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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-GB link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Chip:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>We’ll have to agree to differ on this I’m afraid. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>All:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>I’m afraid I’m finding I’m very busy, and struggling to find the time to contribute usefully to the group. Hence I shall be unsubscribing. Apologies. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>JohnD<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Chip Akins<br><b>Sent:</b> 28 February 2017 20:39<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Hi John D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>1. Regarding: “It lacks causative explanation”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Where do we get causative explanation for Planck’s constant?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>All I have done with this is break Planck’s constant into two components, a displacement amplitude constant and a spin or oscillation constant, both of which are borne out by observation (the mass and energy of the electron).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>2. Regarding:</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> “</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>IMHO it’s best to keep it simple and try not to invent anything new.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>A differential displacement of space is by far the simplest explanation for electric charge, gravity, and the mass of the electron. I am afraid that if we don’t consider this we will be preventing ourselves from understanding the most fundamental forces of nature.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>3. Regarding: “Just divide the electron Compton wavelength by 4π:” (for the radius of the electron).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>The Compton wavelength of the electron is:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>λ=cҠ§/E= Eo Uo/K= h c/E<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>This constant (which is a component of Planck’s constant) tells us why the electron is the size it is. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>It tells us the electron at rest can only be one size.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>But my friend, I am afraid that a wave diffracting itself is not the answer for fermion confinement. The math just does not work. However an equal and opposite force from space which opposes displacement does work perfectly.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Chip<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Duffield<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, February 28, 2017 2:02 PM<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <<a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'>Hi Chip. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'>I don’t like the <i>rest mass formation constant</i> I’m afraid. It lacks causative explanation, and the mass-energy of an electron varies with gravitational potential, because the properties of space vary in a gravitational field. Where the “constant” called c varies too. Also, I think it’s important to think about the electron at rest to avoid getting bogged down with length-contraction issues. This I like though:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>The formation of mass requires a different topology of propagating energy than the topology of light. We know this because of the spin characteristics of fermions. The mass formation constant we have proposed would be caused by properties of space, some of which we may not have measured, or at least recognized. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'>I think in terms of elastic properties, wherein permittivity is “how easy it is to bend space” and permeability is “how well space bounces back”. I like this too:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>The equation <i>E=hf</i> does not address wave amplitude. The way we measure amplitude in material media is by wave displacement. If photons are real, if light is comprised of tiny indivisible packets, and each packet obeys the rule <i>E=hf</i>, then the amplitude of each packet must be the same<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'>I know of no waves which <i>don’t</i> have an amplitude. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>One way for us to think about this is as follows: A node of space is a Planck scale entity which is comprised of the two components of space. These two components are normalized (at their lowest energy state) when collocated, and are displaced from one another by incident energy. Energy affects these nodes in a quantized manner, involving more or fewer nodes depending on the amount of energy. Space opposes this differential displacement with a force which is the product of the number of nodes affected, so that the total displacement (the sum of the displacements) of all affected nodes remains constant.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'>IMHO it’s best to keep it simple and try not to invent anything new. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Physics has not previously clearly identified the <i>amplitude</i> aspect of photons. We have focused on the obvious <i>energy</i> and <i>frequency</i> aspects. We have recognized that photons have a sort of soft quantization in that frequency is dependent on energy. However photons must have a hard quantization as well, since <i>amplitude must remain the same for all photons for the equation E=hf to work as it does</i>. That fixed amplitude plays an important role. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'>You bet. It’s the quantum of quantum mechanics. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Specifically, the electron has the rest mass it displays in nature simply because energy moving in space has one specific amplitude, but its frequency varies with energy. This set of circumstances, including a fixed amplitude, makes it so that there is only one rest energy level where all aspects of nature support a three dimensional confinement of that energy to become a charged spin ½ ħ fermion.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'>I don’t think it can be anything too complicated. Space waves, when a 511 keV wave moves through itself it adopts a double-loop configuration it ends up in a closed path. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>So let’s distribute Planck’s quantization of action into displacement amplitude (Ҡ) …. </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r><m:r><i> </i></m:r></span></m:den></m:f><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=1.930796541086340E-13 m</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;position:relative;top:7.0pt;mso-text-raise:-7.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=305 height=27 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image001.