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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Hi Richard, Grahame, Vivian, John D. and all<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Over the years of research I have compiled a list of assumptions which seem to agree remarkably well with experiment. I have tried to use the most theoretically economical approach throughout, simply because nature has taught me that Occam’s razor quite often applies.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Part of that work is contained in the text after this email.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>All of the piece of the puzzle must eventually fit seamlessly in our theory, for that is how they fit in nature.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>If you review the information below you will likely find a few outstanding issues. One is the spin of the electron issue we have been discussing. Another is the specific mechanism which causes the elementary charge. And the big one remaining is the specific cause for the quantization of mass. Meaning exactly why is it that the electron has the specific rest mass, rest energy content it has? And then the same question for the proton and the neutron.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>The elementary charge question is interesting because <b>it seems that charge is created only by two full loops of one wavelength</b>. (See the electrical engineering formula as applied to the electron below.) It is not just the field divergence, but likely the field divergence and one or two other mechanisms working together to create electric charge. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>This all has led me to some conclusions which we have already discussed. There is a relativity dictated by nature (which is not exactly SR). <b>And some things go faster than light</b> (electric charge, meaning the Coulomb field, and gravity for two examples.) The evidence that this is true is actually quite abundant, but we have been conditioned to look for other answers by the prevalent acceptance of SR. Another example of things faster than light is the wavefront velocity in particles (photons and electrons, etc.). In this I am not claiming that information in the form of electromagnetic radiation can travel forward through space faster than light, it simply cannot. But the Coulomb field and gravity are many times faster than light. If you would like to look at references I would be glad to share some.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>If the approach implied below is correct there are many implications. For example if the force Fc discussed below is real, then it is the cause for Planck’s constant. And then Fc would cause the electron radius to contract by 1/gamma with velocity. And if electric charge is only created by two full loops of one wavelength then the electron must have a radius contraction with velocity which is equal to 1/gamma.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>So now here is the math. A work in progress… <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>(An explanation of the variables follows at the end.)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>………………………………………………………………………………………..<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'>Physics Math<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'>Subatomic Particle Dynamics<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>Chip Akins 1970 through 2016<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p></div><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><br clear=all style='page-break-before:always'></span></b><div class=WordSection2><p class=MsoNormal><b>Spin angular momentum<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'>Transverse<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>L</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>rmv</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>r</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>v</m:r></span></i><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>r</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>rp</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=305 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image001.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'>Total<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>L</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>r</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>r</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>r</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=231 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image003.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Formula to calculate spin ½ ħ radius<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ħ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>= </m:r><m:r>r</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>r</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=96 height=34 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image005.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'>Therefore<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ħ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2 </m:r><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r><m:r> ħ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2 </m:r><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ħ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2 </m:r><m:r>m</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=152 height=40 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image007.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Formula to calculate spin 1 ħ radius<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ħ= </m:r><m:r>r</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>r</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=99 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image009.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'>Therefore<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ħ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r><m:r> ħ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r><m:r> h</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> 2</m:r><m:r>πE</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=132 height=40 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image011.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Momentum of a photon<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'>Longitudinal and Transverse<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>mv</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=147 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image013.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'>Total <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=145 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image015.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Centripetal Force<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>m</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>v</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>= </m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>v</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>mr</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ω</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=202 height=49 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image017.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>ω</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=56 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image019.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Circular Acceleration<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>A</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>v</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=48 height=38 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image021.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>A</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ω</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=62 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image023.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Force<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>m</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>a</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>dp</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>dt</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=97 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image025.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Frequency<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r><m:r>=h</m:r><m:r>f</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=50 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image027.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>f</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=41 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image029.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Wavelength<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>f</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=80 height=40 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image031.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Angular velocity (frequency)<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ω</m:r><m:r>=2</m:r><m:r>πf</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=60 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image033.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'>Spin 1 ħ<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ω</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=66 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image035.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> Spin ½ ħ<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ω</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=66 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image037.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ω</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=41 height=33 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image039.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Lorentz Factor<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>γ</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>1-</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>v</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=86 height=60 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image041.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Mass<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>m</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r><m:r>π</m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>Q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> E 10</m:r></span></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>-</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>7</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>E</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>μ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=240 height=40 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image043.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>m</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>ω</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=69 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image045.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Energy<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>Q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> 10</m:r></span></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>-</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>7</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> 2</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=135 height=40 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image047.