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    <p>Hello Richard,</p>
    <p>you are right that inertia and momentum are related to each
      other. The relation is that inertia is the cause of momentum,
      without inertia in our world there would be no momentum in our
      world.</p>
    <p>Mathematically spoken: momentum = mass * vector_of_motion. The
      vector_of motion is a vector, so the product "momentum" is a
      vector. An explanation of momentum needs the explanation of mass
      as a precondition. Not the other way around.</p>
    <p>Inertial mass can in fact be explained if one accepts that an
      extended object necessarily has inertia. And as the electron has
      to be extended (in order to have angular momentum and magnetic
      moment) it has inertial mass just from this reason. And I like to
      repeat: the assumption that an extended object has inertia is not
      only an idea but can be deduced quantitatively with precise
      results without the use of any free parameters which had to be
      adjusted.<br>
      <br>
      Albrecht<br>
    </p>
    <br>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 09.10.2016 um 03:00 schrieb Richard
      Gauthier:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote
      cite="mid:60825476-6150-419B-ADAF-37D10FBE45A9@gmail.com"
      type="cite">
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      <div class="">Hello Albrecht, Vivian and all,</div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">Albrecht: Of course, if you say that an apple is
        essentially the same as an orange (despite their different
        properties) then you can also say that inertial mass is
        essentially the same as momentum (despite their different
        properties). But inertial mass is not the same as momentum, and
        apples are not the same as oranges. Inertial mass is a scalar
        quantity and momentum is a vector quantity, which is
        fundamentally different. They also have different physical
        units.  My point is that inertial mass is NOT the same as
        momentum although they are related. A linearly moving photon has
        inertial mass hf/c^2 (while having no rest mass) as well as
        external momentum hf/c. A resting electron has inertial mass m=
        Eo/c^2 while having no (or minimal) external momentum. In
        circulating-photon electron models (which your electron model is
        not), the circulating photon also has inertial mass
        m=Eo/c^2=hf/c^2 of its circulating photon, and this inertial
        mass m of a resting electron is called the rest mass m of the
        electron, or simply the mass m of the electron. </div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">Vivian: I think you are agreeing with Albrecht too
        quickly. Physicists have been trying hard to understand the
        nature of inertia since Newton failed to. Mach tried and failed.
        Several modern physicists such as Einstein, Woodward and Haisch
        et al have also tried unsuccessfully to explain the nature of
        inertial mass (the fact that the rest energy stored in a mass m
        is Eo=mc^2 is NOT in itself an explanation for inertial mass).
        The Higgs Field (as I understand it) also doesn’t explain
        inertial mass, although it may explain the origin of a
        particle's invariant mass as is claimed. Anyway, I won’t accept
        any explanation from you about particles and inertia as long as
        you continue to insist that the relativistic kinetic energy of a
        particle is KE = pc = gamma mv c (instead of the well-known
        experimentally established formula KE = (gamma - 1) mc^2  ) as
        you claim on p 13 in your article “A proposal for the structure
        and properties of the electron” (attached).</div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">    Richard</div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <br>
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          <div class="">On Oct 6, 2016, at 2:21 PM, Vivian Robinson <<a
              moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:viv@etpsemra.com.au"
              class="">viv@etpsemra.com.au</a>> wrote:</div>
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            <div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space;
              -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; " class="">Richard,
              <div class=""><br class="">
              </div>
              <div class="">I agree with Albrecht. For a physical
                relationship between energy and mass through E + mc^2,
                you have seen my paper on it. Energy is the photon
                travelling in a straight line. Mass is the same photon
                confined in a circle of radius equal to half its
                wavelength. That relationship is directly E = mc^2 and
                it explains many other properties associated with mass
                particles. </div>
              <div class=""><br class="">
              </div>
              <div class="">Mathematics comes in many forms, the same as
                languages. Not every one is specialised in all forms of
                mathematics, anymore than everyone is specialises in all
                languages. Almost all physicists understand physical
                descriptions. A physical description of the process
                accompanied by the appropriate mathematics will go a
                long way towards helping others understanding the
                message being presented.</div>
              <div class=""><br class="">
              </div>
              <div class="">Cheers,</div>
              <div class=""><br class="">
              </div>
              <div class="">Vivian </div>
              <div class=""><br class="">
              </div>
              <div class=""><br class="">
              </div>
              <div class="">
                <div class="">
                  <div class="">On 07/10/2016, at 7:39 AM, Albrecht
                    Giese <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
                      href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de" class="">genmail@a-giese.de</a>>
                    wrote:</div>
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                      <p class="">Richard,</p>
                      <p class="">you know my objection. Inertial mass
                        and momentum are fundamentally the same physical
                        phenomenon. Just the result of a different
                        application. And so it is no real explanation to
                        explain mass by momentum. Because that means
                        that you explain a physical phenomenon by the
                        same physical phenomenon.</p>
                      <p class="">Albrecht <br class="">
                      </p>
                      <p class="">(And you may have a look at <a
                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                          class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
                          href="http://www.ag-physics.org/rmass">www.ag-physics.org/rmass</a>
                        ) <br class="">
                      </p>
                      <br class="">
                      <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 06.10.2016 um
                        15:12 schrieb Richard Gauthier:<br class="">
                      </div>
                      <blockquote
                        cite="mid:DA16948E-6831-4E3E-BE52-0BA7285B767F@gmail.com"
                        type="cite" class="">
                        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
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                        <div class="">John and Vivian and others,</div>
                        <div class="">   Yes, inertial mass must be
                          defined by F=ma and F=dp/dt as Newton defined
                          it, though he couldn’t explain what causes it.
