<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div><div class=""></div><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<!--EndFragment--></div><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Feb 28, 2017, at 12:39 PM, Chip Akins <<a href="mailto:chipakins@gmail.com" class="">chipakins@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Hi John D<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">1. Regarding: “It lacks causative explanation”<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Where do we get causative explanation for Planck’s constant?<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">All I have done with this is break Planck’s constant into two components, a displacement amplitude constant and a spin or oscillation constant, both of which are borne out by observation (the mass and energy of the electron).<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">2. Regarding:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>“</span><span style="" class="">IMHO it’s best to keep it simple and try not to invent anything new.”<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">A differential displacement of space is by far the simplest explanation for electric charge, gravity, and the mass of the electron. I am afraid that if we don’t consider this we will be preventing ourselves from understanding the most fundamental forces of nature.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">3. Regarding: “Just divide the electron Compton wavelength by 4π:” (for the radius of the electron).<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">The Compton wavelength of the electron is:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">λ=cҠ§/E= Eo Uo/K= h c/E<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">This constant (which is a component of Planck’s constant) tells us why the electron is the size it is.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">It tells us the electron at rest can only be one size.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">But my friend, I am afraid that a wave diffracting itself is not the answer for fermion confinement. The math just does not work. However an equal and opposite force from space which opposes displacement does work perfectly.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Chip<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>John Duffield<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tuesday, February 28, 2017 2:02 PM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <<a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class="">Hi Chip.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class="">I don’t like the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">rest mass formation constant</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I’m afraid. It lacks causative explanation, and the mass-energy of an electron varies with gravitational potential, because the properties of space vary in a gravitational field. Where the “constant” called c varies too. Also, I think it’s important to think about the electron at rest to avoid getting bogged down with length-contraction issues. This I like though:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">The formation of mass requires a different topology of propagating energy than the topology of light. We know this because of the spin characteristics of fermions. The mass formation constant we have proposed would be caused by properties of space, some of which we may not have measured, or at least recognized.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class="">I think in terms of elastic properties, wherein permittivity is “how easy it is to bend space” and permeability is “how well space bounces back”. I like this too:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">The equation<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">E=hf</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>does not address wave amplitude. The way we measure amplitude in material media is by wave displacement. If photons are real, if light is comprised of tiny indivisible packets, and each packet obeys the rule<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">E=hf</i>, then the amplitude of each packet must be the same<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class="">I know of no waves which<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">don’t</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>have an amplitude.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">One way for us to think about this is as follows: A node of space is a Planck scale entity which is comprised of the two components of space. These two components are normalized (at their lowest energy state) when collocated, and are displaced from one another by incident energy. Energy affects these nodes in a quantized manner, involving more or fewer nodes depending on the amount of energy. Space opposes this differential displacement with a force which is the product of the number of nodes affected, so that the total displacement (the sum of the displacements) of all affected nodes remains constant.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class="">IMHO it’s best to keep it simple and try not to invent anything new.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Physics has not previously clearly identified the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">amplitude</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>aspect of photons. We have focused on the obvious<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">energy</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">frequency</i>aspects. We have recognized that photons have a sort of soft quantization in that frequency is dependent on energy. However photons must have a hard quantization as well, since<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">amplitude must remain the same for all photons for the equation E=hf to work as it does</i>. That fixed amplitude plays an important role.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class="">You bet. It’s the quantum of quantum mechanics.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Specifically, the electron has the rest mass it displays in nature simply because energy moving in space has one specific amplitude, but its frequency varies with energy. This set of circumstances, including a fixed amplitude, makes it so that there is only one rest energy level where all aspects of nature support a three dimensional confinement of that energy to become a charged spin ½ ħ fermion.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class="">I don’t think it can be anything too complicated. Space waves, when a 511 keV wave moves through itself it adopts a double-loop configuration it ends up in a closed path.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">So let’s distribute Planck’s quantization of action into displacement amplitude (Ҡ) ….<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; position: relative; top: 7pt;" class=""><span id="cid:image001.png@01D291D0.7789CB70"><image001.png></span></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class="">Just divide the electron Compton wavelength by 4π:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class=""><span id="cid:image003.jpg@01D291CE.47231E20"><image003.jpg></span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class="">Regards<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class="">JohnD<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Chip Akins<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>28 February 2017 13:40<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <<a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Hi John D.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Here is a little bit for you.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Let me know what you think.