290211889">  Galileo’s and Newton's
                                  “law of inertia" is clearly an
                                  expression of conservation of momentum
                                  of objects or “bodies” in the absence
                                  of an imposed external net force. It
                                  revolutionized mechanics because
                                  Aristotle had taught otherwise. </div>
                                <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                </div>
                                <div class="yiv7290211889">  If a resting electron is
                                  a circulating light-speed electrically
                                  charged photon with circulating
                                  momentum Eo/c, then an external force
                                  F on the electron equals the
                                  additional rate of change of momentum
                                  dp/dt of the circulating charged
                                  photon corresponding to that external
                                  force: F=dp/dt ,  beyond the constant
                                  rate of change of momentum of the
                                  circulating charged photon. The ratio
                                  of this applied force F (for example
                                  due to an applied electric field) to
                                  the circulating charged photon’s
                                  additional acceleration “a" is called
                                  the electron's inertial mass and is
                                  defined by F=ma or m=F/a . There is no
                                  separate mass-stuff or inertia-stuff
                                  to be accelerated in a particle. There
                                  is only the circulating momentum Eo/c
                                  of the circling speed-of-light
                                  particle with rest energy Eo , that is
                                  being additionally accelerated by the
                                  applied force F.  Since the value m =
                                  Eo/c^2 of a resting particle (derived
                                  from the rate of change of the
                                  circulating momentum Eo/c as compared
                                  to its centripetal acceleration) is
                                  the same value in different reference
                                  frames, it is called the particle’s
                                  invariant mass m, but this invariant
                                  mass m is still derived from the
                                  resting particle’s internally
                                  circulating momentum Eo/c .  If the
                                  electron is moving relativistically at
                                  v < c, it has an additional linear
                                  momentum p=gamma mv, which when added
                                  vectorially to the transverse
                                  circulating momentum Eo/c gives by the
                                  Pythagorean theorem a total
                                  circulating vector momentum P=gamma
                                  Eo/c = gamma mc=E/c  where E is the
                                  electron’s total energy E=gamma mc^2.
                                   This is the origin of the electron’s
                                  relativistic energy-momentum equation
                                  E^2 = p^2 c^2 + m^2 c^4  which is just
                                  another way to write the Pythagorean
                                  momentum vector relationship above:
                                   P^2 = p^2 + (Eo/c)^2 .</div>
                                <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                </div>
                                <div class="yiv7290211889">  In my understanding, the
                                  Higgs field gives a non-zero invariant
                                  mass (without being able to predict
                                  the magnitude of that mass)  to
                                  certain particles according to the
                                  relativistic energy-momentum equation,
                                   so that any particle moving at v <
                                   c in a Higgs field has invariant mass
                                  m > 0. But the inertia of that
                                  invariant mass m is not explained by
                                  the action of the Higgs field, in my
                                  understanding.</div>
                                <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                </div>
                                <div class="yiv7290211889">  To try to theoretically
                                  explain why a photon has momentum p =
                                  hf/c and energy E=hf is a separate
                                  topic beyond trying to explain why a
                                  particle has inertial mass, or
                                  resistance to acceleration by an
                                  applied force.</div>
                                <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                </div>
                                <div class="yiv7290211889">     Richard</div>
                                <div class="yiv7290211889">  </div>
                                <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                  <blockquote type="cite" class="yiv7290211889">
                                    <div class="yiv7290211889">On May 30, 2016, at
                                      1:04 PM, Albrecht Giese <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de" target="_blank" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de" target="_blank" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de">genmail@a-giese.de</a>>
                                      wrote:</div>
                                    <br class="yiv7290211889Apple-interchange-newline">
                                    <div class="yiv7290211889">


                                      
                                      <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                        <div class="yiv7290211889">Hello Richard,</div>
                                        <div class="yiv7290211889">your new paper has
                                          again a lot of nice
                                          mathematics. However, it again
                                          does not answer the question
                                          of inertia. As earlier, you
                                          relate the inertial mass of an
                                          electron to the mass of the
                                          circling photon which builds
                                          in your understanding the
                                          electron. Then the mass and
                                          the momentum of the electron
                                          is calculated from the mass
                                          and momentum of the photon. <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                          <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                          Such calculation is of course
                                          possible if one follows this
                                          picture of an electron.
                                          However, it does not answer
                                          the question of what the cause
                                          of inertia and momentum of the
                                          photon is. You take this as an
                                          'a priory' fact. But this is
                                          not our present state of
                                          understanding. Physics are
                                          able to go deeper. <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                          <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                          You write in your paper: "The
                                          fact is that the inertial
                                          property of the mass of
                                          elementary particles is not
                                          understood". How can you write
                                          this? Main stream physics have
                                          the Higgs model which is
                                          assumed to describe the mass
                                          of elementary particles. And I
                                          have presented a model which
                                          uses the fact that any
                                          extended object inevitably has
                                          inertia. The reason is, as you
                                          know, that the fields of the
                                          constituents of an extended
                                          object propagate with the
                                          finite speed of light. If the
                                          extension of an elementary
                                          particle is taken from its
                                          magnetic moment, this model
                                          provides very precisely the
                                          mass, the momentum, and a lot
                                          of other parameters and
                                          properties of a particle. <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                          <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                          If you intend to explain the
                                          mass of an electron by the
                                          mass of a photon, you should
                                          have an appropriate
                                          explanation of the mass and
                                          other parameters of a photon.
                                          Otherwise I do not see any
                                          real progress in the
                                          considerations of your paper.
