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    <p>Hi Chip,</p>
    <p>you find the information about mass on my web site
      <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.ag-physics.org/rmass">www.ag-physics.org/rmass</a> .</p>
    <p>And you can find additional refinements for the electron on the
      site <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.ag-physics.org/electron">www.ag-physics.org/electron</a> .</p>
    <p>Albrecht<br>
    </p>
    <br>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 11.10.2016 um 14:38 schrieb Chip
      Akins:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote cite="mid:013501d223bc$65374330$2fa5c990$@gmail.com"
      type="cite">
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        <p class="MsoNormal">Hi Albrecht<o:p></o:p></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal">Can you tell me where to find your paper
          which discusses the aspect of any extended object must possess
          the property of rest mass?<o:p></o:p></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal">I have read it before but cannot find it in
          my archives. I would like to review it once more.<o:p></o:p></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal">Chip<o:p></o:p></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
        <div>
          <div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1
            1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
            <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext">
                General
[<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
                <b>On Behalf Of </b>Albrecht Giese<br>
                <b>Sent:</b> Monday, October 10, 2016 2:19 PM<br>
                <b>To:</b> Richard Gauthier
                <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"><richgauthier@gmail.com></a>; Nature of Light and
                Particles - General Discussion
                <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org></a><br>
                <b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] Proposed photon wave
                functions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
        <p>Hello Richard,<o:p></o:p></p>
        <p>you are right that inertia and momentum are related to each
          other. The relation is that inertia is the cause of momentum,
          without inertia in our world there would be no momentum in our
          world.<o:p></o:p></p>
        <p>Mathematically spoken: momentum = mass * vector_of_motion.
          The vector_of motion is a vector, so the product "momentum" is
          a vector. An explanation of momentum needs the explanation of
          mass as a precondition. Not the other way around.<o:p></o:p></p>
        <p>Inertial mass can in fact be explained if one accepts that an
          extended object necessarily has inertia. And as the electron
          has to be extended (in order to have angular momentum and
          magnetic moment) it has inertial mass just from this reason.
          And I like to repeat: the assumption that an extended object
          has inertia is not only an idea but can be deduced
          quantitatively with precise results without the use of any
          free parameters which had to be adjusted.<br>
          <br>
          Albrecht<o:p></o:p></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
        <div>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Am 09.10.2016 um 03:00 schrieb Richard
            Gauthier:<o:p></o:p></p>
        </div>
        <blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
          <div>
            <p class="MsoNormal">Hello Albrecht, Vivian and all,<o:p></o:p></p>
          </div>
          <div>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
          </div>
          <div>
            <p class="MsoNormal">Albrecht: Of course, if you say that an
              apple is essentially the same as an orange (despite their
              different properties) then you can also say that inertial
              mass is essentially the same as momentum (despite their
              different properties). But inertial mass is not the same
              as momentum, and apples are not the same as oranges.
              Inertial mass is a scalar quantity and momentum is a
              vector quantity, which is fundamentally different. They
              also have different physical units.  My point is that
              inertial mass is NOT the same as momentum although they
              are related. A linearly moving photon has inertial mass
              hf/c^2 (while having no rest mass) as well as external
              momentum hf/c. A resting electron has inertial mass m=
              Eo/c^2 while having no (or minimal) external momentum. In
              circulating-photon electron models (which your electron
              model is not), the circulating photon also has inertial
              mass m=Eo/c^2=hf/c^2 of its circulating photon, and this
              inertial mass m of a resting electron is called the rest
              mass m of the electron, or simply the mass m of the
              electron. <o:p></o:p></p>
          </div>
          <div>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
          </div>
          <div>
            <p class="MsoNormal">Vivian: I think you are agreeing with
              Albrecht too quickly. Physicists have been trying hard to
              understand the nature of inertia since Newton failed to.
              Mach tried and failed. Several modern physicists such as
              Einstein, Woodward and Haisch et al have also tried
              unsuccessfully to explain the nature of inertial mass (the
              fact that the rest energy stored in a mass m is Eo=mc^2 is
              NOT in itself an explanation for inertial mass). The Higgs
              Field (as I understand it) also doesn’t explain inertial
              mass, although it may explain the origin of a particle's
              invariant mass as is claimed. Anyway, I won’t accept any
              explanation from you about particles and inertia as long
              as you continue to insist that the relativistic kinetic
              energy of a particle is KE = pc = gamma mv c (instead of
              the well-known experimentally established formula KE =
              (gamma - 1) mc^2  ) as you claim on p 13 in your article
              “A proposal for the structure and properties of the
              electron” (attached).<o:p></o:p></p>
          </div>
          <div>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
          </div>
          <div>
            <p class="MsoNormal">    Richard<o:p></o:p></p>
          </div>
          <div>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
          </div>
          <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><br>
            <br>
            <o:p></o:p></p>
          <div>
            <blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
              <div>
                <p class="MsoNormal">On Oct 6, 2016, at 2:21 PM, Vivian
                  Robinson <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
                    href="mailto:viv@etpsemra.com.au">viv@etpsemra.com.au</a>>
                  wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
              </div>
              <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
              <div>
                <div>
                  <p class="MsoNormal">Richard, <o:p></o:p></p>
                  <div>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <p class="MsoNormal">I agree with Albrecht. For a
                      physical relationship between energy and mass
                      through E + mc^2, you have seen my paper on it.