                          It is caused by a particle’s circling internal
                          momentum, as I derive in <a
                            moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.academia.edu/25641654/A_New_Derivation_of_Eo_mc_2_Explains_a_Particles_Inertia"
                            class="">https://www.academia.edu/25641654/A_New_Derivation_of_Eo_mc_2_Explains_a_Particles_Inertia</a> ,
                          which is attached.</div>
                        <div class="">    Richard</div>
                        <div class=""><br class="">
                        </div>
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                        </div>
                        <div class=""><br class="">
                        </div>
                        <br class="">
                        <div class="">
                          <blockquote type="cite" class="">
                            <div class="">On Oct 5, 2016, at 9:49 PM,
                              Vivian Robinson <<a
                                moz-do-not-send="true"
                                href="mailto:viv@universephysics.com"
                                class="">viv@universephysics.com</a>>
                              wrote:</div>
                            <br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
                            <div class="">
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                              <base href="x-msg://1692/" class="">
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                                -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "
                                class="">John,
                                <div class=""><br class="">
                                </div>
                                <div class=""><span style="font-size:
                                    14px; " class="">Thanks for the
                                    advice. I regularly reference
                                    Einstein's Ann. der Phys. 17,
                                    639-641 (1905) paper. By mass I have
                                    tried to think of it as inertial
                                    mass m<span style="font-size: 12px;
                                      " class="">i</span>, given by F =
                                    m<span style="font-size: 12px; "
                                      class="">i</span>.a. Gravitational
                                    mass m<span style="font-size: 12px;
                                      " class="">g</span> is different
                                    by potential energy (PE) divided by
                                    c squared (m<span style="font-size:
                                      12px; " class="">g</span> = m<span
                                      style="font-size: 12px; " class="">i</span>
                                    - PE/c^2). Rest mass m<span
                                      style="font-size: 12px; " class="">r</span>
                                    is m<span style="font-size: 12px; "
                                      class="">i</span> measured at
                                    velocity = 0 with respect to m<span
                                      style="font-size: 12px; " class="">i</span>.
                                    Relativistic mass m</span><span
                                    style="font-size: 12px; " class="">rel</span><span
                                    style="font-size: 14px; " class=""> is
                                    the mass measured at </span><font
                                    class="" size="4">velocity v wrt an
                                    observer. Invariant mass doesn't
                                    exist because its value depends upon
                                    its position</font><span
                                    style="font-size: large; " class=""> </span><span
                                    style="font-size: large; " class="">wrt</span><span
                                    style="font-size: large; " class=""> an
                                    observer, </span><span
                                    style="font-size: large; " class="">gravitational
                                    field and velocity. In practice all
                                    m<span style="font-size: 12px; "
                                      class="">i</span>, m<span
                                      style="font-size: 12px; " class="">g</span>
                                    and m<span style="font-size: 12px; "
                                      class="">r</span> will be measured
                                    the same within experimental error,
                                    essentially making them invariant. </span></div>
                                <div class=""><span style="font-size:
                                    large; " class=""><br class="">
                                  </span></div>
                                <div class=""><span style="font-size:
                                    large; " class="">IMHO, you are
                                    quite correct about aspects of the
                                    standard model. There are some very
                                    serious problems.</span></div>
                                <div class=""><span style="font-size:
                                    large; " class=""><br class="">
                                  </span></div>
                                <div class=""><span style="font-size:
                                    large; " class="">Cheers,</span></div>
                                <div class=""><span style="font-size:
                                    large; " class=""><br class="">
                                  </span></div>
                                <div class=""><span style="font-size:
                                    large; " class="">Viv </span></div>
                                <div class=""><font class="" size="4"><br
                                      class="">
                                  </font></div>
                                <div class=""><font class="" size="4"><br
                                      class="">
                                  </font></div>
                                <div class=""><font class="" size="4"><br
                                      class="">
                                  </font>
                                  <div class="">
                                    <div class="">On 06/10/2016, at 4:08
                                      AM, John Duffield <<a
                                        moz-do-not-send="true"
                                        href="mailto:johnduffield@btconnect.com"
                                        class="">johnduffield@btconnect.com</a>>
                                      wrote:</div>
                                    <br
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                                      <div link="blue" vlink="purple"
                                        style="font-family: Helvetica;
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                                        line-height: normal; orphans: 2;
                                        text-align: -webkit-auto;
                                        text-indent: 0px;
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                                        class="" lang="EN-GB">
                                        <div class="WordSection1"
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                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-family:
                                              Calibri, sans-serif;
                                              color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                              class="">Viv:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-family:
                                              Calibri, sans-serif;
                                              color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                              class=""> </span></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-family:
                                              Calibri, sans-serif;
                                              color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                              class="">Good stuff. I
                                              empathize totally.<o:p
                                                class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-family:
                                              Calibri, sans-serif;
                                              color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                              class=""> </span></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-family:
                                              Calibri, sans-serif;
                                              color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                              class="">Re photons and
                                              mass, do make sure you
                                              call it<span
                                                class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i
                                                class="">inertial mass</i>.