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="" class="">Mass Formation Constant<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; position: relative; top: 3pt;" class=""><span id="cid:image004.png@01D291D0.7789CB70"><image004.png></span></span><b class=""><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">One way we could get closer to understanding the rest mass of the electron is to define an elementary rest mass formation constant. Then find cause for that constant.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">If we determine the mass formation constant Ҡ = 4.58576946280331E-06 we can state the following:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image006.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image008.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image010.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image012.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Then restated for a relativistically moving electron:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image014.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image016.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image018.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image020.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">The formation of mass requires a different topology of propagating energy than the topology of light. We know this because of the spin characteristics of fermions. The mass formation constant we have proposed would be caused by properties of space, some of which we may not have measured, or at least recognized.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">We have called this constant Ҡ a mass formation constant, which it is, but the story goes farther than that. We know that the energy in a wave determines its frequency. But what of amplitude? The equation<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">E=hf</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>does not address wave amplitude. The way we measure amplitude in material media is by wave displacement. If photons are real, if light is comprised of tiny indivisible packets, and each packet obeys the rule<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">E=hf</i>, then the amplitude of each packet must be the same, for it is only the frequency which changes with energy. So what is this wave amplitude? Amplitude is the total differential displacement of all nodes of space affected by the wave.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">One way for us to think about this is as follows: A node of space is a Planck scale entity which is comprised of the two components of space. These two components are normalized (at their lowest energy state) when collocated, and are displaced from one another by incident energy. Energy affects these nodes in a quantized manner, involving more or fewer nodes depending on the amount of energy. Space opposes this differential displacement with a force which is the product of the number of nodes affected, so that the total displacement (the sum of the displacements) of all affected nodes remains constant.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Physics has not previously clearly identified the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">amplitude</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>aspect of photons. We have focused on the obvious<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">energy</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">frequency</i>aspects. We have recognized that photons have a sort of soft quantization in that frequency is dependent on energy. However photons must have a hard quantization as well, since<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">amplitude must remain the same for all photons for the equation E=hf to work as it does</i>.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">That fixed amplitude plays an important role. Specifically, the electron has the rest mass it displays in nature simply because energy moving in space has one specific amplitude, but its frequency varies with energy. This set of circumstances, including a fixed amplitude, makes it so that there is only one rest energy level where all aspects of nature support a three dimensional confinement of that energy to become a charged spin ½ ħ fermion.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">So let’s distribute Planck’s quantization of action into displacement amplitude (Ҡ) and an oscillation or spin component §.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image022.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image024.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image026.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">So that now we have an equation for the photon:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image028.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">So we can solve for frequency:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image030.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Now our energy term is more complete because it contains both amplitude<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">(A)</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and frequency<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">(f)</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>terms as well as the action quantization<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">(</i>§<i class="">)</i>.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">And then we have a description of the electron as:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image032.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image034.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image036.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image038.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Chip<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>John Duffield<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tuesday, February 14, 2017 2:30 PM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <<a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Chip:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">How far does the transverse wave displace space?</span><span style="" class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">3.86 x 10<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><sup class="">-13</sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>m . That’s why the double-loop electron has the mass that it has. Distance r is λ/4π, so the diameter is λ/2π.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><span id="cid:image003.jpg@01D291CE.47231E20"><image003.jpg></span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">The sine function is what it is and transverse waves work the way that they do, and so does gamma gamma pair production. Your spin ½ electron and your positron at rest have a wavelength of 2.426 x 10<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><sup class="">-12</sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>m. As for how physical media reacts to transverse waves, don’t forget that the photon<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 78, 121);" class="">has spin.