                      Energy is the photon travelling in a straight
                      line. Mass is the same photon confined in a circle
                      of radius equal to half its wavelength. That
                      relationship is directly E = mc^2 and it explains
                      many other properties associated with mass
                      particles. <o:p></o:p></p>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <p class="MsoNormal">Mathematics comes in many
                      forms, the same as languages. Not every one is
                      specialised in all forms of mathematics, anymore
                      than everyone is specialises in all languages.
                      Almost all physicists understand physical
                      descriptions. A physical description of the
                      process accompanied by the appropriate mathematics
                      will go a long way towards helping others
                      understanding the message being presented.<o:p></o:p></p>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <p class="MsoNormal">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></p>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <p class="MsoNormal">Vivian <o:p></o:p></p>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <div>
                        <p class="MsoNormal">On 07/10/2016, at 7:39 AM,
                          Albrecht Giese <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
                            href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de">genmail@a-giese.de</a>>
                          wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
                      </div>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><br>
                        <br>
                        <o:p></o:p></p>
                      <blockquote
                        style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"
                            style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Richard,<o:p></o:p></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"
                            style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">you
                            know my objection. Inertial mass and
                            momentum are fundamentally the same physical
                            phenomenon. Just the result of a different
                            application. And so it is no real
                            explanation to explain mass by momentum.
                            Because that means that you explain a
                            physical phenomenon by the same physical
                            phenomenon.<o:p></o:p></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"
                            style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Albrecht
                            <o:p></o:p></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"
                            style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">(And
                            you may have a look at <a
                              moz-do-not-send="true"
                              href="http://www.ag-physics.org/rmass">www.ag-physics.org/rmass</a>
                            ) <o:p></o:p></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                          <div>
                            <p class="MsoNormal">Am 06.10.2016 um 15:12
                              schrieb Richard Gauthier:<o:p></o:p></p>
                          </div>
                          <blockquote
                            style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal">John and Vivian and
                                others,<o:p></o:p></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal">   Yes, inertial mass
                                must be defined by F=ma and F=dp/dt as
                                Newton defined it, though he couldn’t
                                explain what causes it. It is caused by
                                a particle’s circling internal momentum,
                                as I derive in <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.academia.edu/25641654/A_New_Derivation_of_Eo_mc_2_Explains_a_Particles_Inertia">https://www.academia.edu/25641654/A_New_Derivation_of_Eo_mc_2_Explains_a_Particles_Inertia</a> ,
                                which is attached.<o:p></o:p></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal">    Richard<o:p></o:p></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                            </div>
                            <p class="MsoNormal"><br>
                              <br>
                              <o:p></o:p></p>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                            </div>
                            <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                            <div>
                              <blockquote
                                style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
                                <div>
                                  <p class="MsoNormal">On Oct 5, 2016,
                                    at 9:49 PM, Vivian Robinson <<a
                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                      href="mailto:viv@universephysics.com">viv@universephysics.com</a>>
                                    wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
                                </div>
                                <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                                <div>
                                  <div>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal">John, <o:p></o:p></p>
                                    <div>
                                      <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                          style="font-size:10.5pt">Thanks
                                          for the advice. I regularly
                                          reference Einstein's Ann. der
                                          Phys. 17, 639-641 (1905)
                                          paper. By mass I have tried to
                                          think of it as inertial mass m</span><span
                                          style="font-size:9.0pt">i</span><span
                                          style="font-size:10.5pt">,
                                          given by F = m</span><span
                                          style="font-size:9.0pt">i</span><span
                                          style="font-size:10.5pt">.a.
                                          Gravitational mass m</span><span
                                          style="font-size:9.0pt">g</span><span
                                          style="font-size:10.5pt"> is
                                          different by potential energy
                                          (PE) divided by c squared (m</span><span
                                          style="font-size:9.0pt">g</span><span
                                          style="font-size:10.5pt"> = m</span><span
                                          style="font-size:9.0pt">i</span><span
                                          style="font-size:10.5pt"> -
                                          PE/c^2). Rest mass m</span><span
                                          style="font-size:9.0pt">r</span><span
                                          style="font-size:10.5pt"> is m</span><span
                                          style="font-size:9.0pt">i</span><span
                                          style="font-size:10.5pt">
                                          measured at velocity = 0 with
                                          respect to m</span><span
                                          style="font-size:9.0pt">i</span><span
                                          style="font-size:10.5pt">.
                                          Relativistic mass m</span><span
                                          style="font-size:9.0pt">rel</span><span
                                          style="font-size:10.5pt"> is
                                          the mass measured at </span><span
                                          style="font-size:13.5pt">velocity
                                          v wrt an observer. Invariant
                                          mass doesn't exist because its
                                          value depends upon its
                                          position</span><span
                                          style="font-size:18.0pt"> wrt an
                                          observer, gravitational field
                                          and velocity. In practice all
                                          m</span><span
                                          style="font-size:9.0pt">i</span><span
                                          style="font-size:18.0pt">, m</span><span
                                          style="font-size:9.0pt">g</span><span
                                          style="font-size:18.0pt"> and
                                          m</span><span
                                          style="font-size:9.0pt">r</span><span
                                          style="font-size:18.0pt"> will
                                          be measured the same within
                                          experimental error,
                                          essentially making them
                                          invariant. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                          style="font-size:18.0pt">IMHO,
                                          you are quite correct about
                                          aspects of the standard model.