                                          <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                          <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                          Albrecht</div>
                                        <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                        </div>
                                        <div class="yiv7290211889moz-cite-prefix">Am
                                          30.05.2016 um 07:40 schrieb
                                          Richard Gauthier:<br class="yiv7290211889">
                                        </div>
                                        <blockquote type="cite" class="yiv7290211889">


                                          
                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">Hello Vladimir,</div>
                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">   Thanks. That
                                            could be an explanation. But
                                            I’m hoping I can find a
                                            simpler explanation, if
                                            possible.</div>
                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">       Richard</div>
                                          <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                            <blockquote type="cite" class="yiv7290211889">
                                              <div class="yiv7290211889">On May 29,
                                                2016, at 7:29 PM,
                                                Vladimir Tamari <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:vladimirtamari@hotmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:vladimirtamari@hotmail.com"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:vladimirtamari@hotmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:vladimirtamari@hotmail.com">vladimirtamari@hotmail.com</a>>
                                                wrote:</div>
                                              <br class="yiv7290211889Apple-interchange-newline">
                                              <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                <div dir="ltr" style="font-family:Calibri;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;" class="yiv7290211889">
                                                  <div class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" size="3"><br class="yiv7290211889Apple-interchange-newline">
                                                      Richard, </font></div>
                                                  <div class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" size="3"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                    </font></div>
                                                  <div class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" size="3">without
                                                      going into the
                                                      details of your
                                                      model, you
                                                      mentioned:</font></div>
                                                  <div class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" size="3"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                    </font></div>
                                                  <div class="yiv7290211889"><span style="line-height:21.3px;background-color:rgb(255, 255,                                                      255);" class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" color="#ac193d" size="3">"It may
                                                        be that vector
                                                        momentum is just
                                                        not conserved
                                                        within
                                                        fundamental
                                                        particles even
                                                        though it is
                                                        conserved
                                                        between two or
                                                        more particles
                                                        in their mutual
                                                        interactions"</font></span></div>
                                                  <div class="yiv7290211889"><span style="color:rgb(68, 68, 68);line-height:21.3px;background-color:rgb(255, 255,                                                      255);" class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" size="3"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                      </font></span></div>
                                                  <div class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" color="#444444" size="3"><span style="line-height:21.3px;background-color:rgb(255, 255,                                                        255);" class="yiv7290211889">In
cellular-automata schemes, such as my<span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://vladimirtamari.com/beautiful_univ_rev_oct_2011.pdf" class="yiv7290211889">Beautiful
                                                          Universe</a>,
                                                         a particle is
                                                        made up of a
                                                        pattern of
                                                        spinning nodes
                                                        in a matrix. The
                                                        same type of
                                                        spinning nodes
                                                        also form the<span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="line-height:21.3px;" class="yiv7290211889">surrounding
                                                        magnetic,
                                                        gravitational or
                                                        electrostatic
                                                        field etc.  Any
                                                        changes in the
                                                        angular momentum
                                                        or the axis of
                                                        spin of
                                                        the constituent nodes
                                                        of a particle
                                                        (or photon wave)
                                                        is transmitted
                                                        as a domino
                                                        effect adjusting
                                                        the angular
                                                        momentum of
                                                        surrounding
                                                        nodes both
                                                        internally and
                                                        externally. The
                                                        domino effect is
                                                        diffused unto
                                                        infinity in
                                                        inverse-square
                                                        fashion. Nothing
                                                        is hidden or
                                                        lost or subject
                                                        to uncertainty,
                                                        and energy is
                                                        always
                                                        conserved. </span></font></div>
                                                  <div class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" color="#444444" size="3"><span style="line-height:21.3px;" class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                      </span></font></div>
                                                  <div class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" color="#444444" size="3"><span style="line-height:21.3px;" class="yiv7290211889">In your
                                                        case by taking
                                                        the photon and
                                                        electron in
                                                        isolation
                                                        conservation
                                                        issues seem to
                                                        be arising? </span></font><span style="line-height:21.3px;color:rgb(68, 68, 68);font-size:12pt;" class="yiv7290211889">Hope this
                                                      helps.</span></div>
                                                  <div class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" color="#444444" size="3"><span style="line-height:21.3px;" class="yiv7290211889">Best
                                                        wishes</span></font></div>
                                                  <div class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" color="#444444" size="3"><span style="line-height:21.3px;" class="yiv7290211889">Vladimir</span></font></div>
                                                  <div class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" color="#444444"><span style="font-size:15px;line-height:21.3px;" class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                      </span></font></div>
                                                  <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                    <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                      <hr id="yiv7290211889stopSpelling" class="yiv7290211889">From: <a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                      Date: Sat, 28 May
                                                      2016 17:31:33
                                                      -0700<br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                      To: <a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                      CC: <a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:jsarfatti@aol.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:jsarfatti@aol.com"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:jsarfatti@aol.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:jsarfatti@aol.com">jsarfatti@aol.com</a><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                      Subject: Re:
                                                      [General] inertia<br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                      <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                      <div class="yiv7290211889">Hello
                                                        all,</div>
                                                      <div class="yiv7290211889">  I’ve
                                                        been thinking
                                                        about the
                                                        unexplained
                                                        0.424 Newtons
                                                        force acting on
                                                        a circulating
                                                        double-looped
                                                        charged photon
                                                        to keep it in
                                                        its trajectory.
                                                        Any
                                                        double-looping-photon
                                                        electron model
                                                        should have this
                                                        force acting on
                                                        the circling
                                                        photon, such
                                                        John and
                                                        Martin’s model
                                                        and Chip’s
                                                        model.  The
                                                        force doesn’t
                                                        have an obvious
                                                        source. It
                                                        continuously
                                                        changes the
                                                        direction of the
                                                        circling
                                                        momentum without
                                                        changing the
                                                        resting energy
                                                        of the photon.
                                                        It may be that
                                                        vector momentum
                                                        is just not
                                                        conserved within
                                                        fundamental
                                                        particles even
                                                        though it is
                                                        conserved
                                                        between two or
                                                        more particles
                                                        in their mutual
                                                        interactions. I
                                                        believe that the
                                                        Dirac equation
                                                        solution for a
                                                        free electron
                                                        hints at this
                                                        internal
                                                        non-conservation
                                                        of momentum
                                                         also during
                                                        zitterbewegung
                                                        motion of the
                                                        free electron
                                                        whose average
                                                        velocity is v
                                                        but whose
                                                        eigenvalue for
                                                        speed is c. The
position-momentum relations for the double-looped photon model of the
                                                        electron, as I
                                                        recall, are
                                                        below or just at
                                                        the  the exact
                                                        uncertainty
                                                        expression of
                                                        the Heisenberg
                                                        uncertainty
                                                        principle: delta
                                                        x  times delta p
                                                        > 1/2   hbar
                                                        , for position
                                                        and momentum of
                                                        an object in a
                                                        particular
                                                        coordinate
                                                        direction. So it
                                                        might not be
                                                        possible to
                                                        experimentally
                                                        determine if
                                                        linear momentum
                                                        is conserved or
                                                        not within a
                                                        particle. The
                                                        indirect
                                                        evidence that
                                                        there is such
                                                        circulating
                                                        momentum in a
                                                        particle is the
                                                        inertial mass
                                                        m=Eo/c^2 of the
                                                        particle as it
                                                        is derived from
                                                        the photon’s
                                                        circulating
                                                        momentum p=Eo/c
                                                        . If there is
                                                        circling
                                                        momentum for a
                                                        single particle,
                                                        then momentum
                                                        conservation
                                                        within the
                                                        particle IS
                                                        being violated.