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 78, 121);" class="">There’s a rotation of sorts, w</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 78, 121);" class="">e have<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><a href="http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/raman2/index.html" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;" class="">experimental proof of the spin of the photon</span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 78, 121);" class="">. But the photon itself isn’t actually spinning. It has no magnetic dipole moment. As to how best to draw it, I’m not sure. But I quite like this:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""><image040.png></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">I too am fairly certain that light is made of transverse displacements which propagate linearly, and that matter is made of transverse displacement which circulates. But I’m not certain whether there’s two transverse displacements involved, or whether the fundamental photon is the circularly polarized photon, and two of these make up the plane-polarized photon. I do however feel confident that displacement is behind the confinement. In the double-loop configuration, light displaces its own path into a closed path. It’s that simple. See what Clifford said in his<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Space-Theory_of_Matter" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">space theory of matter</a>:</span><span lang="EN" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><p style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;" class=""><span lang="EN" class="">(1) That small portions of space are in fact of a nature analogous to little hills on a surface which is on the average flat; namely, that the ordinary laws of geometry are not valid in them.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;" class=""><span lang="EN" class="">(2) That this property of being curved or distorted is continually being passed on from one portion of space to another after the manner of a wave.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;" class=""><span lang="EN" class="">(3) That this variation of the curvature of space is what really happens in that phenomenon which we call the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">motion of matter</i>, whether ponderable or etherial.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;" class=""><span lang="EN" class="">(4) That in the physical world nothing else takes place but this variation, subject (possibly) to the law of continuity.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><i class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Nothing else takes place</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">. I’m also confident that light is quantized in a manner that complies with energy, and that the spin ½ electron is where this self-same energy moves round and round. As for “confined”, I think back to that seismic wave. It isn’t particularly confined. Nor is the electron’s field. It has no outer edge. I see it as a chiral 3D screw displacement of space not totally unlike the “twist” of the gravitomagnetic field. I’d say the crucial point is that when you consider your sinusoidal field variation in terms of potential, you can wrap it up into a spin ½ double loop. The minima and maxima line up to yield an all-round standing field:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""><image041.png></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2.5in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: gray;" class="">↓<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2.5in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: gray;" class=""> </span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 2in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" class=""><image042.png></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Only now do you have the thing called charge. Hence there is no “charge wave” travelling with the photon. Charge is not fundamental. The photon is more fundamental than the field it is said to mediate. Note that you can make a left-hand Mobius and a right-handed Mobius. If you mentally inflate the Mobius to a torus, then inflate it further to a spindle-sphere torus, you can maybe get a sense of the chiral “screw” displacement that is a negative or positive electromagnetic field, and why electrons and positrons move the way that they do: because that all-round standing-wave standing field is dynamical, and they don’t call ‘em spinors for nothing. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><span id="cid:image043.jpg@01D291CE.47231E20"><image043.jpg></span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><p class="p" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.466665267944336px; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Do we all know about Hans Ohanian’s paper<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.466665267944336px; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><a href="http://aforrester.bol.ucla.edu/docs/Spin_Ohanian.pdf" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">what is spin?</a><span style="color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Spin is real. And did I tell you what<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: rgb(31, 78, 121);" class=""> </span><a href="http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_27.html#Ch27-F5" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span lang="EN" class="">what Feynman said</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.466665267944336px; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="p" style="margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><i class=""><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">“</span></i><i class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Suppose we take the example of a point charge sitting near the center of a bar magnet, as shown in Fig. 27–6. Everything is at rest, so the energy is not changing with time. Also,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>are quite static. But the Poynting vector says that there is a flow of energy, because there is an <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>that is not zero. If you look at the energy flow, you find that it just circulates around and around. There isn’t any change in the energy anywhere - everything which flows into one volume flows out again. It is like incompressible water flowing around. So there is a circulation of energy in this so-called static condition. How absurd it gets!”</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Yes, how absurd it gets. Here we are in 2017, and people think the electron is a point-particle, and that spin is magic. FFS, I am living in the dark ages, an idiocracy. As for the speed of charge and gravity being very much faster than light, I’m not sure they are. Charge is nothing special, nor is gravity. Yes, longitudinal waves tend to travel faster than transverse waves. But not that much faster. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Yes, it is compelling isn’t it?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Regards<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">JohnD<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Chip Akins<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>14 February 2017 18:06<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <<a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Hi John D<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Yes. Size is not really the issue. It is the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">transverse</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>displacement distance which is of significance. How far does the transverse wave displace space? That distance (size) is the “radius” or “sinusoidal displacement extent” of the transverse wave. A transverse sinusoidal wave has a specific wavelength, and since it has that specific wavelength and the function is sinusoidal, there is a displacement extent which must be the wavelength divided by 2 pi. That is what the sine function is, and that is how transverse waves work. This holds for transverse waves in any media.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">However the similarities between space and physical media cease at a point. We know this because no physical media reacts to transverse waves the same way space does.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Of course there are different types of seismic waves, longitudinal, and transverse. But we are fairly certain that<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">matter is made of transverse displacement</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>which circulates, and light is made of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">transverse displacements which propagate linearly</i>.