                                          There are some very serious
                                          problems.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                          style="font-size:18.0pt">Cheers,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                          style="font-size:18.0pt">Viv </span><o:p></o:p></p>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
                                      <div>
                                        <div>
                                          <p class="MsoNormal">On
                                            06/10/2016, at 4:08 AM, John
                                            Duffield <<a
                                              moz-do-not-send="true"
                                              href="mailto:johnduffield@btconnect.com">johnduffield@btconnect.com</a>>
                                            wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
                                        </div>
                                        <p class="MsoNormal"><br>
                                          <br>
                                          <o:p></o:p></p>
                                        <blockquote
                                          style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
                                          <div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                  lang="EN-GB">Viv:</span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                  lang="EN-GB"> </span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                  lang="EN-GB">Good
                                                  stuff. I empathize
                                                  totally.</span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                  lang="EN-GB"> </span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                  lang="EN-GB">Re
                                                  photons and mass, do
                                                  make sure you call it<span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>inertial mass</i>. And/or
                                                  protect yourself with
                                                  a reference to<span
                                                    class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                    href="https://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/"><span
style="color:purple">Einstein’s E=mc² paper</span></a>, where the last
                                                  line reads thus:</span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                  lang="EN-GB"> </span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                    lang="EN">“If the
                                                    theory corresponds
                                                    to the facts,
                                                    radiation conveys
                                                    inertia between the
                                                    emitting and
                                                    absorbing bodies”.</span></i><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                  lang="EN-GB"> </span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                  lang="EN-GB">I say
                                                  this because IMHO the
                                                  sort of people who
                                                  bang on about gluons
                                                  or the 8<sup>th</sup><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span>spatial dimension will use
                                                  anything cast
                                                  aspersions on people
                                                  like you.  </span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                  lang="EN-GB"> </span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                  lang="EN-GB">I’ve been
                                                  doing some major
                                                  writing recently, and
                                                  in doing so I’m
                                                  getting the feeling
                                                  that there’s more
                                                  wrong with
                                                  standard-model physics
                                                  than people
                                                  appreciate. Much more.</span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                  lang="EN-GB"> </span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                  lang="EN-GB">Regards</span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#000099"
                                                  lang="EN-GB">JohnD</span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"
                                                  lang="EN-GB"> </span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div
                                                style="border:none;border-top:solid
                                                windowtext
                                                1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in
                                                0in
                                                0in;border-top-color:rgb(225,

                                                225, 225)">
                                                <div>
                                                  <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span
class="apple-converted-space"><span
                                                        style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span></span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">General
                                                      [<a
                                                        moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:general">mailto:general</a>-<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]<b>On
                                                        Behalf Of<span
                                                          class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Vivian
                                                      Robinson<br>
                                                      <b>Sent:</b><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span>05 October 2016 09:58<br>
                                                      <b>To:</b><span
                                                        class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature
                                                      of Light and
                                                      Particles -
                                                      General Discussion
                                                      <<a
                                                        moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><br>
                                                      <b>Subject:</b><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Proposed photon wave
                                                      functions</span><span
                                                      lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                </div>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB">Rear Richard and others,</span><span
                                                  lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB">I submitted my results to the
                                                    group in the hope
                                                    that it would start
                                                    debate on my topic.
                                                    Richard I appreciate
                                                    that you have taken
                                                    time to make a
                                                    couple of comments.
                                                    I would like to add
                                                    a few points to aid
                                                    (I hope) further
                                                    discussion.</span><span
                                                    lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB">First, the so called "standard
                                                    models" of matter
                                                    suffer from some
                                                    disadvantages, not
                                                    the least of which
                                                    is the use of
                                                    invented concepts,
                                                    e.g. quarks, gluons
                                                    and strings that
                                                    have never been
                                                    separately
                                                    identified. String
                                                    theory is one very
                                                    bad example. It uses
                                                    several space
                                                    dimensions that have
                                                    never been detected
                                                    along with particles
                                                    too small to be ever
                                                    detected to make
                                                    predictions that
                                                    don't match
                                                    observation. However
                                                    the mathematics is
                                                    sufficiently
                                                    complicated that
                                                    referees are
                                                    prepared to accept
                                                    that it may have
                                                    some future. That is
                                                    another example of
                                                    theoreticians being
                                                    out of touch with
                                                    reality. I am sure
                                                    that if their
                                                    funding body
                                                    informed them that
                                                    their salary has
                                                    been paid  in full
                                                    in a combinations of
                                                    strings in the 8th
                                                    spatial dimension,
                                                    our universe being
                                                    the three detectable
                                                    ones  and they can
                                                    collect it when they
                                                    find the eighth
                                                    dimension and
                                                    unravel the strings,
                                                    they would also be
                                                    the first to
                                                    complain. Yet they
                                                    would have us
                                                    believe that is the
                                                    origins of the whole
                                                    universe, not just
                                                    their salary.</span><span
                                                    lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB">Quarks and gluons are another
                                                    example. They have
                                                    never been
                                                    separately isolated.
                                                    So Quantum
                                                    ChromoDynamics (QCD)
                                                    theoreticians
                                                    developed the
                                                    concept that
                                                    the gluon "force"
                                                    between quarks
                                                    increases as their
                                                    separation distance
                                                    increases.