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'>Just divide the electron Compton wavelength by 4π: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'><img border=0 width=420 height=400 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image002.jpg@01D2939D.8536DF00"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'>JohnD<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0000CC'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Chip Akins<br><b>Sent:</b> 28 February 2017 13:40<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <<a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Hi John D.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Here is a little bit for you.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Let me know what you think.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Mass Formation Constant </span></b><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;position:relative;top:3.0pt;mso-text-raise:-3.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=13 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image003.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>One way we could get closer to understanding the rest mass of the electron is to define an elementary rest mass formation constant. Then find cause for that constant.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>If we determine the mass formation constant Ҡ = 4.58576946280331E-06 we can state the following:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>m</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=h </m:r><m:r>c</m:r><m:r> Ҡ=</m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>9.1093826E-31 kg</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=239 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image004.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=h </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>c</m:r></span></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> Ҡ=8.187104786845060E-14 J</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=301 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image005.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r></span></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r><m:r><i> </i></m:r></span></m:den></m:f><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=1.930796541086340E-13 m</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=424 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image006.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r></span></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r><m:r><i> </i></m:r></span></m:den></m:f><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=2.426310491791380E-12 m</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=390 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image007.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Then restated for a relativistically moving electron:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>m</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=h </m:r><m:r>c</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r></span><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1-</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>v</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=162 height=78 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image008.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=h </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>c</m:r></span></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> Ҡ</m:r></span><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1-</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>v</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=164 height=78 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image009.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1-</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>v</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r><m:r><i> </i></m:r></span></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=90 height=57 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image010.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1-</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>v</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r><m:r><i> </i></m:r></span></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=93 height=57 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image011.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>The formation of mass requires a different topology of propagating energy than the topology of light. We know this because of the spin characteristics of fermions. The mass formation constant we have proposed would be caused by properties of space, some of which we may not have measured, or at least recognized. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>We have called this constant Ҡ a mass formation constant, which it is, but the story goes farther than that. We know that the energy in a wave determines its frequency. But what of amplitude? The equation <i>E=hf</i> does not address wave amplitude. The way we measure amplitude in material media is by wave displacement. If photons are real, if light is comprised of tiny indivisible packets, and each packet obeys the rule <i>E=hf</i>, then the amplitude of each packet must be the same, for it is only the frequency which changes with energy. So what is this wave amplitude? Amplitude is the total differential displacement of all nodes of space affected by the wave. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>One way for us to think about this is as follows: A node of space is a Planck scale entity which is comprised of the two components of space. These two components are normalized (at their lowest energy state) when collocated, and are displaced from one another by incident energy. Energy affects these nodes in a quantized manner, involving more or fewer nodes depending on the amount of energy. Space opposes this differential displacement with a force which is the product of the number of nodes affected, so that the total displacement (the sum of the displacements) of all affected nodes remains constant.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Physics has not previously clearly identified the <i>amplitude</i> aspect of photons. We have focused on the obvious <i>energy</i> and <i>frequency</i> aspects. We have recognized that photons have a sort of soft quantization in that frequency is dependent on energy. However photons must have a hard quantization as well, since <i>amplitude must remain the same for all photons for the equation E=hf to work as it does</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>That fixed amplitude plays an important role. Specifically, the electron has the rest mass it displays in nature simply because energy moving in space has one specific amplitude, but its frequency varies with energy. This set of circumstances, including a fixed amplitude, makes it so that there is only one rest energy level where all aspects of nature support a three dimensional confinement of that energy to become a charged spin ½ ħ fermion.