                                              And/or protect yourself
                                              with a reference to<span
                                                class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
                                                moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                href="https://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/"
                                                style="color: purple;
                                                text-decoration:
                                                underline; " class=""><span
                                                  style="color: rgb(0,
                                                  0, 153); " class="">Einstein’s
                                                  E=mc² paper</span></a>,
                                              where the last line reads
                                              thus:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-family:
                                              Calibri, sans-serif;
                                              color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                              class=""> </span></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><i
                                              class=""><span
                                                style="font-family:
                                                Calibri, sans-serif;
                                                color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                                class="" lang="EN">“If
                                                the theory corresponds
                                                to the facts, radiation
                                                conveys inertia between
                                                the emitting and
                                                absorbing bodies”.</span></i><i
                                              class=""><span
                                                style="font-family:
                                                Calibri, sans-serif;
                                                color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                                class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></i></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-family:
                                              Calibri, sans-serif;
                                              color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                              class=""> </span></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-family:
                                              Calibri, sans-serif;
                                              color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                              class="">I say this
                                              because IMHO the sort of
                                              people who bang on about
                                              gluons or the 8<sup
                                                class="">th</sup><span
                                                class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>spatial
                                              dimension will use
                                              anything cast aspersions
                                              on people like you.  <o:p
                                                class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-family:
                                              Calibri, sans-serif;
                                              color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                              class=""> </span></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-family:
                                              Calibri, sans-serif;
                                              color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                              class="">I’ve been doing
                                              some major writing
                                              recently, and in doing so
                                              I’m getting the feeling
                                              that there’s more wrong
                                              with standard-model
                                              physics than people
                                              appreciate. Much more.<o:p
                                                class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
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                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-family:
                                              Calibri, sans-serif;
                                              color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                              class=""> </span></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-family:
                                              Calibri, sans-serif;
                                              color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                              class="">Regards<o:p
                                                class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
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                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-family:
                                              Calibri, sans-serif;
                                              color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "
                                              class="">JohnD<o:p
                                                class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
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                                              style="font-size: 11pt;
                                              font-family: Calibri,
                                              sans-serif; color: rgb(31,
                                              73, 125); " class=""> </span></div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="border-style:
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                                              border-top-color: rgb(225,
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                                              0cm 0cm; " class="">
                                              <div style="margin: 0cm
                                                0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:
                                                12pt; font-family:
                                                'Times New Roman',
                                                serif; " class=""><b
                                                  class=""><span
                                                    style="font-size:
                                                    11pt; font-family:
                                                    Calibri, sans-serif;
                                                    " class=""
                                                    lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span
                                                  style="font-size:
                                                  11pt; font-family:
                                                  Calibri, sans-serif; "
                                                  class="" lang="EN-US"><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:general">mailto:general</a>-<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"
                                                    class="">bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]<b
                                                    class="">On Behalf
                                                    Of<span
                                                      class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Vivian
                                                  Robinson<br class="">
                                                  <b class="">Sent:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>05 October 2016 09:58<br class="">
                                                  <b class="">To:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles -
                                                  General Discussion
                                                  <<a
                                                    moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><br
                                                    class="">
                                                  <b class="">Subject:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Proposed photon wave
                                                  functions<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                            </div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><o:p
                                              class=""> </o:p></div>
                                          <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                            font-family: 'Times New
                                            Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                              style="font-size: 10.5pt;
                                              " class="">Rear Richard
                                              and others,</span><o:p
                                              class=""></o:p></div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class="">I
                                                submitted my results to
                                                the group in the hope
                                                that it would start
                                                debate on my topic.
                                                Richard I appreciate
                                                that you have taken time
                                                to make a couple of
                                                comments. I would like
                                                to add a few points to
                                                aid (I hope) further
                                                discussion.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class="">First,
                                                the so called "standard
                                                models" of matter suffer
                                                from some disadvantages,
                                                not the least of which
                                                is the use of invented
                                                concepts, e.g. quarks,
                                                gluons and strings that
                                                have never been
                                                separately identified.
                                                String theory is one
                                                very bad example. It
                                                uses several space
                                                dimensions that have
                                                never been detected
                                                along with particles too
                                                small to be ever
                                                detected to make
                                                predictions that don't
                                                match observation.
                                                However the mathematics
                                                is sufficiently
                                                complicated that
                                                referees are prepared to
                                                accept that it may have
                                                some future. That is
                                                another example of
                                                theoreticians being out
                                                of touch with reality. I
                                                am sure that if their
                                                funding body informed
                                                them that their salary
                                                has been paid  in full
                                                in a combinations of
                                                strings in the 8th
                                                spatial dimension, our
                                                universe being the three
                                                detectable ones  and
                                                they can collect it when
                                                they find the eighth
                                                dimension and unravel
                                                the strings, they would
                                                also be the first to
                                                complain. Yet they would
                                                have us believe that is
                                                the origins of the whole
                                                universe, not just their
                                                salary.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class="">Quarks
                                                and gluons are another
                                                example. They have never
                                                been separately
                                                isolated. So Quantum
                                                ChromoDynamics (QCD)
                                                theoreticians developed
                                                the concept that
                                                the gluon "force"
                                                between quarks increases
                                                as their separation
                                                distance increases.
                                                Unfortunately when
                                                "satellite" nucleons
                                                orbit a nucleus at a
                                                "significant distance"
                                                where quark separations
                                                are quite large, the
                                                binding is very weak and
                                                the lifetimes of these
                                                nuclei are measures
                                                immilli seconds. As some
                                                QCD practitioners will
                                                attest, QCD calculations
                                                are not good at matching
                                                observation so
                                                theoreticians keep
                                                changing their model
                                                until it does. They have
                                                devised 36 quarks, 2
                                                types, 3 generations of
                                                each type. three
                                                "colours for each
                                                generation, plus their
                                                anti-particles, plus 8
                                                colours or flavours of
                                                gluons, a total of 44
                                                undetected particles,
                                                and they still can't get
                                                good answers. Again by
                                                making their mathematics
                                                complex they avoid
                                                scrutiny by non
                                                experts. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class="">The
                                                point is that "standard
                                                model" physics has many
                                                examples of
                                                theoreticians using non
                                                detected particles or
                                                entities and dimensions,
                                                to give unsatisfactory
                                                answers to some aspects
                                                of experimental
                                                observation. Trying to
                                                replace those with a
                                                further set of
                                                hypothetical particles,
                                                be they rotars, hods,
                                                microvita or faster than
                                                light
                                                (superluminal) particles does
                                                not make their concept
                                                any better than those
                                                forwarded by standard
                                                model practitioners.