                                                    Unfortunately when
                                                    "satellite" nucleons
                                                    orbit a nucleus at a
                                                    "significant
                                                    distance" where
                                                    quark separations
                                                    are quite large, the
                                                    binding is very weak
                                                    and the lifetimes of
                                                    these nuclei are
                                                    measures immilli
                                                    seconds. As some QCD
                                                    practitioners will
                                                    attest, QCD
                                                    calculations are not
                                                    good at matching
                                                    observation so
                                                    theoreticians keep
                                                    changing their model
                                                    until it does. They
                                                    have devised 36
                                                    quarks, 2 types, 3
                                                    generations of each
                                                    type. three "colours
                                                    for each generation,
                                                    plus their
                                                    anti-particles, plus
                                                    8 colours or
                                                    flavours of gluons,
                                                    a total of 44
                                                    undetected
                                                    particles, and they
                                                    still can't get good
                                                    answers. Again by
                                                    making their
                                                    mathematics complex
                                                    they avoid scrutiny
                                                    by non experts. </span><span
                                                    lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB">The point is that "standard model"
                                                    physics has many
                                                    examples of
                                                    theoreticians using
                                                    non detected
                                                    particles or
                                                    entities and
                                                    dimensions, to give
                                                    unsatisfactory
                                                    answers to some
                                                    aspects of
                                                    experimental
                                                    observation. Trying
                                                    to replace those
                                                    with a further set
                                                    of hypothetical
                                                    particles, be they
                                                    rotars, hods,
                                                    microvita or faster
                                                    than light
                                                    (superluminal) particles does
                                                    not make their
                                                    concept any better
                                                    than those forwarded
                                                    by standard model
                                                    practitioners. Being
                                                    able to match a few
                                                    physical properties
                                                    by ascribing
                                                    specific properties
                                                    to undetected
                                                    hypothetical
                                                    particles is no
                                                    advance if all it is
                                                    doing is matching a
                                                    few local
                                                    properties. </span><span
                                                    lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB">I am forwarding my work as
                                                    different. It uses
                                                    known properties of
                                                    free space, namely
                                                    its electric
                                                    permittivity (ep)
                                                    and magnetic
                                                    permeability (mp).
                                                    It suggests that
                                                    these facilitate the
                                                    passage of packets
                                                    of electromagnetic
                                                    energy called
                                                    photons, possibly by
                                                    being composed of
                                                    vibrations in ep and
                                                    mp. John W and I
                                                    have used different
                                                    wording to convey
                                                    the idea that
                                                    photons convey mass,
                                                    as was proposed by
                                                    Einstein in 1905. I
                                                    feel sure a suitable
                                                    set of words could
                                                    be found to describe
                                                    how those photon
                                                    oscillations convey
                                                    that mass. I have
                                                    presented four wave
                                                    equations that
                                                    describe the
                                                    Einstein-de Broglie
                                                    wave function psi,
                                                    along with a
                                                    physical
                                                    representation of
                                                    them. </span><span
                                                    lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB">I describe the angular momentum of
                                                    photons as being due
                                                    to the circular wave
                                                    motion of the
                                                    electromagnetic
                                                    field in circularly
                                                    polarised photons.
                                                    This implies that
                                                    plane polarised
                                                    photons will not
                                                    have any angular
                                                    momentum and hence
                                                    no intrinsic spin.
                                                    This is able to be
                                                    checked
                                                    experimentally. Its
                                                    rotating centre of
                                                    mass only travels at
                                                    sqrt 2 x c for a
                                                    photon composed of a
                                                    single wavelength.
                                                    It is not a super
                                                    luminal velocity.
                                                    The centre of mass
                                                    is a mathematical
                                                    point that rotates.
                                                    It is not a physical
                                                    rotation of a mass
                                                    traveling faster
                                                    than c. The mass of
                                                    the photon is
                                                    traveling at c in
                                                    its propagation
                                                    direction. One might
                                                    as well say that the
                                                    wave motion of the
                                                    electric field is
                                                    superluminal because
                                                    it follows a sine
                                                    curve which has a
                                                    length longer than
                                                    the straight line
                                                    travel of c. That
                                                    does not mean that
                                                    its mass is
                                                    travelling faster
                                                    than c and therefore
                                                    all photons are
                                                    superluminal. </span><span
                                                    lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB">Mathematical points traveling at
                                                    faster than c is not
                                                    superluminal travel.
                                                    There has been an
                                                    often quoted example
                                                    of waving a laser
                                                    into space. If waved
                                                    fast enough across
                                                    the dark surface of
                                                    the new moon, it
                                                    could be possible to
                                                    observe the laser
                                                    point moving across
                                                    the moon's surface
                                                    at faster than c.
                                                    That is a
                                                    mathematical point
                                                    moving faster than
                                                    c. It is not
                                                    superluminal
                                                    motion. </span><span
                                                    lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB">I submit that making models of
                                                    hypothetical
                                                    particles and
                                                    ascribing properties
                                                    to them is not the
                                                    same as deriving
                                                    those properties
                                                    from fundamental
                                                    considerations.
                                                    Others are entitled
                                                    to their own views.</span><span
                                                    lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB">FYI, I have been working on this
                                                    for three decades. I
                                                    decided not to
                                                    publish much of my
                                                    work, apart from
                                                    compiling it into
                                                    some extended
                                                    manuscripts,
                                                    complete with ISBNs,
                                                    that I made
                                                    available to a few
                                                    selected friends and
                                                    interested parties.