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>So let’s distribute Planck’s quantization of action into displacement amplitude (Ҡ) and an oscillation or spin component §.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>h</m:r><m:r>=Ҡ §=</m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>6.62607004E-34</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=204 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image012.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>Ҡ</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>4.58576946280331E-06</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=216 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image013.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>§=</m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>1.44492000606359E-28</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=211 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image014.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>So that now we have an equation for the photon:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>E</m:r><m:r>=Ҡ § </m:r><m:r>f</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=68 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image015.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>So we can solve for frequency:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>f</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>Ҡ</m:r><m:r> §</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=54 height=38 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image016.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Now our energy term is more complete because it contains both amplitude <i>(A)</i> and frequency <i>(f)</i> terms as well as the action quantization <i>(</i>§<i>)</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>And then we have a description of the electron as:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>m</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>Ҡ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>§ </m:r><m:r>c</m:r><m:r> =</m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>9.1093826E-31 kg</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=245 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image017.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>Ҡ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>§</m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>c</m:r></span></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=8.187104786845060E-14 J</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=304 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image018.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r><m:r><i> </i></m:r></span></m:den></m:f><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=1.930796541086340E-13 m</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=319 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image019.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r><m:r><i> </i></m:r></span></m:den></m:f><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=2.426310491791380E-12 m</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=303 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image020.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Chip<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Duffield<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, February 14, 2017 2:30 PM<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <<a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Chip:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>How far does the transverse wave displace space?</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'> </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>3.86 x 10 <sup>-13</sup> m . That’s why the double-loop electron has the mass that it has. Distance r is λ/4π, so the diameter is λ/2π.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><img border=0 width=420 height=400 id="_x0000_i1026" src="cid:image002.jpg@01D2939D.8536DF00"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>The sine function is what it is and transverse waves work the way that they do, and so does gamma gamma pair production. Your spin ½ electron and your positron at rest have a wavelength of 2.426 x 10 <sup>-12</sup> m. As for how physical media reacts to transverse waves, don’t forget that the photon </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79'>has spin. </span><span lang=EN style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79'>There’s a rotation of sorts, w</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79'>e have </span><span class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><a href="http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/raman2/index.html"><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>experimental proof of the spin of the photon</span></a></span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79'>. But the photon itself isn’t actually spinning. It has no magnetic dipole moment. As to how best to draw it, I’m not sure. But I quite like this:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><img border=0 width=602 height=123 id="Picture_x0020_6" src="cid:image021.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>I too am fairly certain that light is made of transverse displacements which propagate linearly, and that matter is made of transverse displacement which circulates. But I’m not certain whether there’s two transverse displacements involved, or whether the fundamental photon is the circularly polarized photon, and two of these make up the plane-polarized photon. I do however feel confident that displacement is behind the confinement. In the double-loop configuration, light displaces its own path into a closed path. It’s that simple. See what Clifford said in his <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Space-Theory_of_Matter">space theory of matter</a>:</span><span lang=EN><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN>(1) That small portions of space are in fact of a nature analogous to little hills on a surface which is on the average flat; namely, that the ordinary laws of geometry are not valid in them.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN>(2) That this property of being curved or distorted is continually being passed on from one portion of space to another after the manner of a wave.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN>(3) That this variation of the curvature of space is what really happens in that phenomenon which we call the <i>motion of matter</i>, whether ponderable or etherial.