                                                        An analogy: just
                                                        as an electron
                                                        has spin but it
                                                        not
                                                        experimentally
                                                        known what
                                                        inside it is
                                                        “spinning", an
                                                        electron has
                                                        inertial mass
                                                        but it is not
                                                        known what
                                                        inside the
                                                        particle is
                                                        “massing”. But
                                                        but the spin and
                                                        the inertial
                                                        mass are known
                                                        experimentally.
                                                        A double-looping
                                                        photon model
                                                        explains both
                                                        what is
                                                        “spinning" and
                                                        what is
                                                        “massing" in an
                                                        electron.</div>
                                                      <div class="yiv7290211889">   
                                                         Richard</div>
                                                      <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                      <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                        <blockquote class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">On
                                                          May 27, 2016,
                                                          at 11:50 AM,
                                                          Richard
                                                          Gauthier <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>>
                                                          wrote:</div>
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxApple-interchange-newline">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div style="word-wrap:break-word;" class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">Hello
                                                          all,</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">Jack
                                                          Sarfatti, a
                                                          well-known
                                                          physicist,
                                                          wrote back to
                                                          me about my
                                                          article saying
                                                          that no one
                                                          cares about
                                                          this work,
                                                          that it is
                                                          just
                                                          re-inventing
                                                          the wheel and
                                                          that it is not
                                                          a good problem
                                                          to work on.
                                                          Comments?</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889"> 
                                                             Richard</div>
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <blockquote class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">On
                                                          May 26, 2016,
                                                          at 8:25 PM,
                                                          Richard
                                                          Gauthier <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>>
                                                          wrote:</div>
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxApple-interchange-newline">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div style="word-wrap:break-word;" class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">Dear
                                                          John W,
                                                          Martin,
                                                          Chandra,
                                                          Alexander,
                                                          Chip, Andrew,
                                                          Vivian,
                                                          Albrecht, John
                                                          M, David and
                                                          all,</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <span class="yiv7290211889"><A
                                                          New Derivation
                                                          of E=mc^2
                                                          explains a
                                                          particle's
                                                          inertia.pdf></span>
                                                          <div style="word-wrap:break-word;" class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">Here’s
                                                          my latest
                                                          input to the
                                                          inertia/particles
                                                          discussion: my
                                                          proposed new
                                                          derivation of
                                                          Eo=mc^2 and
                                                          the inertial
                                                          mass of a
                                                          particle from
                                                          the momentum
                                                          of a circling
                                                          photon.</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889"> 
                                                             Richard</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889"> </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <blockquote class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">On
                                                          May 17, 2016,
                                                          at 6:47 PM,
                                                          Richard
                                                          Gauthier <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>>
                                                          wrote:</div>
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxApple-interchange-newline">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div style="word-wrap:break-word;" class="yiv7290211889">David
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889"> 
                                                          These newly
                                                          discovered
                                                          photons seem
                                                          very similar
                                                          to
                                                          helically-moving
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          charged
                                                          photons,
                                                          except for
                                                          their lack of
                                                          electric
                                                          charge.
                                                          Perhaps these
                                                          new spin-1/2
                                                          photons become
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          charged
                                                          photons when
                                                          they curl up
                                                          in pairs of
                                                          photons with
                                                          opposite
                                                          charge, as in
                                                          e-p pair
                                                          production : "<span style="color:rgb(51, 51,                                                          51);font-family:Roboto;font-size:16px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="yiv7290211889">Researchers made their
                                                          discovery
                                                          after passing
                                                          light through
                                                          special
                                                          crystals to
                                                          create a light
                                                          beam with a
                                                          hollow,
                                                          screw-like
                                                          structure.
                                                          Using quantum
                                                          mechanics, the
                                                          physicists
                                                          theorized that
                                                          the beam's
                                                          twisting
                                                          photons were
                                                          being slowed
                                                          to a
                                                          half-integer
                                                          of Planck's
                                                          constant.</span><font class="yiv7290211889" face="Roboto" color="#333333" size="3">”</font></div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" face="Roboto" color="#333333" size="3"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255,                                                          255);" class="yiv7290211889">     
                                                          Richard</span></font></div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889"><font class="yiv7290211889" face="Roboto" color="#333333" size="3"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255,                                                          255);" class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </span></font>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <blockquote class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">On
                                                          May 17, 2016,
                                                          at 1:56 PM,
                                                          <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a>>
                                                          <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a>>
                                                          wrote:</div>
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxApple-interchange-newline">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div style="background-color:rgb(255, 255,                                                          255);font-family:HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica                                                          Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida                                                          Grande', sans-serif;font-size:16px;" class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" class="yiv7290211889"><span id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6124" class="yiv7290211889">Richard</span></div>
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" class="yiv7290211889"><span class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </span></div>
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" class="yiv7290211889"><span id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6125" class="yiv7290211889">If pbotons weren't
                                                          confusing
                                                          enough...just
                                                          as Williams
                                                          proposed a
                                                          quantum number
                                                          for energy,
                                                          these
                                                          researchers
                                                          are proposing
                                                          a quantum
                                                          number for
                                                          angular
                                                          momentum.</span></div>
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" class="yiv7290211889"><span class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </span></div>
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6237" class="yiv7290211889"><span id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6238" class="yiv7290211889">The article</span></div>
                                                          <div dir="ltr" id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6239" class="yiv7290211889"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2016/05/17/Scientists-discover-new-form-of-light/9061463490086/" id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6240" class="yiv7290211889">Scientists
                                                          discover new
                                                          form of light</a><br id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6241" class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div dir="ltr" id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6242" class="yiv7290211889"><br id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6243" class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" dir="ltr" class="yiv7290211889"><span id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6193" style="color:rgb(51, 51,                                                          51);font-family:Roboto;" class="yiv7290211889">"The
                                                          newly
                                                          discovered
                                                          form of light,
                                                          however,
                                                          features
                                                          photons with
                                                          an angular
                                                          momentum of
                                                          just half the
                                                          value of
                                                          Planck's
                                                          constant. The
                                                          difference
                                                          sounds small,
                                                          but
                                                          researchers
                                                          say the
                                                          significance
                                                          of the
                                                          discovery is
                                                          great.'</span><span class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </span></div>
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" class="yiv7290211889"><span class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </span></div>
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5808" class="yiv7290211889">The
                                                          paper<br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5825" dir="ltr" class="yiv7290211889"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501748.full" id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5937" class="yiv7290211889ecxenhancr2_bf135610-f16d-2671-d86c-6194a194d730">There
                                                          are many ways
                                                          to spin a
                                                          photon:
                                                          Half-quantization
                                                          of a total