                                                Being able to match a
                                                few physical properties
                                                by ascribing specific
                                                properties to undetected
                                                hypothetical particles
                                                is no advance if all it
                                                is doing is matching a
                                                few local properties. <o:p
                                                  class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class="">I am
                                                forwarding my work as
                                                different. It uses known
                                                properties of free
                                                space, namely its
                                                electric permittivity
                                                (ep) and magnetic
                                                permeability (mp). It
                                                suggests that these
                                                facilitate the passage
                                                of packets of
                                                electromagnetic energy
                                                called photons, possibly
                                                by being composed of
                                                vibrations in ep and mp.
                                                John W and I have used
                                                different wording to
                                                convey the idea that
                                                photons convey mass, as
                                                was proposed by Einstein
                                                in 1905. I feel sure a
                                                suitable set of words
                                                could be found to
                                                describe how those
                                                photon oscillations
                                                convey that mass. I have
                                                presented four wave
                                                equations that describe
                                                the Einstein-de Broglie
                                                wave function psi, along
                                                with a physical
                                                representation of them. <o:p
                                                  class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class="">I
                                                describe the angular
                                                momentum of photons as
                                                being due to the
                                                circular wave motion of
                                                the electromagnetic
                                                field in circularly
                                                polarised photons. This
                                                implies that plane
                                                polarised photons will
                                                not have any angular
                                                momentum and hence no
                                                intrinsic spin. This is
                                                able to be checked
                                                experimentally. Its
                                                rotating centre of mass
                                                only travels at sqrt 2 x
                                                c for a photon composed
                                                of a single wavelength.
                                                It is not a super
                                                luminal velocity. The
                                                centre of mass is a
                                                mathematical point that
                                                rotates. It is not a
                                                physical rotation of a
                                                mass traveling faster
                                                than c. The mass of the
                                                photon is traveling at c
                                                in its propagation
                                                direction. One might as
                                                well say that the wave
                                                motion of the electric
                                                field is superluminal
                                                because it follows a
                                                sine curve which has a
                                                length longer than the
                                                straight line travel of
                                                c. That does not mean
                                                that its mass is
                                                travelling faster than c
                                                and therefore all
                                                photons are
                                                superluminal. <o:p
                                                  class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class="">Mathematical
                                                points traveling at
                                                faster than c is not
                                                superluminal travel.
                                                There has been an often
                                                quoted example of waving
                                                a laser into space. If
                                                waved fast enough across
                                                the dark surface of the
                                                new moon, it could be
                                                possible to observe the
                                                laser point moving
                                                across the moon's
                                                surface at faster than
                                                c. That is a
                                                mathematical point
                                                moving faster than c. It
                                                is not superluminal
                                                motion. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class="">I
                                                submit that making
                                                models of hypothetical
                                                particles and ascribing
                                                properties to them is
                                                not the same as deriving
                                                those properties from
                                                fundamental
                                                considerations. Others
                                                are entitled to their
                                                own views.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class="">FYI,
                                                I have been working on
                                                this for three decades.
                                                I decided not to publish
                                                much of my work, apart
                                                from compiling it into
                                                some extended
                                                manuscripts, complete
                                                with ISBNs, that I made
                                                available to a few
                                                selected friends and
                                                interested parties. My
                                                career experience was
                                                that reviewers and
                                                critics have a habit of
                                                raising non relevant
                                                objections, bogging
                                                authors down and slowing
                                                further progress. <o:p
                                                  class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class="">Chandra,
                                                is that the kind of
                                                paper you would like
                                                presented at your next
                                                SPIE conference? It will
                                                be more advanced by
                                                then. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class="">Cheers,<o:p
                                                  class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class="">Vivian
                                                Robinson<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><span
                                                style="font-size:
                                                10.5pt; " class=""> </span></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div class="">
                                            <div class="">
                                              <div class="">
                                                <div style="margin: 0cm
                                                  0cm 0.0001pt;
                                                  font-size: 12pt;
                                                  font-family: 'Times
                                                  New Roman', serif; "
                                                  class="">On
                                                  29/09/2016, at 11:25
                                                  PM, Richard Gauthier
                                                  <<a
                                                    moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" style="color: purple;
                                                    text-decoration:
                                                    underline; "
                                                    class="">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>>
                                                  wrote:<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
                                              </div>
                                              <div style="margin: 0cm
                                                0cm 0.0001pt; font-size:
                                                12pt; font-family:
                                                'Times New Roman',
                                                serif; " class=""><br
                                                  class="">
                                                <br class="">
                                                <o:p class=""></o:p></div>
                                              <blockquote
                                                style="margin-top: 5pt;
                                                margin-bottom: 5pt; "
                                                class="">
                                                <div class="">
                                                  <div style="margin:
                                                    0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
                                                    font-size: 12pt;
                                                    font-family: 'Times
                                                    New Roman', serif; "
                                                    class="">Hello
                                                    Vivian, Chip and
                                                    others,<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
                                                  <div class="">
                                                    <div style="margin:
                                                      0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
                                                      font-size: 12pt;
                                                      font-family:
                                                      'Times New Roman',
                                                      serif; " class=""> 
                                                       The derivations
                                                      of the radius
                                                      R=lambda/2pi of my
                                                      internally
                                                      superluminal
                                                      photon model and
                                                      the corresponding
                                                      45-degree forward
                                                      angle of the
                                                      photon model's
                                                      internal helical
                                                      trajectory are
                                                      given in Section
                                                      5, equations 8
                                                      through 17 in my
                                                      published 1996
                                                      article
                                                      “Microvita: A new
                                                      approach to
                                                      matter, life and
                                                      health”, which I
                                                      attach and which
                                                      is available from
                                                      Springer and at <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.academia.edu/28777551/Microvita_A_New_Approach_to_Matter_Life_and_Health"
                                                        style="color:
                                                        purple;
                                                        text-decoration:
                                                        underline; "
                                                        class="">https://www.academia.edu/28777551/Microvita_A_New_Approach_to_Matter_Life_and_Health</a>.