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN>(4) That in the physical world nothing else takes place but this variation, subject (possibly) to the law of continuity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Nothing else takes place</span></i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>. I’m also confident that light is quantized in a manner that complies with energy, and that the spin ½ electron is where this self-same energy moves round and round. As for “confined”, I think back to that seismic wave. It isn’t particularly confined. Nor is the electron’s field. It has no outer edge. I see it as a chiral 3D screw displacement of space not totally unlike the “twist” of the gravitomagnetic field. I’d say the crucial point is that when you consider your sinusoidal field variation in terms of potential, you can wrap it up into a spin ½ double loop. The minima and maxima line up to yield an all-round standing field:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><img border=0 width=602 height=50 id="Picture_x0020_5" src="cid:image022.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:180.0pt;text-indent:36.0pt;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:gray'>↓<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:180.0pt;text-indent:36.0pt;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:gray'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:144.0pt;text-indent:36.0pt;text-autospace:none'><img border=0 width=165 height=108 id="Picture_x0020_4" src="cid:image023.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Only now do you have the thing called charge. Hence there is no “charge wave” travelling with the photon. Charge is not fundamental. The photon is more fundamental than the field it is said to mediate. Note that you can make a left-hand Mobius and a right-handed Mobius. If you mentally inflate the Mobius to a torus, then inflate it further to a spindle-sphere torus, you can maybe get a sense of the chiral “screw” displacement that is a negative or positive electromagnetic field, and why electrons and positrons move the way that they do: because that all-round standing-wave standing field is dynamical, and they don’t call ‘em spinors for nothing. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><img border=0 width=343 height=341 id="Picture_x0020_7" src="cid:image024.jpg@01D2939D.8536DF00"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:115%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Do we all know about Hans Ohanian’s paper </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><a href="http://aforrester.bol.ucla.edu/docs/Spin_Ohanian.pdf">what is spin?</a><span style='color:#1F497D'> Spin is real. And did I tell you what </span><span style='color:#1F4E79'> </span><a href="http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_27.html#Ch27-F5"><span lang=EN>what Feynman said</span></a></span><span lang=EN style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:115%'><i><span lang=EN style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>“</span></i><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Suppose we take the example of a point charge sitting near the center of a bar magnet, as shown in Fig. 27–6. Everything is at rest, so the energy is not changing with time. Also, <span class=mathjax1><i>E</i></span> and<span class=mathjax1><i> B</i></span> are quite static. But the Poynting vector says that there is a flow of energy, because there is an <span class=mathjax1><i>E × B</i></span> that is not zero. If you look at the energy flow, you find that it just circulates around and around. There isn’t any change in the energy anywhere - everything which flows into one volume flows out again. It is like incompressible water flowing around. So there is a circulation of energy in this so-called static condition. How absurd it gets!”</span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Yes, how absurd it gets. Here we are in 2017, and people think the electron is a point-particle, and that spin is magic. FFS, I am living in the dark ages, an idiocracy. As for the speed of charge and gravity being very much faster than light, I’m not sure they are. Charge is nothing special, nor is gravity. Yes, longitudinal waves tend to travel faster than transverse waves. But not that much faster. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Yes, it is compelling isn’t it? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>JohnD<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Chip Akins<br><b>Sent:</b> 14 February 2017 18:06<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <<a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Hi John D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Yes. Size is not really the issue. It is the <i>transverse</i> displacement distance which is of significance. How far does the transverse wave displace space? That distance (size) is the “radius” or “sinusoidal displacement extent” of the transverse wave. A transverse sinusoidal wave has a specific wavelength, and since it has that specific wavelength and the function is sinusoidal, there is a displacement extent which must be the wavelength divided by 2 pi. That is what the sine function is, and that is how transverse waves work. This holds for transverse waves in any media.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>However the similarities between space and physical media cease at a point. We know this because no physical media reacts to transverse waves the same way space does.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Of course there are different types of seismic waves, longitudinal, and transverse. But we are fairly certain that <i>matter is made of transverse displacement</i> which circulates, and light is made of <i>transverse displacements which propagate linearly</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>We know (or strongly suspect) that matter is made of confined energy. E=mc^2 This energy is apparently confined in 3D and moving at the speed of light. Therefore it also seems reasonable to explore the confinement of energy in 2 dimensions (which would move forward at c). This seems to be what light is. There is an implied requirement for this sort of confinement from Planck’s rule E=hf. While it is possible that light is not quantized, and it is just the reaction of light with matter which makes light appear quantized, it is also entirely possible that light itself is quantized in a manner which complies with the 2 dimensional confinement of energy. Then the difference between a spin 1 photon and a spin ½ electron simply lies in the dimensions of confinement.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>In order to sort out why the rest mass of the electron is the specific value it is in nature we will need to explore all the possibilities and implications, with some detail.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>The fields of a wave extend far beyond the active confined region. If we use the example of the electron we can understand that <i>electric charge is the longitudinal differential displacement of space with an origin at the center of the electron</i>. Likewise with the “photon”. The longitudinal displacement of space, surrounding the photon, and perpendicular to its direction of travel takes the form of a “charge wave” which travels with the photon. The “charge” oscillates as the photon waves. But in the electron this form of external differential displacement (charge) is localized, permanent, and in only one direction outward from the center of the electron.