                                                          optical
                                                          angular
                                                          momentum |
                                                          Science
                                                          Advances</a><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5946" class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxqtdSeparateBR" id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5807">Best</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxqtdSeparateBR" id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5807"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxqtdSeparateBR" id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5807">David</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxqtdSeparateBR" id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5807"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyahoo_quoted" id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5860" style="display:block;">
                                                          <blockquote id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5859" style="border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:rgb(16, 16,                                                          255);padding-left:5px;" class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5858" style="font-family:HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida                                                          Grande', sans-serif;font-size:16px;" class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5857" style="font-family:HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida                                                          Grande', sans-serif;font-size:16px;" class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div dir="ltr" id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5862" class="yiv7290211889"><font id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5983" class="yiv7290211889" face="Arial" size="2">
                                                          <hr class="yiv7290211889" size="1"><b class="yiv7290211889"><span style="font-weight:bold;" class="yiv7290211889">From:</span></b><span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span>Richard
                                                          Gauthier <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <b class="yiv7290211889"><span style="font-weight:bold;" class="yiv7290211889">To:</span></b><span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature
                                                          of Light and
                                                          Particles -
                                                          General
                                                          Discussion
                                                          <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <b class="yiv7290211889"><span style="font-weight:bold;" class="yiv7290211889">Cc:</span></b><span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span>Alexander
                                                          Burinskii <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru" target="_blank" href="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru" target="_blank" href="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru">bur@ibrae.ac.ru</a>><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <b class="yiv7290211889"><span style="font-weight:bold;" class="yiv7290211889">Sent:</span></b><span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span>Saturday,
                                                          May 14, 2016
                                                          12:30 AM<br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <b id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6278" class="yiv7290211889"><span id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_6277" style="font-weight:bold;" class="yiv7290211889">Subject:</span></b><span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] inertia<br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          </font></div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxy_msg_container" id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5856"><br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5855" class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5861">Hello Chandra and all,</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" id="yiv7290211889ecxyui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1463518019710_5854">   This is very good news.
                                                          I’ve been
                                                          reading
                                                          several of
                                                          Alexander
                                                          Burinskii’s
                                                          recent (2015
                                                          and 2016)
                                                          published
                                                          papers on his
                                                          Kerr-Newman
                                                          bag model of
                                                          the electron
                                                          (2 pdf’s
                                                          attached). His
                                                          approach
                                                          integrates
                                                          black-hole
                                                          gravitational
                                                          theory, Higgs
                                                          theory and
                                                          electromagnetism
                                                          to produce a
                                                          internally-light-speed
                                                          model of the
                                                          electron with
                                                          radius
                                                          hbar/2mc like
                                                          John W and
                                                          Martin’s,
                                                          Chip’s,
                                                          Vivian’s and
                                                          my
                                                          double-looping-photon
                                                          electron
                                                          models.
                                                          Alexander's
                                                          electron model
                                                          is
                                                          energetically
                                                          stable,
                                                          contains a
                                                          circulating
                                                          light-speed
                                                          singularity (a
                                                          photon?) in
                                                          addition to an
electromagnetic wave circling along its outer rim along a circular
                                                          gravitational
                                                          string, has
                                                          g=2 (Dirac
                                                          magnetic
                                                          moment of
                                                          magnitude 1
                                                          Bohr
                                                          magneton), is
                                                          a fermion and
                                                          carries the
                                                          electron’s
                                                          charge. I
                                                          think
                                                          Alexander’s
                                                          electron model
                                                          has much to
                                                          offer, coming
                                                          from a
                                                          different
                                                          perspective
                                                          than much of
                                                          our group’s
                                                          electron
                                                          modeling. I
                                                          request
                                                          Alexander to
                                                          give us a
                                                          summary of the
                                                          key features
                                                          (and perhaps a
                                                          brief history)
                                                          of his
                                                          electron
                                                          model,
                                                          emphasizing
                                                          the nature of
                                                          its stability
                                                          (an important
                                                          issue in
                                                          circling-photon
                                                          electron
                                                          models.) I
                                                          hope that this
                                                          will stimulate
                                                          a critical
                                                          discussion of
                                                          his approach
                                                          in comparison
                                                          with our
                                                          various
                                                          approaches to
                                                          electron
                                                          modeling,
                                                          which could
                                                          lead to better
light-speed-based electron models coming up to the next SPIE “What are
                                                          photons”
                                                          conference in
                                                          San Diego in
                                                          August 2017.</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326yqt7623502451" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326yqtfd01392">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"> 
                                                             Richard  </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <blockquote class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">On
                                                          May 12, 2016,
                                                          at 6:12 PM,
                                                          Roychoudhuri,
                                                          Chandra <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:chandra.roychoudhuri@uconn.edu" target="_blank" href="mailto:chandra.roychoudhuri@uconn.edu"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:chandra.roychoudhuri@uconn.edu" target="_blank" href="mailto:chandra.roychoudhuri@uconn.edu">chandra.roychoudhuri@uconn.edu</a>>
                                                          wrote:</div>
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326Apple-interchange-newline" clear="none">
                                                          </blockquote>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" style="word-wrap:break-word;">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">I
                                                          will request
                                                          Burinskii to
                                                          participate in
                                                          our next
                                                          conference. </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">Chandra. </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326composer_signature">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" style="font-size:14px;color:rgb(87, 87, 87);">Sent via the Samsung
                                                          Galaxy S® 5
                                                          ACTIVE™, an
                                                          AT&T 4G
                                                          LTE smartphone</div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          --------
                                                          Original
                                                          message
                                                          --------<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          From: Richard
                                                          Gauthier <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>><span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          Date:
                                                          5/12/2016 2:09
                                                          AM (GMT-05:00)<span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          To: Nature of
                                                          Light and
                                                          Particles -
                                                          General
                                                          Discussion
                                                          <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          Cc: Alexander
                                                          Burinskii <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru" target="_blank" href="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru" target="_blank" href="mailto:bur@ibrae.ac.ru">bur@ibrae.ac.ru</a>><span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          Subject: Re:
                                                          [General]
                                                          inertia<span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">Dear
                                                          John W,
                                                          Martin,
                                                          Chandra,
                                                          Vivian,
                                                          Andrew, John
                                                          M, Chip,
                                                          Albrecht,
                                                          Hodge and
                                                          others,</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"> 
                                                           I am in
                                                          contact with
                                                          the Russian
                                                          physicist and
                                                          academician
                                                          Alexander
                                                          Burinskii
                                                          (arXiv page of
                                                          his articles
                                                          at<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="http://arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+Alexander+Burinskii/0/1/0/all/0/1"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="http://arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+Alexander+Burinskii/0/1/0/all/0/1">http://arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+Alexander+Burinskii/0/1/0/all/0/1</a> ,
                                                          biography at<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="http://www.scirp.org/journal/DetailedInforOfEditorialBoard.aspx?personID=10183"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="http://www.scirp.org/journal/DetailedInforOfEditorialBoard.aspx?personID=10183">http://www.scirp.org/journal/DetailedInforOfEditorialBoard.aspx?personID=10183</a> ),
                                                          who has
                                                          written a very
                                                          interesting
                                                          article on
                                                          arXiv:
                                                          “Gravity vs.