                                                    My career experience
                                                    was that reviewers
                                                    and critics have a
                                                    habit of raising non
                                                    relevant objections,
                                                    bogging authors down
                                                    and slowing further
                                                    progress. </span><span
                                                    lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB">Chandra, is that the kind of paper
                                                    you would like
                                                    presented at your
                                                    next SPIE
                                                    conference? It will
                                                    be more advanced by
                                                    then. </span><span
                                                    lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB">Cheers,</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB">Vivian Robinson</span><span
                                                    lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <div>
                                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                        lang="EN-GB">On
                                                        29/09/2016, at
                                                        11:25 PM,
                                                        Richard Gauthier
                                                        <<a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"><span style="color:purple">richgauthier@gmail.com</span></a>>
                                                        wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                  </div>
                                                </div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                      lang="EN-GB"><br>
                                                      <br>
                                                      <br>
                                                      <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                </div>
                                                <blockquote
                                                  style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
                                                  <div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <p
                                                        class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">Hello
                                                          Vivian, Chip
                                                          and others,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> 
                                                           The
                                                          derivations of
                                                          the radius
                                                          R=lambda/2pi
                                                          of my
                                                          internally
                                                          superluminal
                                                          photon model
                                                          and the
                                                          corresponding
                                                          45-degree
                                                          forward angle
                                                          of the photon
                                                          model's
                                                          internal
                                                          helical
                                                          trajectory are
                                                          given in
                                                          Section 5,
                                                          equations 8
                                                          through 17 in
                                                          my published
                                                          1996 article
                                                          “Microvita: A
                                                          new approach
                                                          to matter,
                                                          life and
                                                          health”, which
                                                          I attach and
                                                          which is
                                                          available from
                                                          Springer and
                                                          at <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.academia.edu/28777551/Microvita_A_New_Approach_to_Matter_Life_and_Health"><span
style="color:purple">https://www.academia.edu/28777551/Microvita_A_New_Approach_to_Matter_Life_and_Health</span></a>.
                                                          My
                                                          internally-double-looping
                                                          model of the
                                                          electron is
                                                          also presented
                                                          quantitatively
                                                          there in
                                                          Section 6. The
                                                          electron model
                                                          there has
                                                          evolved into
                                                          my SPIE
                                                          relativistic
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          charged-photon
                                                          electron model
                                                          since then. It
                                                          follows
                                                          directly from
                                                          the photon
                                                          model's
                                                          helical angle
                                                          of 45 degrees
                                                          that the
                                                          internal speed
                                                          of the photon
                                                          model is c
                                                          sqrt(2), which
                                                          I state
                                                          explicitly in
                                                          my published
                                                          2007 article
                                                          “FTL quantum
                                                          models of the
                                                          photon and the
                                                          electron”,
                                                          attached below
                                                          and available
                                                          from
                                                          STAIF-2007 and
                                                          at <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.academia.edu/4429837/FTL_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron"><span
style="color:purple">https://www.academia.edu/4429837/FTL_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron</span></a> . <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> 
                                                             Richard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                  </div>
                                                  <div>
                                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                        lang="EN-GB"><Microvita
                                                        A New Approach
                                                        to Matter Life
                                                        and
                                                        Health.pdf><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                  </div>
                                                  <div>
                                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                        lang="EN-GB"><FTL
                                                        Quantum Models
                                                        of the Photon
                                                        and the
                                                        Electron.pdf><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                  </div>
                                                  <div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <p
                                                        class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <blockquote
                                                        style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
                                                        <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">On
                                                          Sep 24, 2016,
                                                          at 8:34 AM,
                                                          Richard
                                                          Gauthier <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"><span
                                                          style="color:purple">richgauthier@gmail.com</span></a>>
                                                          wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                        </div>
                                                        <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                        </div>
                                                        <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">Hello
                                                          Vivian,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> 
                                                           I’ve gone
                                                          through your
                                                          new article on
                                                          the photon and
                                                          it looks
                                                          interesting. I
                                                          appreciate
                                                          that your
                                                          photon model
                                                          is now
                                                          internally
                                                          superluminal
                                                          with an
                                                          internal
                                                          helical speed
                                                          of c sqrt(2)
                                                          and an
                                                          effective
                                                          radius of
                                                          lambda/2pi.
                                                          Your photon
                                                          model has
                                                          similarities
                                                          to Chip’s
                                                          model of the
                                                          photon in this
                                                          and other
                                                          respects and
                                                          I’m surprised
                                                          that you
                                                          didn’t
                                                          reference his
                                                          work. I would
                                                          be interested
                                                          to see a
                                                          comparison
                                                          between your
                                                          photon model
                                                          and Chip’s.
                                                          I’d also like
                                                          to hear Chip’s
                                                          comments on
                                                          your photon
                                                          model.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> 
                                                             Richard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">On
                                                          Sep 22, 2016,
                                                          at 8:55 PM,
                                                          Vivian
                                                          Robinson <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:viv@universephysics.com"><span
                                                          style="color:purple">viv@universephysics.com</span></a>>
                                                          wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">Hodge,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">It
                                                          would still be
                                                          best if you
                                                          sent the
                                                          article. I
                                                          (finally)
                                                          accessed some
                                                          of your STOE
                                                          articles but
                                                          could not find
                                                          mse42my.pdf. I
                                                          am not exactly
                                                          sure to what
                                                          you are
                                                          referring.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">Some
                                                          aspects of
                                                          your work have
                                                          commonality
                                                          with mine. I
                                                          use detectable
                                                          photons as the
                                                          basis of
                                                          everything,
                                                          you use hods.