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>So photons and electrons are non-local by their nature, simply because the fields they create go off to infinity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>But these fields do not propagate from the particles at c.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>The “velocity” of charge (and of gravity) are likely very much faster than light, and they are likely both caused by this permanent differential displacement of space, propagating <i>longitudinally</i> from particles.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>When the Italians performed the experiment to measure the velocity of charge propagation, the results we quite remarkable, and so much faster than light that the velocity seemed almost infinite. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>While the conventional wisdom has argued that relativistically moving bodies have a different (relativistic) shape to their fields, which they claim explains the direction of force pointing toward the actual instead of retarded position of a particle, this argument no longer holds up when direction is not the metric. When we measure the velocity of charge it becomes apparent that this relativistic treatment of fields is simply a work around to try to keep SR intact. It becomes apparent that charge actually moves much faster than light, just as we would expect a longitudinal displacement to propagate faster than a transverse one. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>I have most of the math which illustrates that this is what charge is, but will have to collect it from spreadsheets and MATLAB, and compile it into a single document to share. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Gravity is caused by the same differential displacement of space which causes charge. Waves diffract when they encounter this differential displacement for the same reasons that particles react to this differential displacement.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>I am working on the math to prove this. So far it is quite compelling.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Chip<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Duffield<br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, February 13, 2017 5:28 PM<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <<a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>That sounds pretty good Chip. But I’d say take care with things like “size” and try to think of the photon as something like a seismic wave in space. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>A seismic wave in the Earth might displace the ground by 1m, but 10 km away from the epicentre you can still feel the ground shake. If that seismic wave propagates for 100 km from point A to B along a flat plain, it isn’t just the houses sitting on top of the AB line that shake. In this respect the seismic wave takes <i>many paths</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>I have to go, talk more tomorrow. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>JohnD<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Chip Akins<br><b>Sent:</b> 13 February 2017 17:52<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Hi John D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Been thinking about the constant amplitude of photons which would cause E=hf.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>If we explore the possibility that energy is the differential displacement of myriad tiny nodes of space, which creates a set of parallel dipoles…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>We can then view total displacement of these tiny dipoles as the amplitude of the wave.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>A photon, as we have modeled it, has a wavelength:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>λ</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>h</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=50 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image025.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>The photon’s frequency is:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>E</m:r><m:r>=h</m:r><m:r>f</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=50 height=19 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image026.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>And a radius (or sinusoidal extent) of:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>r</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>h</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=101 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image027.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>If we consider the differential displacement of space as occurring in a myriad tiny nodes of space, then the <i>number of nodes involved increases with energy.</i> As the number of adjacent nodes displaced increases, the opposing force of space (the force opposing displacement) increases based on the <i>density of displaced nodes in that region of space</i>. So the confining force limits total displacement. <i>The sum of the displacement of all nodes active in a wave in space therefore becomes invariant for photons</i>. The displacement density varies with energy, as does the number of nodes, <i>but the total displacement (sum of the displacement of all tiny nodes involved) remains constant</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>In this way space imposes a size on the photon which varies with the inverse of energy. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Therefore we have <i>E=hf</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>The total displacement Ƹ of any localized energy propagating in space, meaning the distance representing the sum of displacement of all affected individual nodes, is therefore:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>Ƹ</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=39 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image028.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Or if only analyzing half the differential displacement of the wave:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>Ƹ</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=ħ</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=78 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image029.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>This would then be the amplitude of the wave, and this value is invariant with energy</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>This approach implies that the displacement energy itself is much more localized than the photon it causes. Theorizing that the energy of a photon exists in a transverse plane perpendicular to the direction of travel. The transverse extent of this active (circulating or undulating) energy distribution (displacement distribution) is: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>r</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>h</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=101 height=36 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image027.