                                                      My
                                                      internally-double-looping
                                                      model of the
                                                      electron is also
                                                      presented
                                                      quantitatively
                                                      there in Section
                                                      6. The electron
                                                      model there has
                                                      evolved into my
                                                      SPIE relativistic
                                                      spin-1/2
                                                      charged-photon
                                                      electron model
                                                      since then. It
                                                      follows directly
                                                      from the photon
                                                      model's helical
                                                      angle of 45
                                                      degrees that the
                                                      internal speed of
                                                      the photon model
                                                      is c sqrt(2),
                                                      which I state
                                                      explicitly in my
                                                      published 2007
                                                      article “FTL
                                                      quantum models of
                                                      the photon and the
                                                      electron”,
                                                      attached below and
                                                      available from
                                                      STAIF-2007 and at <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.academia.edu/4429837/FTL_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron"
                                                        style="color:
                                                        purple;
                                                        text-decoration:
                                                        underline; "
                                                        class="">https://www.academia.edu/4429837/FTL_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron</a> . <o:p
                                                        class=""></o:p></div>
                                                  </div>
                                                  <div class="">
                                                    <div style="margin:
                                                      0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
                                                      font-size: 12pt;
                                                      font-family:
                                                      'Times New Roman',
                                                      serif; " class=""> 
                                                         Richard<o:p
                                                        class=""></o:p></div>
                                                  </div>
                                                  <div class="">
                                                    <div style="margin:
                                                      0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
                                                      font-size: 12pt;
                                                      font-family:
                                                      'Times New Roman',
                                                      serif; " class=""><o:p
                                                        class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                  </div>
                                                </div>
                                                <div style="margin: 0cm
                                                  0cm 0.0001pt;
                                                  font-size: 12pt;
                                                  font-family: 'Times
                                                  New Roman', serif; "
                                                  class=""><Microvita
                                                  A New Approach to
                                                  Matter Life and
                                                  Health.pdf><o:p
                                                    class=""></o:p></div>
                                                <div style="margin: 0cm
                                                  0cm 0.0001pt;
                                                  font-size: 12pt;
                                                  font-family: 'Times
                                                  New Roman', serif; "
                                                  class=""><FTL
                                                  Quantum Models of the
                                                  Photon and the
                                                  Electron.pdf><o:p
                                                    class=""></o:p></div>
                                                <div class="">
                                                  <div style="margin:
                                                    0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;
                                                    font-size: 12pt;
                                                    font-family: 'Times
                                                    New Roman', serif; "
                                                    class=""><o:p
                                                      class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                  <div class="">
                                                    <blockquote
                                                      style="margin-top:
                                                      5pt;
                                                      margin-bottom:
                                                      5pt; " class="">
                                                      <div class="">
                                                        <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">On
                                                          Sep 24, 2016,
                                                          at 8:34 AM,
                                                          Richard
                                                          Gauthier <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"
                                                          style="color:
                                                          purple;
                                                          text-decoration:
                                                          underline; "
                                                          class="">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>>
                                                          wrote:<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div
                                                        style="margin:
                                                        0cm 0cm
                                                        0.0001pt;
                                                        font-size: 12pt;
                                                        font-family:
                                                        'Times New
                                                        Roman', serif; "
                                                        class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                      <div class="">
                                                        <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">Hello
                                                          Vivian,<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                        <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""> 
                                                           I’ve gone
                                                          through your
                                                          new article on
                                                          the photon and
                                                          it looks
                                                          interesting. I
                                                          appreciate
                                                          that your
                                                          photon model
                                                          is now
                                                          internally
                                                          superluminal
                                                          with an
                                                          internal
                                                          helical speed
                                                          of c sqrt(2)
                                                          and an
                                                          effective
                                                          radius of
                                                          lambda/2pi.
                                                          Your photon
                                                          model has
                                                          similarities
                                                          to Chip’s
                                                          model of the
                                                          photon in this
                                                          and other
                                                          respects and
                                                          I’m surprised
                                                          that you
                                                          didn’t
                                                          reference his
                                                          work. I would
                                                          be interested
                                                          to see a
                                                          comparison
                                                          between your
                                                          photon model
                                                          and Chip’s.
                                                          I’d also like
                                                          to hear Chip’s
                                                          comments on
                                                          your photon
                                                          model.<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                        </div>
                                                        <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">   
                                                           Richard<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                        </div>
                                                        <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                        </div>
                                                        <div class="">
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          style="margin-top:
                                                          5pt;
                                                          margin-bottom:
                                                          5pt; "
                                                          class="">
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">On
                                                          Sep 22, 2016,
                                                          at 8:55 PM,
                                                          Vivian
                                                          Robinson <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:viv@universephysics.com"
                                                          style="color:
                                                          purple;
                                                          text-decoration:
                                                          underline; "
                                                          class="">viv@universephysics.com</a>>
                                                          wrote:<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">Hodge,<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">It
                                                          would still be
                                                          best if you
                                                          sent the
                                                          article. I
                                                          (finally)
                                                          accessed some
                                                          of your STOE
                                                          articles but
                                                          could not find
                                                          mse42my.pdf. I
                                                          am not exactly
                                                          sure to what
                                                          you are
                                                          referring.<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">Some
                                                          aspects of
                                                          your work have
                                                          commonality
                                                          with mine. I
                                                          use detectable
                                                          photons as the
                                                          basis of
                                                          everything,
                                                          you use hods.