                                                          quantum
                                                          theory: Is the
                                                          electron
                                                          really
                                                          pointlike?”
                                                          at <a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.0225"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.0225">http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.0225</a> .
                                                          He draws on
                                                          the
                                                          interesting
                                                          resemblance of
                                                          Kerr-Newman
                                                          gravity
                                                          formulations
                                                          to the
                                                          properties of
                                                          the Dirac
                                                          electron as a
                                                          light-speed
                                                          particle that
                                                          can only be
                                                          measured at
                                                          sub-light
                                                          speeds. Here’s
                                                          part of the
                                                          abstract:</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif;font-size:14px;background-color:rgb(255, 255,                                                          255);">"Contrary
                                                          to the
                                                          widespread
                                                          opinion that
                                                          gravity plays
                                                          essential role
                                                          only on the
                                                          Planck scales,
                                                          the
                                                          Kerr-Newman
                                                          gravity
                                                          displays a new
                                                          dimensional
                                                          parameter </span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax_Preview" style="color:rgb(136, 136,                                                          136);font-family:'Lucida                                                          Grande', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif;font-size:14px;"></span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Element-5-Frame" style="display:inline;font-size:14px;word-wrap:normal;white-space:nowrap;direction:ltr;max-width:none;max-height:none;min-width:0px;min-height:0px;border:0px;padding:0px;font-family:'Lucida                                                          Grande', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326math" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-30" style="display:inline-block;border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;width:5.722em;"><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" style="display:inline-block;border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;width:4.788em;height:0px;font-size:17px;"><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" style="border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326mrow" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-31" style="display:inline;border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326mi" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-32" style="display:inline;border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Italic;">a</span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326mo" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-33" style="display:inline;border:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0.295em;vertical-align:0px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;">=</span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326mi" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-34" style="display:inline;border:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0.295em;vertical-align:0px;font-family:STIXVariants;">ℏ</span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326texatom" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-35" style="display:inline;border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326mrow" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-36" style="display:inline;border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326mo" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-37" style="display:inline;border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;">/</span></span></span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326mo" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-38" style="display:inline;border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;">(</span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326mn" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-39" style="display:inline;border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;">2</span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326mi" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-40" style="display:inline;border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Italic;">m</span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326mo" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-41" style="display:inline;border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;">)</span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326mo" id="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326MathJax-Span-42" style="display:inline;border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;font-family:STIXGeneral-Regular;">,</span></span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" style="display:inline-block;border:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;height:2.512em;"></span></span></span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" style="display:inline-block;border-width:0px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;vertical-align:-0.274em;overflow:hidden;width:0px;height:1.184em;"></span></span></span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif;font-size:14px;background-color:rgb(255, 255,                                                          255);"> which
                                                          for parameters
                                                          of an electron
                                                          corresponds to
                                                          the Compton
                                                          wavelength and
                                                          turns out to
                                                          be very far
                                                          from the
                                                          Planck scale.
                                                          Extremely
                                                          large spin of
                                                          the electron
                                                          with respect
                                                          to its mass
                                                          produces the
                                                          Kerr geometry
                                                          without
                                                          horizon, which
                                                          displays very
                                                          essential
                                                          topological
                                                          changes at the
                                                          Compton
                                                          distance
                                                          resulting in a
                                                          two-fold
                                                          structure of
                                                          the electron
                                                          background.
                                                          The
                                                          corresponding
                                                          gravitational
                                                          and
                                                          electromagnetic
                                                          fields of the
                                                          electron are
                                                          concentrated
                                                          near the Kerr
                                                          ring, forming
                                                          a sort of a
                                                          closed string,
                                                          structure of
                                                          which is close
                                                          to the
                                                          described by
                                                          Sen heterotic
                                                          string. The
                                                          indicated by
                                                          Gravity
                                                          stringlike
                                                          structure of
                                                          the electron
                                                          contradicts to
                                                          the statements
                                                          of Quantum
                                                          theory that
                                                          electron is
                                                          pointlike and
                                                          structureless.
                                                          However, it
                                                          confirms the
                                                          peculiar role
                                                          of the Compton
                                                          zone of the
                                                          "dressed"
                                                          electron and
                                                          matches with
                                                          the known
                                                          limit of the
                                                          localization
                                                          of the Dirac
                                                          electron." </span></div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif;font-size:14px;background-color:rgb(255, 255,                                                          255);"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </span></div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"> 
                                                           I think that
                                                          there some
                                                          potential for
                                                          Alexander
                                                          Burinskii's
                                                          Kerr-Newman
                                                          gravity
                                                          approach to
                                                          the electron
                                                          and the
                                                          various
                                                          double-looping
                                                          photon models
                                                          of the
                                                          electron to
                                                          find some
                                                          common ground
                                                          which may
                                                          benefit both
                                                          approaches to
                                                          modeling the
                                                          electron. In
                                                          particular the
                                                          centripetal
                                                          force of 0.424
                                                          N causing a
                                                          photon of
                                                          energy 0.511
                                                          MeV to move in
                                                          a closed
                                                          double-looping
                                                          trajectory of
                                                          radius
                                                          Ro=hbar/2mc in
                                                          a resting
                                                          electron model
                                                          could be
                                                          related to the
                                                          gravitational
                                                          and
                                                          electromagnetic
                                                          fields and
                                                          gravity
                                                          stringlike
                                                          structure of
                                                          the
                                                          Kerr-Newman
                                                          electron
                                                          model. </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"> 
                                                            Richard</div>
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">
                                                          <blockquote class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">On
                                                          May 9, 2016,
                                                          at 4:37 AM,
                                                          Albrecht Giese
                                                          <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de" target="_blank" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de" target="_blank" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de">genmail@a-giese.de</a>>
                                                          wrote:</div>
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326Apple-interchange-newline" clear="none">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326moz-cite-prefix">Hello
                                                          Richard,<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          it is true
                                                          that we do not
                                                          know
                                                          everything in
                                                          physics
                                                          (otherwise
                                                          there would be
                                                          no reason for
                                                          further
                                                          research).