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>(Space would then be a very special type of medium. One where Hooke’s Law does not work as it does for material media. It would seem then that a “Hooke’s Law” for space would be sort of an inverse function.)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>There is quite a bit of evidence suggesting this scenario. Albrecht and I have been discussing the concept that Planck Charge is responsible for confinement. Plank charge is quantized in precisely the manner which this scenario suggests. Using the force of Planck Charge as the force which opposes displacement we can show that:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>F</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr><b>π</b></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr><b> </b></m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:black'><m:r>h</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=90 height=38 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image030.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Interestingly this confinement would be exactly what is required for the frequency to vary in the manner E=hf, f=E/h. This solution yields a sinusoidal function which coincides with Compton’s wavelength.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Wonder if this can be how it works?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Chip<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Duffield<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, January 31, 2017 3:49 PM<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>John:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>That sounds interesting. I have to go shortly, but for now:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>There does seem to be some kind of limit to what you can do when you make space wave. I found this interesting when I first saw it some years ago:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://photontheory.com/Kemp/Kemp.html"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>http://photontheory.com/Kemp/Kemp.html</span></a></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>It’s the quantization of electromagnetic <i>change</i>, not charge. Space waves, but only so much. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>John D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Macken<br><b>Sent:</b> 31 January 2017 21:27<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#222222'>Chip, John D, Chandra – </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#222222'>Interaction of Waves</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:#222222'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#222222'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#222222'>I take the position that all waves propagating in a finite medium interact. The easiest to prove example of this is with sound waves propagating in a gas. When sound waves propagate in a gas, the compression part of a sound wave causes an increase in temperature and the expansion part of the sound wave produces a decrease in temperature. Since the speed of sound is temperature dependent, this means that a sound wave produces a modulation of the speed of sound in the propagating medium. Another frequency sound wave propagation in the same volume of gas and the same direction will encounter this modulation in the speed of sound and produce a second order effect which is new sound waves at the sum and difference frequency. I recall that there is experimental proof of the interaction of sound waves, but I have not attempted to find a reference.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#222222'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#222222'>Water waves have also been mentioned as examples of the non-interaction of waves. If the depth of the water is infinite and the speed of sound in water is vastly larger than the speed of the water wave, then there appears to be no interaction between water waves. However, imagine an experiment where the water in in a shallow flat bottom pond. If the amplitude of the wave is on the order of half the depth of the pond, then nonlinearities become noticeable and there would be detectable interaction between waves. In the limit, there is a definable maximum amplitude of the water wave. This occurs when the wave minimum equals the depth of the pond. Similarly, when the sound wave produces a vacuum at its minimum, this is the limiting condition. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#222222'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#222222'>Another clear example with a great deal of proof is the interaction of two beams of laser light interacting in a nonlinear medium. There is the optical Kerr effect which changes the index of refraction of the propagation medium. All transparent mediums including glass and even air exhibit the optical Kerr effect. Here is a quote from Wikipedia.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#222222'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#660033'>"<span style='background:white'>The optical Kerr effect, or AC Kerr effect is the case in which the electric field is due to the light itself. This causes a variation in index of refraction which is proportional to the local </span></span><span lang=EN-US><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance" title=Irradiance><span style='color:#660033;background:white;text-decoration:none'>irradiance</span></a><span style='color:#660033;background:white'> of the light.</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr_effect#cite_note-3"><sup><span style='color:#660033;background:white;text-decoration:none'>[3]</span></sup></a><span style='color:#660033;background:white'> This refractive index variation is responsible for the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_optics" title="Nonlinear optics"><span style='color:#660033;background:white;text-decoration:none'>nonlinear optical</span></a><span style='color:#660033;background:white'> effects of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-focusing" title=Self-focusing><span style='color:#660033;background:white;text-decoration:none'>self-focusing</span></a><span style='color:#660033;background:white'>, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-phase_modulation" title="Self-phase modulation"><span style='color:#660033;background:white;text-decoration:none'>self-phase modulation</span></a><span style='color:#660033;background:white'> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability"><span style='color:#660033;background:white;text-decoration:none'>modulational instability</span></a><span style='color:#660033;background:white'>, and is the basis for </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr-lens_modelocking" title="Kerr-lens modelocking"><span style='color:#660033;background:white;text-decoration:none'>Kerr-lens modelocking</span></a><span style='color:#660033;background:white'>. This effect only becomes significant with very intense beams such as those from </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser" title=Laser><span style='color:#660033;background:white;text-decoration:none'>lasers</span></a><span style='color:#660033;background:white'>."