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">We know (or strongly suspect) that matter is made of confined energy. E=mc^2 This energy is apparently confined in 3D and moving at the speed of light. Therefore it also seems reasonable to explore the confinement of energy in 2 dimensions (which would move forward at c). This seems to be what light is. There is an implied requirement for this sort of confinement from Planck’s rule E=hf. While it is possible that light is not quantized, and it is just the reaction of light with matter which makes light appear quantized, it is also entirely possible that light itself is quantized in a manner which complies with the 2 dimensional confinement of energy. Then the difference between a spin 1 photon and a spin ½ electron simply lies in the dimensions of confinement.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">In order to sort out why the rest mass of the electron is the specific value it is in nature we will need to explore all the possibilities and implications, with some detail.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">The fields of a wave extend far beyond the active confined region. If we use the example of the electron we can understand that<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">electric charge is the longitudinal differential displacement of space with an origin at the center of the electron</i>. Likewise with the “photon”. The longitudinal displacement of space, surrounding the photon, and perpendicular to its direction of travel takes the form of a “charge wave” which travels with the photon. The “charge” oscillates as the photon waves. But in the electron this form of external differential displacement (charge) is localized, permanent, and in only one direction outward from the center of the electron.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">So photons and electrons are non-local by their nature, simply because the fields they create go off to infinity.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">But these fields do not propagate from the particles at c.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">The “velocity” of charge (and of gravity) are likely very much faster than light, and they are likely both caused by this permanent differential displacement of space, propagating<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">longitudinally</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>from particles.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">When the Italians performed the experiment to measure the velocity of charge propagation, the results we quite remarkable, and so much faster than light that the velocity seemed almost infinite.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">While the conventional wisdom has argued that relativistically moving bodies have a different (relativistic) shape to their fields, which they claim explains the direction of force pointing toward the actual instead of retarded position of a particle, this argument no longer holds up when direction is not the metric. When we measure the velocity of charge it becomes apparent that this relativistic treatment of fields is simply a work around to try to keep SR intact. It becomes apparent that charge actually moves much faster than light, just as we would expect a longitudinal displacement to propagate faster than a transverse one. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">I have most of the math which illustrates that this is what charge is, but will have to collect it from spreadsheets and MATLAB, and compile it into a single document to share.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Gravity is caused by the same differential displacement of space which causes charge. Waves diffract when they encounter this differential displacement for the same reasons that particles react to this differential displacement.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">I am working on the math to prove this. So far it is quite compelling.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Chip<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>John Duffield<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Monday, February 13, 2017 5:28 PM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <<a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">That sounds pretty good Chip. But I’d say take care with things like “size” and try to think of the photon as something like a seismic wave in space.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">A seismic wave in the Earth might displace the ground by 1m, but 10 km away from the epicentre you can still feel the ground shake. If that seismic wave propagates for 100 km from point A to B along a flat plain, it isn’t just the houses sitting on top of the AB line that shake. In this respect the seismic wave takes<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">many paths</i>.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">I have to go, talk more tomorrow.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Regards<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">JohnD<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Chip Akins<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>13 February 2017 17:52<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Hi John D<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Been thinking about the constant amplitude of photons which would cause E=hf.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">If we explore the possibility that energy is the differential displacement of myriad tiny nodes of space, which creates a set of parallel dipoles…<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">We can then view total displacement of these tiny dipoles as the amplitude of the wave.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">A photon, as we have modeled it, has a wavelength:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image044.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">The photon’s frequency is:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image046.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">And a radius (or sinusoidal extent) of:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image048.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">If we consider the differential displacement of space as occurring in a myriad tiny nodes of space, then the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">number of nodes involved increases with energy.</i> As the number of adjacent nodes displaced increases, the opposing force of space (the force opposing displacement) increases based on the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">density of displaced nodes in that region of space</i>. So the confining force limits total displacement.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">The sum of the displacement of all nodes active in a wave in space therefore becomes invariant for photons</i>. The displacement density varies with energy, as does the number of nodes,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">but the total displacement (sum of the displacement of all tiny nodes involved) remains constant</i>.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">In this way space imposes a size on the photon which varies with the inverse of energy.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Therefore we have<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">E=hf</i>.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">The total displacement Ƹ of any localized energy propagating in space, meaning the distance representing the sum of displacement of all affected individual nodes, is therefore:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image050.