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>m</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>m</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>μ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=164 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image049.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Confinement Force (Transverse)<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= </m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>S</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> ħ </m:r><m:r><i>c</i></m:r></span></m:num><m:den><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>S</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> ħ </m:r><m:r><i>c</i></m:r></span></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>m</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= </m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=250 height=48 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image051.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= </m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>S</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><i>Q</i></m:r></span></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>4</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>0</m:r></span></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>S</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> 4</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>0</m:r></span></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>ħ </m:r><m:r><i>c</i></m:r></span></m:num><m:den><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>4</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>0</m:r></span></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= </m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>S</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> ħ </m:r><m:r><i>c</i></m:r></span></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=267 height=45 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image053.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= </m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>L</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><i>c</i></m:r></span></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><i>r</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ω</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=122 height=37 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image055.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:.5in'>For spin ½ ħ… <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>m</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>4</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r></span></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>m</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> 4</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= </m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> 4</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> 4</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=270 height=54 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image057.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>The elementary charge<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r><m:r> 4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0 </m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ħ </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r><m:r> 2</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0 </m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=220 height=23 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image059.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Planck Charge</b><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>Q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= </m:r></span><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>4</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>0</m:r></span></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> ħ </m:r><m:r><i>c</i></m:r></span></m:e></m:rad><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= </m:r></span><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>0</m:r></span></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> h </m:r><m:r><i>c</i></m:r></span></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=209 height=25 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image061.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Force of electric charge<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r><m:r> h </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>= </m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r><m:r> ħ </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ħ </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=253 height=42 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image063.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Force of Planck charge<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>Q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>4</m:r><m:r><i>π</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>0</m:r></span></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=90 height=45 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image065.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Planck’s constant<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=2π </m:r><m:r><i>c</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>Q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>10</m:r></span></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>-</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>7</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=126 height=22 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image067.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Reduced Planck’s constant<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ħ</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r><m:r><i>c</i></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>Q</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>10</m:r></span></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>-</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>7</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=103 height=22 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image069.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>The fine structure constant<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2 h </m:r><m:r>c</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:num><m:den><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=116 height=42 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image071.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Compton’s wavelength<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=50 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image073.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Speed of light<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>μ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:rad></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=74 height=44 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image075.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>μ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ρ</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=50 height=57 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image077.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Permeability<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>μ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>10</m:r></span></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>-</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>7</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=94 height=23 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image079.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Permittivity<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> 4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>10</m:r></span></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>-</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>7</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>μ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=164 height=40 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image081.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Impedance of space<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>Z</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>μ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>μ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:rad><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>10</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>7</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=233 height=52 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image083.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>376.730313461771Ω</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=147 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image085.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Velocity of simple longitudinal wave</b><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>v</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>l</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>K</m:r><m:r>+ </m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>μ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=97 height=68 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image087.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Velocity of simple transverse wave</b><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>v</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>t</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>μ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=54 height=52 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image089.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Some Results<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>μ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=77 height=35 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image091.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>m</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=64 height=38 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image093.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b>Electron Model Assumptions<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b>Based on Electrical Engineering<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Current circulating within the electron<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>I</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>e</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>f</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>19</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>.</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>796519794809</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>A</m:r></span></b></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=224 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image095.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><b><o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Where I is current in Amperes, e is the elementary charge, and f is Compton’s frequency for the electron.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Power (Joule seconds, Watts) in the electron<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal> <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>W</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>E</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>f</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>10115999</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>.</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>6888499</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>W</m:r></span></b></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;position:relative;top:3.0pt;mso-text-raise:-3.