                                                          We are both
                                                          trying to show
                                                          that
                                                          everything
                                                          follows from
                                                          that one
                                                          particle. I
                                                          prefer my
                                                          approach
                                                          because
                                                          photons are
                                                          detectable and
                                                          have
                                                          properties to
                                                          which my work
                                                          must comply.
                                                          The wave
                                                          functions in
                                                          my article are
                                                          their
                                                          restriction.
                                                          Like you I
                                                          prefer
                                                          Newtonian
                                                          mechanics to
                                                          relativity and
                                                          quantum
                                                          mechanics.
                                                          There are many
                                                          observations
                                                          that confirm
                                                          relativity and
                                                          quantum
                                                          mechanics that
                                                          don't match
                                                          Newtonian
                                                          mechanics. My
                                                          work must
                                                          match those
                                                          observations. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">I
                                                          have found
                                                          that the
                                                          toroidal (John
                                                          W and Martin
                                                          vdM) or
                                                          rotating
                                                          photon (Viv
                                                           R) model of
                                                          an electron is
                                                          one in which
                                                          an electron
                                                          consists of
                                                          a photon of
                                                          the
                                                          appropriate
                                                          energy (≈
                                                          0.511 MeV at
                                                          rest) makes
                                                          two
                                                          revolutions in
                                                          one
                                                          wavelength. It
                                                          is this that
                                                          gives the
                                                          electron spin
                                                          (angular
                                                          momentum) of
                                                          half hbar. The
                                                          E - mc^2
                                                          relationship
                                                          between mass
                                                          and energy is
                                                          mass is the
                                                          photon
                                                          rotating twice
                                                          within its
                                                          wavelength.
                                                          Unlock its
                                                          angular
                                                          momentum gives
                                                          it energy E =
                                                          mc^2. As the
                                                          particle moves
                                                          its structure
                                                          means that it
                                                          is
                                                          automatically
                                                          subject to the
                                                          special
                                                          relativity
                                                          corrections of
                                                          mass, length
                                                          and time. I
                                                          make mention
                                                          of other
                                                          properties,
                                                          although as
                                                          Richard G
                                                          pointed out,
                                                          my derivation
                                                          of the
                                                          magnetic
                                                          moment of the
                                                          electron was
                                                          in error in
                                                          that paper. I
                                                          have now
                                                          corrected
                                                          that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">I
                                                          suggest that
                                                          all other
                                                          particles,
                                                          stable or
                                                          otherwise, are
                                                          composed of
                                                          appropriate
                                                          rotating
                                                          photons and
                                                          have derived
                                                          the structure
                                                          and properties
                                                          of many of
                                                          them based
                                                          upon that
                                                          model. If this
                                                          is the
                                                          structure of
                                                          all matter,
                                                          the special
                                                          relativity
                                                          corrections are
                                                          due to the
                                                          rotating
                                                          photon being
                                                          "stretched" as
                                                          it moves.
                                                          They are not
                                                          some
                                                          mathematically
                                                          imposed
                                                          restriction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">You
                                                          will find that
                                                          when you apply
                                                          Newtonian
                                                          mechanics to a
                                                          photon with
                                                          those
                                                          waveforms and
                                                          mass, you get
                                                          Einstein's
                                                          general theory
                                                          of relativity
                                                          for space
                                                          outside
                                                          matter, ie,
                                                          gravity as we
                                                          know it. The
                                                          exception is
                                                          that there is
                                                          no singularity
                                                          at the
                                                          Schwarzschild
                                                          radius and
                                                          therefore no
                                                          black holes.
                                                          That doesn't
                                                          prevent the
                                                          existence of
                                                          massive
                                                          objects, which
                                                          is all
                                                          astronomers
                                                          are detecting.
                                                          It is the
                                                          theoretical
                                                          physicists who
                                                          call them
                                                          black holes.
                                                          Astronomical
                                                          measurements
                                                          are still
                                                          thousands of
                                                          times less
                                                          accurate than
                                                          required to
                                                          distinguish
                                                          between my
                                                          metric and the
                                                          Schwarzschild
                                                          metric. I am
                                                          confident that
                                                          when they do
                                                          improve, my
                                                          metric, with
                                                          the
                                                          gravitational
                                                          singularity at
                                                          the centre of
                                                          mass and not
                                                          at the
                                                          Schwarzschild
                                                          radius, will
                                                          hold. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">You
                                                          will then
                                                          recognise that
                                                          gravity is not
                                                          inverse square
                                                          law. If you
                                                          studied
                                                          Newton's
                                                          Principia you
                                                          will see that
                                                          he also worked
                                                          out what would
                                                          happen if
                                                          gravity was
                                                          stronger or
                                                          weaker than
                                                          inverse square
                                                          law. His
                                                          observations
                                                          showed that
                                                          the planets
                                                          were following
                                                          the
                                                          trajectories
                                                          predicted by
                                                          the inverse
                                                          square law
                                                          calculations,
                                                          leading to the
                                                          conclusion
                                                          that
                                                          gravity is controlled
                                                          by inverse
                                                          square.
                                                          However, not
                                                          all
                                                          observations
                                                          follow the
                                                          inverse square
                                                          law.