                                                          We are both
                                                          trying to show
                                                          that
                                                          everything
                                                          follows from
                                                          that one
                                                          particle. I
                                                          prefer my
                                                          approach
                                                          because
                                                          photons are
                                                          detectable and
                                                          have
                                                          properties to
                                                          which my work
                                                          must comply.
                                                          The wave
                                                          functions in
                                                          my article are
                                                          their
                                                          restriction.
                                                          Like you I
                                                          prefer
                                                          Newtonian
                                                          mechanics to
                                                          relativity and
                                                          quantum
                                                          mechanics.
                                                          There are many
                                                          observations
                                                          that confirm
                                                          relativity and
                                                          quantum
                                                          mechanics that
                                                          don't match
                                                          Newtonian
                                                          mechanics. My
                                                          work must
                                                          match those
                                                          observations. <o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">I
                                                          have found
                                                          that the
                                                          toroidal (John
                                                          W and Martin
                                                          vdM) or
                                                          rotating
                                                          photon (Viv
                                                           R) model of
                                                          an electron is
                                                          one in which
                                                          an electron
                                                          consists of
                                                          a photon of
                                                          the
                                                          appropriate
                                                          energy (≈
                                                          0.511 MeV at
                                                          rest) makes
                                                          two
                                                          revolutions in
                                                          one
                                                          wavelength. It
                                                          is this that
                                                          gives the
                                                          electron spin
                                                          (angular
                                                          momentum) of
                                                          half hbar. The
                                                          E - mc^2
                                                          relationship
                                                          between mass
                                                          and energy is
                                                          mass is the
                                                          photon
                                                          rotating twice
                                                          within its
                                                          wavelength.
                                                          Unlock its
                                                          angular
                                                          momentum gives
                                                          it energy E =
                                                          mc^2. As the
                                                          particle moves
                                                          its structure
                                                          means that it
                                                          is
                                                          automatically
                                                          subject to the
                                                          special
                                                          relativity
                                                          corrections of
                                                          mass, length
                                                          and time. I
                                                          make mention
                                                          of other
                                                          properties,
                                                          although as
                                                          Richard G
                                                          pointed out,
                                                          my derivation
                                                          of the
                                                          magnetic
                                                          moment of the
                                                          electron was
                                                          in error in
                                                          that paper. I
                                                          have now
                                                          corrected
                                                          that.<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">I
                                                          suggest that
                                                          all other
                                                          particles,
                                                          stable or
                                                          otherwise, are
                                                          composed of
                                                          appropriate
                                                          rotating
                                                          photons and
                                                          have derived
                                                          the structure
                                                          and properties
                                                          of many of
                                                          them based
                                                          upon that
                                                          model. If this
                                                          is the
                                                          structure of
                                                          all matter,
                                                          the special
                                                          relativity
                                                          corrections are
                                                          due to the
                                                          rotating
                                                          photon being
                                                          "stretched" as
                                                          it moves.
                                                          They are not
                                                          some
                                                          mathematically
                                                          imposed
                                                          restriction.<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">You
                                                          will find that
                                                          when you apply
                                                          Newtonian
                                                          mechanics to a
                                                          photon with
                                                          those
                                                          waveforms and
                                                          mass, you get
                                                          Einstein's
                                                          general theory
                                                          of relativity
                                                          for space
                                                          outside
                                                          matter, ie,
                                                          gravity as we
                                                          know it. The
                                                          exception is
                                                          that there is
                                                          no singularity
                                                          at the
                                                          Schwarzschild
                                                          radius and
                                                          therefore no
                                                          black holes.
                                                          That doesn't
                                                          prevent the
                                                          existence of
                                                          massive
                                                          objects, which
                                                          is all
                                                          astronomers
                                                          are detecting.
                                                          It is the
                                                          theoretical
                                                          physicists who
                                                          call them
                                                          black holes.
                                                          Astronomical
                                                          measurements
                                                          are still
                                                          thousands of
                                                          times less
                                                          accurate than
                                                          required to
                                                          distinguish
                                                          between my
                                                          metric and the
                                                          Schwarzschild
                                                          metric. I am
                                                          confident that
                                                          when they do
                                                          improve, my
                                                          metric, with
                                                          the
                                                          gravitational
                                                          singularity at
                                                          the centre of
                                                          mass and not
                                                          at the
                                                          Schwarzschild
                                                          radius, will
                                                          hold. <o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">You
                                                          will then
                                                          recognise that
                                                          gravity is not
                                                          inverse square
                                                          law. If you
                                                          studied
                                                          Newton's
                                                          Principia you
                                                          will see that
                                                          he also worked
                                                          out what would
                                                          happen if
                                                          gravity was
                                                          stronger or
                                                          weaker than
                                                          inverse square
                                                          law. His
                                                          observations
                                                          showed that
                                                          the planets
                                                          were following
                                                          the
                                                          trajectories
                                                          predicted by
                                                          the inverse
                                                          square law
                                                          calculations,
                                                          leading to the
                                                          conclusion
                                                          that
                                                          gravity is controlled
                                                          by inverse
                                                          square.
                                                          However, not
                                                          all
                                                          observations
                                                          follow the
                                                          inverse square
                                                          law.
                                                          Conclusion -
                                                          gravity is not
                                                          inverse
                                                          square. <o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">The
                                                          only reason
                                                          the Big Bang
                                                          theory was
                                                          accepted was
                                                          because early
                                                          calculations
                                                          showed that,
                                                          if gravity was
                                                          inverse square
                                                          law, an
                                                          infinite
                                                          static
                                                          universe would
                                                          collapse in on
                                                          itself through
                                                          gravitational
                                                          attraction.