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=249 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image097.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><b><o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Where W is Watts, E is the energy of the electron in Joules, and f is Compton’s frequency for the electron.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Volts in the electron<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>V</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>W</m:r></span></i></b></m:num><m:den><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>I</m:r></span></i></b></m:den></m:f><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>510998</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>.</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>8924</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>V</m:r></span></b></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=183 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image099.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><b><o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Inductance of the electron (in Henrys)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>L</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>V</m:r></span></i></b></m:num><m:den><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>I</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>f</m:r></span></i></b></m:den></m:f><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>2</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>.</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>08906836213084E</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>-</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>16</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>H</m:r></span></b></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=283 height=39 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image101.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Where L is inductance, V is volts, I is current, and f is Compton’s frequency for the electron.<span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Capacitance in Farads for the electron<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>C</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>e</m:r></span></i></b></m:num><m:den><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>V</m:r></span></i></b></m:den></m:f><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>3</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>.</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>13538178766526E</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>-</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>25</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>F</m:r></span></b></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=272 height=33 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image103.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><b><o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Where C is capacitance in Farads, e in the elementary charge, and V is Volts.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Resonant frequency of the electron<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>f</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>1</m:r></span></i></b></m:num><m:den><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>L</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></span></i></b></m:e></m:rad></m:den></m:f><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>1</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>.</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>23560158960029E</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>+</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>20</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>Hz</m:r></span></b></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=304 height=40 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image105.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><b><o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Where f is frequency in Hertz (which exactly equals Compton’s frequency for the electron), L is inductance, and C is capacitance.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Internal electrical resistance of the electron<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>R</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>V</m:r></span></i></b></m:num><m:den><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>I</m:r></span></i></b></m:den></m:f><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>25812</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>.</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>5618903254</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr> Ω</m:r></span></b></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=227 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image107.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><b><o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Where R is resistance in Ohms, V is volts, and I is current.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><i>(This value is remarkably close to the von Klitzing constant Rk which is estimated at 25812.807557.)<o:p></o:p></i></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Magnetic Flux Quantum<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-weight:bold'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>ϕ</m:r></span></i></b></m:e><m:sub><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>0</m:r></span></b></m:sub></m:sSub><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></b><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-weight:bold'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>V</m:r></span></b></m:num><m:den><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>2</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr><i>f</i></m:r></span></b></m:den></m:f><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>=</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>2</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>.</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>0678E</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>-</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>15</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>Wb</m:r></span></b></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=211 height=37 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image109.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Where φ<sub>0</sub> is the Magnetic Flux Quantum in Webers, V is volts, and f is Compton’s frequency for the electron.<span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Josephson’s Constant<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>K</m:r></span></i></b></m:e><m:sub><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>j</m:r></span></i></b></m:sub></m:sSub><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>2</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>f</m:r></span></i></b></m:num><m:den><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>V</m:r></span></i></b></m:den></m:f><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></i></b><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>4</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>.</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>83602453E</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>+</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>14</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr> </m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>Hz</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>/</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>V</m:r></span></b></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=260 height=34 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image111.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><b><o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'> Where K<sub>j</sub> is Josephson’s constant in Hertz per volt, V is volts, and f is Compton’s frequency for the electron.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Note: In this section the electrical engineering formula only work if we use the Compton frequency of the electron. However we measure the spin of the electron to be ½ ħ which seems to indicate the circulation frequency is twice the Compton frequency. Therefore I am assuming that electric charge can only be generated by a double loop topology of the wave.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Any thoughts on this would be appreciated.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>Variables<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal>A acceleration<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>a acceleration<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>α The fine structure constant<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>c the speed of light<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>C capacitance<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>E energy<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>e The elementary electric charge<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>ε<sub>0</sub> Electric permittivity of space<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>F force or<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>F Farads<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>F<sub>c</sub> confinement force for particles<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>f frequency<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>h Planck’s constant<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>ħ reduced Planck’s constant <!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;position:relative;top:6.0pt;mso-text-raise:-6.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=13 height=26 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image113.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Hz Hertz<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>I Inductance<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>K Longitudinal (bulk) modulus<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>L spin angular momentum or<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>L inductance<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>m mass<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>p momentum<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>ρ mass density of space<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Q<sub>p</sub> Planck Charge<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>r radius<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>R resistance<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>S spin number (1 or ½)<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>μ Transverse (shear) modulus<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>μ<sub>0</sub> Magnetic permeability of space<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>v velocity<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>V volts<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ω</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;position:relative;top:3.0pt;mso-text-raise:-3.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><img width=15 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image115.png@01D1E58B.5F171C60"></span><![endif]>Angular frequency (radians per second)<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>W Watts<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>W<sub>b</sub> Webers<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>λ Compton’s wavelength<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>γ Lorentz Factor<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Z<sub>0</sub> Impedance of space<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Warm Regards to All<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Chip<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>