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Or if only analyzing half the differential displacement of the wave:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image052.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class="">This would then be the amplitude of the wave, and this value is invariant with energy</b><span style="" class="">.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">This approach implies that the displacement energy itself is much more localized than the photon it causes. Theorizing that the energy of a photon exists in a transverse plane perpendicular to the direction of travel. The transverse extent of this active (circulating or undulating) energy distribution (displacement distribution) is:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image048.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">(Space would then be a very special type of medium. One where Hooke’s Law does not work as it does for material media. It would seem then that a “Hooke’s Law” for space would be sort of an inverse function.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">There is quite a bit of evidence suggesting this scenario. Albrecht and I have been discussing the concept that Planck Charge is responsible for confinement. Plank charge is quantized in precisely the manner which this scenario suggests. Using the force of Planck Charge as the force which opposes displacement we can show that:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><image054.png></span><span style="" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Interestingly this confinement would be exactly what is required for the frequency to vary in the manner E=hf, f=E/h. This solution yields a sinusoidal function which coincides with Compton’s wavelength.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Wonder if this can be how it works?<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Chip<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>John Duffield<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tuesday, January 31, 2017 3:49 PM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">John:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">That sounds interesting. I have to go shortly, but for now:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">There does seem to be some kind of limit to what you can do when you make space wave. I found this interesting when I first saw it some years ago:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><a href="http://photontheory.com/Kemp/Kemp.html" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">http://photontheory.com/Kemp/Kemp.html</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">It’s the quantization of electromagnetic<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">change</i>, not charge. Space waves, but only so much.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Regards<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">John D<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>John Macken<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>31 January 2017 21:27<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class="">Chip, John D, Chandra –<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class="">Interaction of Waves</span><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class="">I take the position that all waves propagating in a finite medium interact. The easiest to prove example of this is with sound waves propagating in a gas. When sound waves propagate in a gas, the compression part of a sound wave causes an increase in temperature and the expansion part of the sound wave produces a decrease in temperature. Since the speed of sound is temperature dependent, this means that a sound wave produces a modulation of the speed of sound in the propagating medium. Another frequency sound wave propagation in the same volume of gas and the same direction will encounter this modulation in the speed of sound and produce a second order effect which is new sound waves at the sum and difference frequency. I recall that there is experimental proof of the interaction of sound waves, but I have not attempted to find a reference.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class="">Water waves have also been mentioned as examples of the non-interaction of waves. If the depth of the water is infinite and the speed of sound in water is vastly larger than the speed of the water wave, then there appears to be no interaction between water waves. However, imagine an experiment where the water in in a shallow flat bottom pond. If the amplitude of the wave is on the order of half the depth of the pond, then nonlinearities become noticeable and there would be detectable interaction between waves. In the limit, there is a definable maximum amplitude of the water wave. This occurs when the wave minimum equals the depth of the pond. Similarly, when the sound wave produces a vacuum at its minimum, this is the limiting condition.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class="">Another clear example with a great deal of proof is the interaction of two beams of laser light interacting in a nonlinear medium. There is the optical Kerr effect which changes the index of refraction of the propagation medium. All transparent mediums including glass and even air exhibit the optical Kerr effect. Here is a quote from Wikipedia.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51);" class="">"<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">The optical Kerr effect, or AC Kerr effect is the case in which the electric field is due to the light itself. This causes a variation in index of refraction which is proportional to the local </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">irradiance</span></a><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class=""> of the light.</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr_effect#cite_note-3" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><sup class=""><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">[3]</span></sup></a><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class=""> This refractive index variation is responsible for the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_optics" title="Nonlinear optics" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">nonlinear optical</span></a><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class=""> effects of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-focusing" title="Self-focusing" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">self-focusing</span></a><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-phase_modulation" title="Self-phase modulation" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">self-phase modulation</span></a><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class=""> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">modulational instability</span></a><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">, and is the basis for </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr-lens_modelocking" title="Kerr-lens modelocking" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">Kerr-lens modelocking</span></a><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">. This effect only becomes significant with very intense beams such as those from </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser" title="Laser" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">lasers</span></a><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 51); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">."