                                                          Conclusion -
                                                          gravity is not
                                                          inverse
                                                          square. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">The
                                                          only reason
                                                          the Big Bang
                                                          theory was
                                                          accepted was
                                                          because early
                                                          calculations
                                                          showed that,
                                                          if gravity was
                                                          inverse square
                                                          law, an
                                                          infinite
                                                          static
                                                          universe would
                                                          collapse in on
                                                          itself through
                                                          gravitational
                                                          attraction.
                                                          That clearly
                                                          hasn't
                                                          happened.
                                                          Einstein tried
                                                          to overcome it
                                                          with his
                                                          cosmological
                                                          constant. His
                                                          field
                                                          equations only
                                                          allowed for an
                                                          expanding or
                                                          collapsing
                                                          universe.
                                                          Since
                                                          forwarding the
                                                          Big Bang
                                                          theory, they
                                                          have done
                                                          everything to
                                                          match a new
                                                          observation
                                                          into that
                                                          theory,
                                                          ignoring the
                                                          other
                                                          possibility.
                                                          If gravity
                                                          isn't inverse
                                                          square, other
                                                          possibilities
                                                          exist. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">Again,
                                                          using
                                                          Newtonian
                                                          mechanics to
                                                          the structure
                                                          of the photon
                                                          I propose,
                                                          shows that
                                                          gravity is
                                                          either inverse
                                                          square law or
                                                          stronger for
                                                          space outside
                                                          matter: Or
                                                          inverse square
                                                          law or weaker
                                                          for space
                                                          inside matter,
                                                          something that
                                                          applies to the
                                                          structure of
                                                          the universe
                                                          as a whole. If
                                                          you have a
                                                          universe in
                                                          which gravity
                                                          is weaker than
                                                          the inverse
                                                          square law by
                                                          an amount
                                                          predicted from
                                                          my photon's
                                                          wave function,
                                                          then an
                                                          infinite
                                                          static
                                                          universe will
                                                          not collapse
                                                          under
                                                          gravitational
                                                          influence.
                                                          Photons from
                                                          distant
                                                          galaxies will
                                                          still be
                                                          redshifted, as
                                                          observed.
                                                          Things like
                                                          gravitational
                                                          lensing still
                                                          occur,
                                                          although I am
                                                          not convinced
                                                          that
                                                          everything
                                                          forwarded as
                                                          gravitational
                                                          lensing is
                                                          actually
                                                          gravitational
                                                          lensing. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">Forget
                                                          the Big Bang
                                                          theory.
                                                          Therefore no
                                                          inflation
                                                          (straight
                                                          after the Big
                                                          Bang). Dark
                                                          matter is
                                                          required to
                                                          explain the
                                                          more rapid
                                                          rotation of
                                                          galaxies.
                                                          Based upon
                                                          other aspects
                                                          of inverse
                                                          square law,
                                                          galaxies and
                                                          even clusters
                                                          of galaxies
                                                          would be
                                                          expected to
                                                          rotate about
                                                          their centre
                                                          of mass much
                                                          faster than is
                                                          determined
                                                          from gravity
                                                          alone. The
                                                          detected
                                                          components in
                                                          galaxies will
                                                          cause them to
                                                          rotate
                                                          significantly
                                                          faster than
                                                          predicted from
                                                          either
                                                          Newtonian or
                                                          Relativistic
                                                          gravity. That
                                                          statement can
                                                          be justified
                                                          by
                                                          experimental
                                                          evidence
                                                          (courtesy of
                                                          Uncle Sam
                                                          whose work is
                                                          much
                                                          appreciated at
                                                          least by this
                                                          author) beyond
                                                          the mere
                                                          detection of
                                                          more rapidly
                                                          rotating
                                                          galaxies.
                                                          Forget about
                                                          dark matter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">As
                                                          for dark
                                                          energy, it is
                                                          based upon the
                                                          observation of
                                                          apparently
                                                          anomalous type
                                                          1a supernovae
                                                          (SNe1a)
                                                          intensities.
                                                          In order to
                                                          match the
                                                          observed SNe1a
                                                          intensities to
                                                          my work I need
                                                          our galaxy to
                                                          be in a region
                                                          of space with
                                                          a density of
                                                          about 10^-24
                                                          kg/m^3. This
                                                          is about 1,000
                                                          times the
                                                          density
                                                          required under
                                                          the Big Bang
                                                          theory for the
                                                          universe to
                                                          exist in its
                                                          current form
                                                          some 23.8
                                                          billion years
                                                          after the Big
                                                          Bang. But
                                                          there are many
                                                          problems with
                                                          that figure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">The
                                                          odds of the
                                                          universe
                                                          having this
                                                          structure 13.8
                                                          billion years
                                                          after the Big
                                                          Bang are about
                                                          1 : 10^60. (I
                                                          doubt that any
                                                          Big Bang
                                                          proponent
                                                          would risk
                                                          his/her money
                                                          when she/he
                                                          had only 1 :
                                                          1000 chance of
                                                          winning. If
                                                          they are, I am
                                                          prepared to
                                                          wager against
                                                          as many as are
                                                          prepared to
                                                          show their
                                                          faith in low
                                                          odds.) Yet
                                                          they expect us
                                                          to believe the
                                                          whole universe
                                                          exists because
                                                          of 1 : 10^60
                                                          odds and we
                                                          are the one
                                                          universe in
                                                          over 10^60
                                                          other
                                                          universes in
                                                          the
                                                          multiverse.
                                                          Talk about
                                                          having lost
                                                          touch with
                                                          reality.