                                                          That clearly
                                                          hasn't
                                                          happened.
                                                          Einstein tried
                                                          to overcome it
                                                          with his
                                                          cosmological
                                                          constant. His
                                                          field
                                                          equations only
                                                          allowed for an
                                                          expanding or
                                                          collapsing
                                                          universe.
                                                          Since
                                                          forwarding the
                                                          Big Bang
                                                          theory, they
                                                          have done
                                                          everything to
                                                          match a new
                                                          observation
                                                          into that
                                                          theory,
                                                          ignoring the
                                                          other
                                                          possibility.
                                                          If gravity
                                                          isn't inverse
                                                          square, other
                                                          possibilities
                                                          exist. <o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">Again,
                                                          using
                                                          Newtonian
                                                          mechanics to
                                                          the structure
                                                          of the photon
                                                          I propose,
                                                          shows that
                                                          gravity is
                                                          either inverse
                                                          square law or
                                                          stronger for
                                                          space outside
                                                          matter: Or
                                                          inverse square
                                                          law or weaker
                                                          for space
                                                          inside matter,
                                                          something that
                                                          applies to the
                                                          structure of
                                                          the universe
                                                          as a whole. If
                                                          you have a
                                                          universe in
                                                          which gravity
                                                          is weaker than
                                                          the inverse
                                                          square law by
                                                          an amount
                                                          predicted from
                                                          my photon's
                                                          wave function,
                                                          then an
                                                          infinite
                                                          static
                                                          universe will
                                                          not collapse
                                                          under
                                                          gravitational
                                                          influence.
                                                          Photons from
                                                          distant
                                                          galaxies will
                                                          still be
                                                          redshifted, as
                                                          observed.
                                                          Things like
                                                          gravitational
                                                          lensing still
                                                          occur,
                                                          although I am
                                                          not convinced
                                                          that
                                                          everything
                                                          forwarded as
                                                          gravitational
                                                          lensing is
                                                          actually
                                                          gravitational
                                                          lensing. <o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">Forget
                                                          the Big Bang
                                                          theory.
                                                          Therefore no
                                                          inflation
                                                          (straight
                                                          after the Big
                                                          Bang). Dark
                                                          matter is
                                                          required to
                                                          explain the
                                                          more rapid
                                                          rotation of
                                                          galaxies.
                                                          Based upon
                                                          other aspects
                                                          of inverse
                                                          square law,
                                                          galaxies and
                                                          even clusters
                                                          of galaxies
                                                          would be
                                                          expected to
                                                          rotate about
                                                          their centre
                                                          of mass much
                                                          faster than is
                                                          determined
                                                          from gravity
                                                          alone. The
                                                          detected
                                                          components in
                                                          galaxies will
                                                          cause them to
                                                          rotate
                                                          significantly
                                                          faster than
                                                          predicted from
                                                          either
                                                          Newtonian or
                                                          Relativistic
                                                          gravity. That
                                                          statement can
                                                          be justified
                                                          by
                                                          experimental
                                                          evidence
                                                          (courtesy of
                                                          Uncle Sam
                                                          whose work is
                                                          much
                                                          appreciated at
                                                          least by this
                                                          author) beyond
                                                          the mere
                                                          detection of
                                                          more rapidly
                                                          rotating
                                                          galaxies.
                                                          Forget about
                                                          dark matter.<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">As
                                                          for dark
                                                          energy, it is
                                                          based upon the
                                                          observation of
                                                          apparently
                                                          anomalous type
                                                          1a supernovae
                                                          (SNe1a)
                                                          intensities.
                                                          In order to
                                                          match the
                                                          observed SNe1a
                                                          intensities to
                                                          my work I need
                                                          our galaxy to
                                                          be in a region
                                                          of space with
                                                          a density of
                                                          about 10^-24
                                                          kg/m^3. This
                                                          is about 1,000
                                                          times the
                                                          density
                                                          required under
                                                          the Big Bang
                                                          theory for the
                                                          universe to
                                                          exist in its
                                                          current form
                                                          some 23.8
                                                          billion years
                                                          after the Big
                                                          Bang. But
                                                          there are many
                                                          problems with
                                                          that figure.<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">The
                                                          odds of the
                                                          universe
                                                          having this
                                                          structure 13.8
                                                          billion years
                                                          after the Big
                                                          Bang are about
                                                          1 : 10^60. (I
                                                          doubt that any
                                                          Big Bang
                                                          proponent
                                                          would risk
                                                          his/her money
                                                          when she/he
                                                          had only 1 :
                                                          1000 chance of
                                                          winning. If
                                                          they are, I am
                                                          prepared to
                                                          wager against
                                                          as many as are
                                                          prepared to
                                                          show their
                                                          faith in low
                                                          odds.) Yet
                                                          they expect us
                                                          to believe the
                                                          whole universe
                                                          exists because
                                                          of 1 : 10^60
                                                          odds and we
                                                          are the one
                                                          universe in
                                                          over 10^60
                                                          other
                                                          universes in
                                                          the
                                                          multiverse.
                                                          Talk about
                                                          having lost
                                                          touch with
                                                          reality.
                                                          Another
                                                          feature is
                                                          that a "quick"
                                                          (i.e., long
                                                          and involved)
                                                          calculation
                                                          will show that
                                                          the density of
                                                          the visible
                                                          universe is
                                                          higher than ≈
                                                          10^-27 kg/m^3.