<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">There is a long list of nonlinear effects using laser beams in nonlinear crystals including sum frequency generation, difference frequency generation and second harmonic generation. These examples of nonlinear effects in a transparent optical material illustrate an important point. The optical medium has a finite ability to transmit light. The optical material is made of atoms which are bonded together by finite electrostatic forces. When the intensity of one or more laser beams reaches a level that the electrostatic bonding force is noticeably approached, then we detect a nonlinear optical effect. However, even at undetectable levels the nonlinearity is still present because of the finite properties of the transparent medium set a boundary condition. For example, even sunlight passing through a glass window produces a slight change in the index of refraction of the window. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 12pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">These examples set the stage for the big question: Does the vacuum of spacetime have a limiting boundary condition which produces nonlinear effects on light as this limit is approached? We know that Planck force (c<sup class="">4</sup></span><span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">/</span><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">G = 1.2 x 10<sup class="">44</sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>N) is a maximum possible force. I once referenced a paper which showed that all of general relativity could be derived by assuming this boundary condition. The speed of light is another boundary condition. In fact, Planck length, Planck frequency, Planck energy etc. are also boundary conditions when properly applied. Therefore, I am setting the stage to make the claim that light waves interact when the intensity reaches the level that the boundary conditions (nonlinear conditions) of spacetime become detectable. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">Chandra has written extensively on the non-interaction of waves. This is a very useful concept to understand optical effects at ordinary intensities. I have not said anything challenging this before because he is correct for all experiments which can currently be conducted with available technology. However, I maintain that he is not correct at the extreme limits of high intensity light which produce nonlinear effects in the vacuum. This statement is analogous to saying that Newton's gravitational equation is very useful for calculating ordinary gravitational interactions. However, there is a nonlinearity as the limiting properties of spacetime are approached. General relativity is required when the nonlinear effects become important. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">To prove these points, it is necessary to have a model of an electrically charged particle, electric field and a photon. I have developed a model of these, but I want to tell a story about an experience I had during this process. I asked the question: What is the smallest volume that I can physically confine a photon? A circularly polarized photon can be confined in a cylindrical waveguide that is slightly more than ½ wavelength in diameter with flat reflecting end separated by ½ wavelength. I define this as “maximum confinement”. There are several more steps but I concluded that a single photon would produce a Planck length polarized distortion of spacetime that modulates the transverse distance across the waveguide diameter by plus and minus Planck length (designated<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">L<sub class="">p</sub></i>) at the frequency of the photon. Multiple coherent photons, designated as “n” photons, would increase this modulation by the square root of n (by</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; position: relative; top: 4.5pt;" class=""><span id="cid:image056.png@01D291D0.7789CB70"><image056.png></span></span><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">). Then I was struck by a serious doubt because if this model of a photon was correct, it was predicting that there was a maximum number of photons which could be put into this maximum confinement waveguide. The limiting condition was when<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">the modulating distance equaled ½ wavelength which is the diameter of the waveguide. This would be 100% modulation of the properties of spacetime at the frequency of the photon. A different frequency would achieve this limit at a different intensity, but in all cased the model was predicting a limit. This seemed impossible, but I quickly calculated the condition that would produce this limit. To my surprise, it exactly equaled the energy density of photons that would produce a black hole with the diameter of the waveguide. What I thought would be a proof that I was wrong turned out to be a proof supporting the model. An experiment with the intensity required to achieve a detectable modulation of distance is beyond our current technology, but it is not necessary to do an experiment. A simple calculation proves that the predicted limiting condition forma a black hole. If it was possible to arbitrarily increase the power of a focused laser beam, then there would be a limit where the modulation of spacetime at the focus reached the predicted 100% modulation condition. No more light would be transmitted through this volume because a black hole would form. No further transmission would be possible. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">The same model that achieved this success predicts that at a very high intensity approaching the formation of a black hole, the nonlinear properties of spacetime become obvious and there would be detectable “interaction of waves”.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">All of this is documented in technical papers and my book. For further reading I suggest first reading the paper I posted on January 21 titled “Gravitational waves indicate vacuum energy exists”. This paper has recently been submitted to a technical journal. It sets the stage defining the properties of spacetime. The paper titled “Spacetime based foundation of quantum mechanics and general relativity” gives the quantifiable model of particles and photons. It also describes in more detail the photon thought experiment just described. Pages 13 to 16 of this paper describe the quantifiable model of electrical charge, photons and the maximum confinement thought experiment. This paper is available at: <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264311427_Spacetime_Based_Foundation_of_Quantum_Mechanics_and_General_Relativity" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264311427_Spacetime_Based_Foundation_of_Quantum_Mechanics_and_General_Relativity</a><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span lang="EN-GB" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">John Macken<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class=""> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(32, 24, 140);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(32, 24, 140);" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+john=macken.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+john=macken.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Chip Akins<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tuesday, January 31, 2017 10:35 AM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Hi John D<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Thank you. Now I understand what you are saying, and the mechanics behind it. In your example, as the large ocean waves crest, the density is greater in the water, and less in the valleys, net zero, but still it causes temporary changes in direction of the small intersecting waves because any change in density causes the small wave to change directions (standard refraction).<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">I can model (simulate) this effect. I will do that to see what the conditions would have to be to get a closed circular wave.