                                                          Another
                                                          feature is
                                                          that a "quick"
                                                          (i.e., long
                                                          and involved)
                                                          calculation
                                                          will show that
                                                          the density of
                                                          the visible
                                                          universe is
                                                          higher than ≈
                                                          10^-27 kg/m^3.
                                                          Thirdly, for
                                                          an expanding
                                                          universe in
                                                          which there is
                                                          only light
                                                          from up to
                                                          13.8 billion
                                                          light years
                                                          distance,
                                                          there are far
                                                          too many stars
                                                          visible in the
                                                          Hubble Extreme
                                                          field images
                                                          (again, thanks
                                                          Uncle Sam). I
                                                          am sure some
                                                          of you can
                                                          think of other
                                                          observations
                                                          as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">Going
                                                          back to dark
                                                          energy. In
                                                          order to match
                                                          the observed
                                                          SNe1a
                                                          intensities,
                                                          my model
                                                          requires a
                                                          local (<
                                                          10^8 LYs
                                                          radius)
                                                          density of
                                                          just over 1 x
                                                          10^-24 kg/m^3,
                                                          dropping down
                                                          to a
                                                          background
                                                          average of ≈ 8
                                                          x 10^-26
                                                          kg/m^3. Or
                                                          another effect
                                                          I haven't yet
                                                          included. Both
                                                          of these
                                                          figures are
                                                          much higher
                                                          than the
                                                          "official"
                                                          (i.e. matches
                                                          their theory)
                                                          value of ≈
                                                          10^-27 kg/m^3.
                                                          A brief look
                                                          at the stars
                                                          in our local
                                                          region, ≈ 10^6
                                                          LYs radius,
                                                          gives the
                                                          number of sun
                                                          mass stars, ≈
                                                          200 x 10^9 for
                                                          Milky Way, ≈
                                                          300 x 10^9
                                                          Andromeda, and
                                                          others, gives
                                                          a star mass
                                                          density
                                                          approaching
                                                          10^-25 kg/m^3.
                                                          Here is where
                                                          astronomers
                                                          are a little
                                                          vague. The
                                                          mass of
                                                          galaxies is
                                                          usually quoted
                                                          in terms of
                                                          number of
                                                          stars of the
                                                          same mass as
                                                          our sun
                                                          (luminous
                                                          matter). They
                                                          also add to
                                                          that figure,
                                                          the
                                                          observation
                                                          that the
                                                          average galaxy
                                                          has about ten
                                                          times as much
                                                          matter in a
                                                          gas and dust
                                                          cloud
                                                          surrounding
                                                          the galaxy
                                                          (non luminous
                                                          matter) as
                                                          there is
                                                          luminous
                                                          matter. Adding
                                                          the mass of
                                                          the non
                                                          luminous
                                                          matter to the
                                                          mass of the
                                                          luminous
                                                          matter, if it
                                                          isn't already
                                                          included, gets
                                                          me close to
                                                          10^-24 kg/m^3.
                                                          I admit I am
                                                          not quite
                                                          there. I am
                                                          not out by as
                                                          much as a
                                                          factor of 24
                                                          times the
                                                          observed mass
                                                          of the
                                                          universe and
                                                          that is
                                                          without dark
                                                          matter to make
                                                          the galaxies
                                                          rotate faster
                                                          than they
                                                          should under
                                                          gravity alone.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">There
                                                          are many other
                                                          problems
                                                          associated
                                                          with the Big
                                                          Bang theory.
                                                          Just think
                                                          about the
                                                          additional
                                                          mass a galaxy
                                                          must have to a
                                                          receding
                                                          velocity that
                                                          gives a
                                                          redshift of
                                                          10. Perhaps
                                                          you know a few
                                                          more of them. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">In
                                                          summary, I
                                                          believe the
                                                          photon model
                                                          just forwarded
                                                          can be used
                                                          with the
                                                          rotating
                                                          photon or
                                                          toroidal
                                                          electromagnetic
                                                          field
                                                          structure of
                                                          matter
                                                          and Newtonian
                                                          mechanics give
                                                          a continuity
                                                          between
                                                          quantum
                                                          "weirdness"
                                                          and special
                                                          and general
                                                          relativity.
                                                          Much of what
                                                          is called
                                                          quantum
                                                          "weirdness"
                                                          can be
                                                          explained by
                                                          the structures
                                                          of the photon
                                                          and the
                                                          particles
                                                          composed of
                                                          rotating or
                                                          toroidal
                                                          photons. Yes
                                                          they need
                                                          refinement,
                                                          but we have to
                                                          start
                                                          somewhere. As
                                                          I said, the
                                                          object of my
                                                          communication
                                                          was to have a
                                                          general
                                                          discussion on
                                                          the nature of
                                                          light and
                                                          particles. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">I
                                                          append my
                                                          paper on the
                                                          electron
                                                          structure
                                                          FYI. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">Regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">Vivian
                                                          Robinson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"><Proposed
                                                          electron
                                                          structure.pdf><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                          lang="EN-GB">On
                                                          23/09/2016, at
                                                          1:08 AM, Hodge
                                                          John <<a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:jchodge@frontier.com"><span style="color:purple">jchodge@frontier.com</span></a>>
                                                          wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </blockquote>
                                                          </div>
                                                        </div>
                                                      </blockquote>
                                                    </div>
                                                  </div>
                                                  <div>
                                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                        lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
                                                  </div>
                                                </blockquote>
                                              </div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                    lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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