                                                          However, many
                                                          facts and
                                                          rules are
                                                          understood,
                                                          and I do not
                                                          see a good
                                                          reason to go
                                                          behind this
                                                          knowledge.<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          From my
                                                          2-particle
                                                          model it
                                                          follows for
                                                          leptons and
                                                          for quarks
                                                          that there is
                                                          E = h*ny. The
                                                          frequency is
                                                          the
                                                          circulation,
                                                          the energy
                                                          follows from
                                                          the mass which
                                                          the model
                                                          yields, when
                                                          using E =
                                                          m*c^2. This
                                                          latter
                                                          relation also
                                                          follows from
                                                          this model. (I
                                                          have presented
                                                          all this in
                                                          San Diego; it
                                                          was also
                                                          discussed here
                                                          earlier as I
                                                          remember; and
                                                          it is on my
                                                          web site "The
                                                          Origin of
                                                          Mass". Of
                                                          course I can
                                                          explain it
                                                          here again if
                                                          there is a
                                                          demand.)<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          As these
                                                          relations
                                                          obviously also
                                                          apply to the
                                                          photon, it
                                                          seems very
                                                          plausible that
                                                          the photon has
                                                          a similar
                                                          structure like
                                                          a lepton and a
                                                          quark. The
                                                          rules apply if
                                                          c is inserted
                                                          for the speed.
                                                          This also
                                                          leads to
                                                          p=h*ny/c.<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          And which
                                                          further
                                                          details do we
                                                          know about the
                                                          photon? It
                                                          must have an
                                                          extension as
                                                          it has a spin
                                                          which is
                                                          physically not
                                                          possible
                                                          without an
                                                          extension. And
                                                          it must have
                                                          charges as it
                                                          reacts with an
                                                          electric field
                                                          which is
                                                          otherwise not
                                                          explainable.
                                                          There must be
                                                          at least two
                                                          charges, a
                                                          positive and a
                                                          negative one,
                                                          as the photon
                                                          as a whole is
                                                          neutral. The
                                                          spin is twice
                                                          the one of a
                                                          lepton or a
                                                          quark, this
                                                          may be an
                                                          indication
                                                          that the
                                                          photon is
                                                          built by 4
                                                          sub-particles
                                                          rather than 2
                                                          of the kind
                                                          which I have
                                                          described.<span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          So, if the
                                                          photon has
                                                          positive and
                                                          negative
                                                          charges, which
                                                          means that it
                                                          has
                                                          sub-particles
                                                          with positive
                                                          and negative
                                                          charges, it is
                                                          quite
                                                          plausible that
                                                          the photon can
                                                          decompose into
                                                          a positive and
                                                          a negative
                                                          elementary
                                                          particle, so
                                                          into a
                                                          positron and
                                                          an electron.<span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          (You may call
                                                          this
                                                          speculative.
                                                          But it has
                                                          some strongly
                                                          plausible
                                                          aspects which
                                                          I am missing
                                                          in the other
                                                          models
                                                          presented
                                                          here.)<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          The curling-up
                                                          which you have
                                                          mentioned has
                                                          an orbital
                                                          component. To
                                                          move on an
                                                          orbit needs
                                                          some physical
                                                          conditions.
                                                          E.g. an
                                                          influence
                                                          which causes
                                                          the
                                                          acceleration
                                                          to its center.
                                                          This should be
                                                          physically
                                                          explained.<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          The conflict
                                                          between the
                                                          necessary
                                                          Higgs field
                                                          and the vacuum
                                                          field in the
                                                          universe is
                                                          treated in the
                                                          article of
                                                          F.J. Tipler in<span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326st"><em class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">arXiv</em>:<em class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">astro</em>-<em class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">ph</em>/<em class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">0111520v1
                                                          .<span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span></em>It
                                                          is well known
                                                          by particle
                                                          physicists   I
                                                          have at
                                                          conferences
                                                          here<span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326st">asked<span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326st">several times the presenters of the Higgs
                                                          model for this
                                                          discrepancy.
                                                          They have
                                                          always
                                                          admitted that
                                                          this conflict
                                                          exists, but
                                                          some have
                                                          tried to blame
                                                          the
                                                          astronomers
                                                          for it. No one
                                                          ever has
                                                          presented a
                                                          solution for
                                                          the conflict.<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          Albrecht</span><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          Am 07.05.2016
                                                          um 23:32
                                                          schrieb
                                                          Richard
                                                          Gauthier:<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <blockquote class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">Hello
                                                          Albrecht,</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"> 
                                                            Thank your
                                                          for your
                                                          further
                                                          comments and
                                                          questions.</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"> 
                                                            Your are
                                                          asking me why
                                                          photons have
                                                          momentum
                                                          p=hv/c .
                                                          That’s like
                                                          asking why
                                                          photons have
                                                          energy E=hv .
                                                          In physics
                                                          nobody knows
                                                          “why” anything
                                                          happens.
                                                          “Why?”
                                                          questions
                                                          always lead
                                                          back to a big
                                                          unknown.