                                                          Thirdly, for
                                                          an expanding
                                                          universe in
                                                          which there is
                                                          only light
                                                          from up to
                                                          13.8 billion
                                                          light years
                                                          distance,
                                                          there are far
                                                          too many stars
                                                          visible in the
                                                          Hubble Extreme
                                                          field images
                                                          (again, thanks
                                                          Uncle Sam). I
                                                          am sure some
                                                          of you can
                                                          think of other
                                                          observations
                                                          as well.<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">Going
                                                          back to dark
                                                          energy. In
                                                          order to match
                                                          the observed
                                                          SNe1a
                                                          intensities,
                                                          my model
                                                          requires a
                                                          local (<
                                                          10^8 LYs
                                                          radius)
                                                          density of
                                                          just over 1 x
                                                          10^-24 kg/m^3,
                                                          dropping down
                                                          to a
                                                          background
                                                          average of ≈ 8
                                                          x 10^-26
                                                          kg/m^3. Or
                                                          another effect
                                                          I haven't yet
                                                          included. Both
                                                          of these
                                                          figures are
                                                          much higher
                                                          than the
                                                          "official"
                                                          (i.e. matches
                                                          their theory)
                                                          value of ≈
                                                          10^-27 kg/m^3.
                                                          A brief look
                                                          at the stars
                                                          in our local
                                                          region, ≈ 10^6
                                                          LYs radius,
                                                          gives the
                                                          number of sun
                                                          mass stars, ≈
                                                          200 x 10^9 for
                                                          Milky Way, ≈
                                                          300 x 10^9
                                                          Andromeda, and
                                                          others, gives
                                                          a star mass
                                                          density
                                                          approaching
                                                          10^-25 kg/m^3.
                                                          Here is where
                                                          astronomers
                                                          are a little
                                                          vague. The
                                                          mass of
                                                          galaxies is
                                                          usually quoted
                                                          in terms of
                                                          number of
                                                          stars of the
                                                          same mass as
                                                          our sun
                                                          (luminous
                                                          matter). They
                                                          also add to
                                                          that figure,
                                                          the
                                                          observation
                                                          that the
                                                          average galaxy
                                                          has about ten
                                                          times as much
                                                          matter in a
                                                          gas and dust
                                                          cloud
                                                          surrounding
                                                          the galaxy
                                                          (non luminous
                                                          matter) as
                                                          there is
                                                          luminous
                                                          matter. Adding
                                                          the mass of
                                                          the non
                                                          luminous
                                                          matter to the
                                                          mass of the
                                                          luminous
                                                          matter, if it
                                                          isn't already
                                                          included, gets
                                                          me close to
                                                          10^-24 kg/m^3.
                                                          I admit I am
                                                          not quite
                                                          there. I am
                                                          not out by as
                                                          much as a
                                                          factor of 24
                                                          times the
                                                          observed mass
                                                          of the
                                                          universe and
                                                          that is
                                                          without dark
                                                          matter to make
                                                          the galaxies
                                                          rotate faster
                                                          than they
                                                          should under
                                                          gravity alone.<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">There
                                                          are many other
                                                          problems
                                                          associated
                                                          with the Big
                                                          Bang theory.
                                                          Just think
                                                          about the
                                                          additional
                                                          mass a galaxy
                                                          must have to a
                                                          receding
                                                          velocity that
                                                          gives a
                                                          redshift of
                                                          10. Perhaps
                                                          you know a few
                                                          more of them. <o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">In
                                                          summary, I
                                                          believe the
                                                          photon model
                                                          just forwarded
                                                          can be used
                                                          with the
                                                          rotating
                                                          photon or
                                                          toroidal
                                                          electromagnetic
                                                          field
                                                          structure of
                                                          matter
                                                          and Newtonian
                                                          mechanics give
                                                          a continuity
                                                          between
                                                          quantum
                                                          "weirdness"
                                                          and special
                                                          and general
                                                          relativity.
                                                          Much of what
                                                          is called
                                                          quantum
                                                          "weirdness"
                                                          can be
                                                          explained by
                                                          the structures
                                                          of the photon
                                                          and the
                                                          particles
                                                          composed of
                                                          rotating or
                                                          toroidal
                                                          photons. Yes
                                                          they need
                                                          refinement,
                                                          but we have to
                                                          start
                                                          somewhere. As
                                                          I said, the
                                                          object of my
                                                          communication
                                                          was to have a
                                                          general
                                                          discussion on
                                                          the nature of
                                                          light and
                                                          particles. <o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">I
                                                          append my
                                                          paper on the
                                                          electron
                                                          structure
                                                          FYI. <o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">Regards,<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">Vivian
                                                          Robinson<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><Proposed
                                                          electron
                                                          structure.pdf><o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class=""><o:p
                                                          class=""> </o:p></div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0cm 0cm
                                                          0.0001pt;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          12pt;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          'Times New
                                                          Roman', serif;
                                                          " class="">On
                                                          23/09/2016, at
                                                          1:08 AM, Hodge
                                                          John <<a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:jchodge@frontier.com" style="color: purple;
                                                          text-decoration:
                                                          underline; "
                                                          class="">jchodge@frontier.com</a>>
                                                          wrote:<o:p
                                                          class=""></o:p></div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </blockquote>
                                                        </div>
                                                      </div>
                                                    </blockquote>
                                                  </div>
                                                </div>
                                                <div style="margin: 0cm
                                                  0cm 0.0001pt;
                                                  font-size: 12pt;
                                                  font-family: 'Times
                                                  New Roman', serif; "
                                                  class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div>
                                              </blockquote>
                                            </div>
                                            <div style="margin: 0cm 0cm
                                              0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;
                                              font-family: 'Times New
                                              Roman', serif; " class=""><o:p
                                                class=""> </o:p></div>
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