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Chip<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>John Duffield<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tuesday, January 31, 2017 12:21 PM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Chip:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Yes, you’re missing the simplicity of it. I didn’t actually say light refracts light. I said it causes a path change. This does occur in water. Think of an oceanic swell wave. I gazed at them a few years back when I was on a cruise. An oceanic swell wave is maybe 200m wide with a wavelength of maybe 100m, and maybe 3m high. Now imagine an ordinary little 1m wave intersecting it. The little wave goes up and over the big wave. Whilst it does so it changes path. Its path started straight and ended up straight, but whilst the little wave was going<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">over</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>the big wave, its path was curved. If this didn’t happen, and if waves just went straight through one another, you wouldn’t get “monster” waves. You can imagine a similar scenario with seismic waves and sound wave. If the ground is displaced to the North by 1 metre, this alters the path of a sound wave through the ground.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Regards<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">JohnD <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Chip Akins<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>31 January 2017 13:15<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Hi John D<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">You are saying that light refracts light. Is there any experimental evidence?<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">I have not found any evidence that waves of any sort behave in this manner, including water waves.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Do you have any supporting information?<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">The refraction of water waves in the ocean, as I understand it, is generally due to the depth of the water changing near the shore, or due to an object, not due to other waves.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">When we use a ripple tank, we see interference, but not a change in direction of the waves when they interact.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Am I missing something here?<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Chip<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>John Duffield<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Monday, January 30, 2017 1:43 PM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Chip:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">When an ocean wave moves over another ocean wave, the curvature of the “up and over” path depends on the amplitude and wavelength of the other wave. If however all ocean waves were 1m high, the curvature of the path waves would depend only on the wavelength. Given what I said about h, when an electromagnetic wave moves through itself, the curvature of its path depends on the wavelength. So for the Dirac spinor, there’s only one wavelength where that curved path is a closed path:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><image058.jpg></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Regards<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">John D<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Chip Akins<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>30 January 2017 14:31<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Hi John D<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">The amplitude of the wave not being the size of the wave makes sense in this context.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">But if the electron’s mass is somehow dependent on the amplitude always being the same, then how does that relate to…<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: rgb(46, 117, 182);" class="">If you’re going to “wrap up” a wave into a spin ½ spinor to make a stable standing-wave standing-field particle, only one wavelength will do.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: rgb(46, 117, 182);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="">Wavelength is size. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="">So how do we equate amplitude and wavelength to make this electron with the size and mass it has in nature?<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="">How do we show that only one wavelength will work?<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="">Chip<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>John Duffield<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sunday, January 29, 2017 5:16 PM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Chip:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">My thoughts? The amplitude of a wave isn’t the size of the wave.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Think of a seismic wave with an amplitude of 1 metre. It moves from West to East. As it does, your house shakes 1 metre to the North, then 1 metre to the South. At the same time a house 10km North shakes 10cm to the North, then 10cm to the South. A house 100 km North shakes 1cm to the North then 1cm to the South. Et cetera. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Regards<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">JohnD<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Chip Akins<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>29 January 2017 22:58<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Hi John D<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Yes Planck’s constant applies to all wavelengths. However experimental evidence and experience tell us that the transverse physical size of a wave gets smaller as the longitudinal wavelength gets smaller with energy.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">An opening which will allow a high frequency wave to pass through, will also completely block a significantly lower wavelength from passing.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">So it seems that all wavelengths do not have the same physical transverse extents.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">(My thoughts are that the wave extents are the wavelength / 2 pi. This seems to match the evidence and works well in the RF spectrum for system design considerations. Openings in Faraday shielding, unshielded trace lengths etc. need to be kept within a prescribed limit (fraction of a wavelength) based on the expected interfering frequency and the attenuation required.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Your thoughts?<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Chip<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>John Duffield<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sunday, January 29, 2017 2:37 PM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Chip:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Planck’s constant h is common to all photons regardless of wavelength. Look at those pictures of the electromagnetic spectrum. Irrespective of wavelength, the depicted amplitude is always the same.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">If you’re going to “wrap up” a wave into a spin ½ spinor to make a stable standing-wave standing-field particle, only one wavelength will do.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">As for which characteristic of space, I’m not sure. Perhaps it’s something like an elastic limit. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Regards<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">JohnD<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Chip Akins<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>29 January 2017 14:36<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Hi John D<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">I am not understanding your idea. Can you explain how you feel that h contributes to the specific rest mass of the electron and not some other mass value? To which characteristic of space are you referring?