                                                          Physicists
                                                          observe nature
                                                          qualitatively
                                                          and
                                                          quantitatively
                                                          and search for
                                                          cause-effect
                                                          relations,
                                                           equations,
                                                          theoretical
                                                          models and
                                                          symmetry
                                                          relations that
                                                          work ("save
                                                          the
                                                          appearances"),
                                                          and lead to
                                                          further and
                                                          better (more
                                                          accurate)
                                                          physical
                                                          predictions
                                                          that often
                                                          lead to
                                                          practical
                                                          applications
                                                          and hopefully
                                                          deeper
                                                          “understanding”
                                                          of physical
                                                          phenomena.</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"> 
                                                             You ask why
                                                          a spin-1/2
                                                          photon curls
                                                          up. You could
                                                          just as well
                                                          ask why a
                                                          spin-1 photon
                                                          doesn’t curl
                                                          up, since it
                                                          has spin. (My
                                                          transluminal
                                                          energy quantum
                                                          model of a
                                                          spin-1 photon
                                                          at<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron">https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron</a><span class="yiv7290211889Apple-converted-space"> </span> is a helical model that is
                                                          consistent
                                                          with  both a
                                                          photon's
                                                          spin-1 hbar
                                                          and its
                                                          forward linear
                                                          momentum
                                                          p=h/lambda). </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"> 
                                                              Your own
                                                          comments on
                                                          the possible
                                                          nature and
                                                          make-up of
                                                          photons are
                                                          extremely
                                                          speculative to
                                                          say the least.
                                                          You have no
                                                          photon model
                                                          at all. There
                                                          is zero
                                                          experimental
                                                          evidence that
                                                          a photon is
                                                          composite. You
                                                          should at
                                                          least try to
                                                          show how a
                                                          sufficiently
                                                          energetic
                                                          photon leads
                                                          to your
                                                          electron model
                                                          in
                                                          electron-positron
                                                          pair
                                                          production.</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"> 
                                                              You claim
                                                          that
                                                          astronomers
                                                          deny the
                                                          existence of a
                                                          Higgs field
                                                          strong enough
                                                          to explain
                                                          noticeable
                                                          forces in
                                                          elementary
                                                          particles.
                                                          That is a
                                                          blanket
                                                          statement that
                                                          needs
                                                          supporting
                                                          evidence.
                                                          Please support
                                                          your claim
                                                          here with
                                                          sources. It’s
                                                          like claiming
                                                          that
                                                          “scientists
                                                          say”.  Thanks.</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"> 
                                                                Richard</div>
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">
                                                          <blockquote class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">On
                                                          May 7, 2016,
                                                          at 10:23 AM,
                                                          Albrecht Giese
                                                          <<a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de" target="_blank" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de" target="_blank" href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de">genmail@a-giese.de</a>>
                                                          wrote:</div>
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326Apple-interchange-newline" clear="none">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326moz-cite-prefix" style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255,                                                          255);">Hello
                                                          Richard,<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          thank you for
                                                          your mail. I
                                                          still have
                                                          questions to
                                                          your
                                                          explanations:<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          To para 1):<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          According to
                                                          you
                                                          explanations
                                                          the circular
                                                          motion is
                                                          mainly
                                                          achieved by
                                                          the fact that
                                                          the particles
                                                          are "curling
                                                          up". Which
                                                          physical law
                                                          do you have in
                                                          mind that
                                                          causes them to
                                                          curl up? What
                                                          are the
                                                          quantitative
                                                          consequences?
                                                          - You say that
                                                          there is a
                                                          "configurational"
                                                          force which
                                                          controls the
                                                          internal
                                                          motion of an
                                                          electron and a
                                                          positron. You
                                                          assume that
                                                          this may come
                                                          from the Higgs
                                                          field. I think
                                                          that this is
                                                          highly
                                                          speculative as
                                                          astronomers
                                                          deny the
                                                          existence of a
                                                          Higgs field
                                                          which is
                                                          strong enough
                                                          to be an
                                                          explanation
                                                          for noticeable
                                                          forces in
                                                          elementary
                                                          particles.<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          To para 2):<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          The momentum
                                                          of a photon is
                                                          h<span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" style="font-family:Symbol;">*n</span><span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326Apple-converted-space"> </span>y/c,
                                                          true. But what
                                                          is the
                                                          physical
                                                          mechanism
                                                          causing this
                                                          momentum?
                                                          Still not
                                                          answered.<span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          I believe that
                                                          my mass
                                                          mechanism is
                                                          applicable to
                                                          the photon.
                                                          The photon has
                                                          an extension,
                                                          so it has
                                                          inertia by the
                                                          standard
                                                          mechanism for
                                                          extended
                                                          objects. And
                                                          in addition I
                                                          think that the
                                                          photon may be
                                                          composed by
                                                          the same
                                                          sub-particles
                                                          ("basic
                                                          particles")
                                                          like leptons
                                                          and quarks.
                                                          The question
                                                          still open for
                                                          me is, why the
                                                          photon moves
                                                          steadily with
                                                          c. An
                                                          explanation
                                                          may be that it
                                                          moves always
                                                          into a certain
                                                          direction with
                                                          respect to its
                                                          internal set
                                                          up. On the
                                                          other hand,
                                                          the fact that
                                                          the rest mass
                                                          of the photon
                                                          is zero is
                                                          nothing more
                                                          than a
                                                          mathematical
                                                          result. Was
                                                          never
                                                          measured.<span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          Albrecht<span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          <br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          Am Sat, 30 Apr
                                                          2016 um
                                                          17:22:00
                                                          schrieb
                                                          Richard
                                                          Gauthier:<br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <blockquote class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255,                                                          255);">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326moz-forward-container">
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">Hello
                                                          Albrecht,</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"> 
                                                           <span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thank
                                                          you for your
                                                          two thoughtful
                                                          questions.</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">To
                                                          try to answer
                                                          them:</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">1)
                                                          I think it is
                                                          an incorrect
                                                          assumption
                                                          that only a
                                                          second
                                                          electric
                                                          charge or a
                                                          corresponding
                                                          permanent
                                                          field can
                                                          cause a
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          charged photon
                                                          to move in a
                                                          circular or
                                                          helical
                                                          configuration.
                                                          Have you
                                                          considered
                                                          other possible
                                                          explanations?
                                                          One I have
                                                          considered, in
                                                          the context of
                                                          e-p
                                                          production, is
                                                          that two
                                                          uncharged
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          photons of are
                                                          formed in the
                                                          process of
                                                          electron-positron
                                                          pair
                                                          production
                                                          from a spin-1
                                                          photon of
                                                          sufficient
                                                          energy
                                                          (greater than
                                                          1.022 MeV). At
                                                          first the two
                                                          uncharged
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          photons both
                                                          move forward
                                                          together in a
                                                          kind of
                                                          unstable
                                                          equilibrium.