<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Chip<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>John Duffield<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sunday, January 29, 2017 8:25 AM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">>; 'Hodge John' <</span><a href="mailto:jchodge@frontier.com" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">jchodge@frontier.com</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Chip:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">I think the electron has the mass that it has because h is what it is, because space has a particular characteristic:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><image059.jpg></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Some people liken it to a crystal.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Regards<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">JohnD<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Chip Akins<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>29 January 2017 13:45<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>'Hodge John' <</span><a href="mailto:jchodge@frontier.com" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">jchodge@frontier.com</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">>; 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Hi John Hodge<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Thank you. I think you have made a good point here. For diffraction to work the way it does it seems the “photon” must have momentum.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Hi Chandra. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">It seems to me that the simplest explanation of all we observe is to suspect that momentum is inherent in the motion of energy in space, and the cause for inertia. This approach allows us to derive E=mc^2 from the circulating energy in a particle. This would keep the particle stationary until it is acted on by an outside force. It would then also explain the property of inertia. It helps us to understand why light wants to travel a straight line unless deflected (diffracted).<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Like John D I feel space waves as energy propagates. However unlike a water wave, which is a simple displacement of particles of mass, a wave in space is a differential displacement of a transverse wave, with one part moving one way and the other part moving in the opposite direction. This differential displacement is what can give us part of the Chandra CTF type behavior of space. It yields things like electric charge naturally. It also causes things like the type of confinement in elementary fermions which Albrecht talks about.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">But in all this discussion I think we, and physics in general, have missed something important. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Space cannot be a linear medium.</i> Our equations generally describe space in “linear” relationships, like E=hf. But this ignores the resonant conditions which cause the specific masses of stable particles. It seems that resonances must be included in our physics before we really understand why the electron at rest is the specific mass and energy level which it possesses. I also think that once we identify and quantify the non-linear resonances of space, and their causes, we will be able to see better how all the pieces fit.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Hi Andrew<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">I have been able to detect EM radiation which is slower than 1Hz, so I am having a bit of trouble accepting the integer approach to the solution of quantization of waves. But I understand your example and appreciate its simplicity, and the smallest value of n could be whatever nature has chosen.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class="">Chip<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><span style="" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [</span><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Hodge John<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Saturday, January 28, 2017 10:10 PM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion <</span><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div class=""><div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1485662868797_2946" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">I do. And it explains diffraction.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1485662868797_2946" class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">Hodge<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 12pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></p></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">On Saturday, January 28, 2017 7:12 PM, Dr Grahame Blackwell <</span><a href="mailto:grahame@starweave.com" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">grahame@starweave.com</span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">> wrote:</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 12pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></p><div class=""><div id="yiv6089736424" class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: navy;" class="">Dear All,</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: navy;" class="">[Notably Chandra & Chip],</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: navy;" class="">I'm having a bit of a problem over this question of: 'How does a photon carry momentum'? (or similar words.)</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: navy;" class="">It seems to me that in order to even beginning to address this question, one needs a clear definition of 'momentum' that's applicable to the momentum carried by a photon.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: navy;" class="">I may be looking in the wrong places (if so please advise), but the only definitions of momentum that I can find either refer to 'mass' or refer to some other phenomenon which in turn refers to momentum - i.e. circular references.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: navy;" class="">If I'm going to figure, or be persuaded, how a photon carries momentum I first need to know what momentum IS in respect of a photon (yes, I know it's E/c, that's a measure it's not a definition).</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: navy;" class="">Of course I'm aware of the paper "Light is heavy", but I don't feel it's appropriate just to extract from that some sort of mass-equivalence of a photon. If we do, we get the result that 'm'=E/c^2, so 'm'c = E/c - gives the right result, but appears to be some sort of convoluted self-confirmation (i.e. a circular argument dressed up in fancy clothes). It certainly doesn't DEFINE a photon's momentum, just evaluates it.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: navy;" class="">Does anyone have a convincing definition of momentum that's applicable to a photon? One that can be used as a firm basis for theorising?</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: navy;" class="">(I'd be glad if colleagues didn't use this as an excuse to yet again present their own personal theory/model - I'm looking for a definition that would be agreed by all, or at least most, physicists.)</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: navy;" class="">Thanks in anticipation,</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: navy;" class="">Grahame</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 12pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">If you no longer wish to receive communication from the Nature of Light and Particles General Discussion List at<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="mailto:jchodge@frontier.com" style="color: purple; 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