                                                          One has a
                                                          negative
                                                          charge
                                                          potentiality
                                                          and the other
                                                          has a positive
                                                          charge
                                                          potentiality,
                                                          yet both are
                                                          still neutral.
                                                          These two
                                                          uncharged
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          photons can
                                                          either then
                                                          unite with
                                                          each other to
                                                          form a spin-1
                                                          photon, or
                                                          they can
                                                          separate in
                                                          the presence
                                                          of a nearby
                                                          charged
                                                          nucleus and
                                                          each curl up,
                                                          gaining
                                                          negative and
                                                          positive
                                                          charge
                                                          respectively,
                                                          as well as
                                                          rest mass
                                                          Eo/c^2, and
                                                          slowing down
                                                          (as they
                                                          become an
                                                          electron and
                                                          positron) to
                                                          less than
                                                          light-speed as
                                                          they curl up.
                                                          (Internally
                                                          these spin-1/2
                                                          charged
                                                          photons
                                                          maintain
                                                          light-speed c
                                                          in their
                                                          forward
                                                          direction, but
                                                          their
                                                          curled-up
                                                          configurations
                                                          as a electron
                                                          and a positron
                                                          have v < c
                                                          .) Once they
                                                          are both fully
                                                          curled up to
                                                          form a fully
                                                          charged
                                                          electron and
                                                          positron, they
                                                          continue to
                                                          move apart.
                                                          Now they each
                                                          have a stable
                                                          internal
                                                          equilibrium
                                                          (because of
                                                          conservation
                                                          of electric
                                                          charge) and
                                                          they cannot
                                                          individually
                                                          unroll (except
                                                          perhaps
                                                          virtually) to
                                                          become an
                                                          uncharged
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          photon, and so
                                                          they remain a
                                                          stable
                                                          electron and a
                                                          stable
                                                          positron.
                                                          Their own
                                                          charged
                                                          curled-up
                                                          stable
                                                          equilibrium
                                                          maintains them
                                                          in their
                                                          curled-up
                                                          configurations,
                                                          supplying the
                                                          necessary
                                                          configurational
                                                          force that
                                                          maintains
                                                          their
                                                          circulating
                                                          motion to form
                                                          an electron or
                                                          a positron.
                                                          This
                                                          configurational
                                                          force that
                                                          maintains each
                                                          of them curled
                                                          up would be a
                                                          non-electrical
                                                          force. Perhaps
                                                          this
                                                          configurational
                                                          force that
                                                          maintains the
                                                          electron and
                                                          the positron
                                                          curled up with
                                                          rest mass and
                                                          moving at less
                                                          than
                                                          light-speed c,
                                                          comes from the
                                                          Higgs field.</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"> 
                                                           <span class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326Apple-converted-space"> </span>When
                                                          an electron
                                                          and positron
                                                          meet, they may
                                                          first form a
                                                          positronium
                                                          atom. Then
                                                          they both
                                                          uncurl and
                                                          unite to form
                                                          an unstable
                                                          neutral
                                                          particle which
                                                          decays
                                                          immediately
                                                          into two or
                                                          three spin-1
                                                          photons, in
                                                          the process of
electron-positron annihilation.</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">2)
                                                          Why does the
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          charged photon
                                                          have momentum?
                                                          you ask.  It
                                                          is because it
                                                          is a photon
                                                          with momentum
                                                          hv/c . My
                                                          model of the
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          charged photon
                                                          is similar to
                                                          my internally
                                                          transluminal
                                                          model of an
                                                          uncharged
                                                          photon, except
                                                           that the
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          charged photon
                                                          makes two
                                                          helical loops
                                                          instead of one
                                                          per photon
                                                          wavelength,
                                                          and the
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          charged photon
                                                          model's
                                                          helical radius
                                                          is 1/2 that of
                                                          the helical
                                                          radius of a
                                                          spin-1 photon
                                                          model , being
                                                          R=lambda/4pi
                                                          instead of
                                                          lambda/2 pi.
                                                          The uncurled
                                                          transluminal
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          uncharged
                                                          photon model
                                                          curls up
                                                          nicely into a
                                                          curled-up
                                                          double-looping
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          charged photon
                                                          model of an
                                                          electron. You
                                                          can read about
                                                          my
                                                          superluminal
                                                          uncharged
                                                          photon model
                                                          at <a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="yiv7290211889moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron">https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron</a> or
                                                          I can e-mail
                                                          you a copy. I
                                                          have only
                                                          talked about
                                                          my current
                                                          model of the
                                                          superluminal
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          charged photon
                                                          on the “Nature
                                                          of Light and
                                                          Particles”
                                                          e-list during
                                                          the past year.</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">I
                                                          hope these
                                                          possible
                                                          explanations
                                                          of the
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          charged-photon
                                                          model are
                                                          helpful. I
                                                          don’t think
                                                          that you have
                                                          a photon model
                                                          yet that is
                                                          consistent
                                                          with your
                                                          two-particle
                                                          electron
                                                          model, in
                                                          terms of e-p
                                                          production and
                                                          e-p
                                                          annihilation.</div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326">The
                                                          figure below,
                                                          which I
                                                          included in
                                                          this e-list
                                                          some months
                                                          ago, shows a
                                                          curled-up spin
                                                          1/2 charged
                                                          photon forming
                                                          a resting
                                                          electron (top
                                                          graphic) and
                                                          at different
                                                          increasing
                                                          relativistic
                                                          speeds (lower
                                                          graphics). The
                                                          green line is
                                                          the
                                                          double-looping
                                                          helical
                                                          trajectory of
                                                          the
                                                          circulating
                                                          charged photon
                                                          forming the
                                                          electron,
                                                          while the red
                                                          line is the
                                                          trajectory of
                                                          the
                                                          superluminal
                                                          energy quantum
                                                          of the
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          photon model.
                                                          The
                                                          superluminal
                                                          energy quantum
                                                          in the resting
                                                          electron moves
                                                          on the surface
                                                          of a
                                                          mathematical
                                                          horn torus. As
                                                          the speed v of
                                                          the electron
                                                          model
                                                          increases, the
                                                          radius of the
                                                          green helical
                                                          trajectory
                                                          decreases as
                                                          1/gamma^2 ,
                                                          while  the
                                                          radius of the
                                                          red trajectory
                                                          of the
                                                          superluminal
                                                          quantum
                                                          decreases as
                                                          1/gamma. </div>
                                                          <div class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326"><br class="yiv7290211889ecxyiv2438876326" clear="none">
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