<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#222222'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#252525;background:white'>There is a long list of nonlinear effects using laser beams in nonlinear crystals including sum frequency generation, difference frequency generation and second harmonic generation. These examples of nonlinear effects in a transparent optical material illustrate an important point. The optical medium has a finite ability to transmit light. The optical material is made of atoms which are bonded together by finite electrostatic forces. When the intensity of one or more laser beams reaches a level that the electrostatic bonding force is noticeably approached, then we detect a nonlinear optical effect. However, even at undetectable levels the nonlinearity is still present because of the finite properties of the transparent medium set a boundary condition. For example, even sunlight passing through a glass window produces a slight change in the index of refraction of the window. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#252525;background:white'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='color:#252525;background:white'>These examples set the stage for the big question: Does the vacuum of spacetime have a limiting boundary condition which produces nonlinear effects on light as this limit is approached? We know that Planck force (c<sup>4</sup></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white'>/</span><span lang=EN-US style='color:#252525;background:white'>G = 1.2 x 10<sup>44</sup> N) is a maximum possible force. I once referenced a paper which showed that all of general relativity could be derived by assuming this boundary condition. The speed of light is another boundary condition. In fact, Planck length, Planck frequency, Planck energy etc. are also boundary conditions when properly applied. Therefore, I am setting the stage to make the claim that light waves interact when the intensity reaches the level that the boundary conditions (nonlinear conditions) of spacetime become detectable. </span><span lang=EN-US style='color:#222222'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:#252525;background:white'>Chandra has written extensively on the non-interaction of waves. This is a very useful concept to understand optical effects at ordinary intensities. I have not said anything challenging this before because he is correct for all experiments which can currently be conducted with available technology. However, I maintain that he is not correct at the extreme limits of high intensity light which produce nonlinear effects in the vacuum. This statement is analogous to saying that Newton's gravitational equation is very useful for calculating ordinary gravitational interactions. However, there is a nonlinearity as the limiting properties of spacetime are approached. General relativity is required when the nonlinear effects become important. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:#252525;background:white'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:#252525;background:white'>To prove these points, it is necessary to have a model of an electrically charged particle, electric field and a photon. I have developed a model of these, but I want to tell a story about an experience I had during this process. I asked the question: What is the smallest volume that I can physically confine a photon? A circularly polarized photon can be confined in a cylindrical waveguide that is slightly more than ½ wavelength in diameter with flat reflecting end separated by ½ wavelength. I define this as “maximum confinement”. There are several more steps but I concluded that a single photon would produce a Planck length polarized distortion of spacetime that modulates the transverse distance across the waveguide diameter by plus and minus Planck length (designated <i>L<sub>p</sub></i>) at the frequency of the photon. Multiple coherent photons, designated as “n” photons, would increase this modulation by the square root of n (by</span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>ΔL</m:r><m:r>= </m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white'><m:r>n</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white'><m:r>L</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white'><m:r>p</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;position:relative;top:4.5pt;mso-text-raise:-4.5pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><img width=83 height=22 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image031.png@01D2939D.8536DF00"></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='color:#252525;background:white'>). Then I was struck by a serious doubt because if this model of a photon was correct, it was predicting that there was a maximum number of photons which could be put into this maximum confinement waveguide. The limiting condition was when </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white'>the modulating distance equaled ½ wavelength which is the diameter of the waveguide. This would be 100% modulation of the properties of spacetime at the frequency of the photon. A different frequency would achieve this limit at a different intensity, but in all cased the model was predicting a limit. This seemed impossible, but I quickly calculated the condition that would produce this limit. To my surprise, it exactly equaled the energy density of photons that would produce a black hole with the diameter of the waveguide. What I thought would be a proof that I was wrong turned out to be a proof supporting the model. An experiment with the intensity required to achieve a detectable modulation of distance is beyond our current technology, but it is not necessary to do an experiment. A simple calculation proves that the predicted limiting condition forma a black hole. If it was possible to arbitrarily increase the power of a focused laser beam, then there would be a limit where the modulation of spacetime at the focus reached the predicted 100% modulation condition. No more light would be transmitted through this volume because a black hole would form. No further transmission would be possible. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white'>The same model that achieved this success predicts that at a very high intensity approaching the formation of a black hole, the nonlinear properties of spacetime become obvious and there would be detectable “interaction of waves”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white'>All of this is documented in technical papers and my book. For further reading I suggest first reading the paper I posted on January 21 titled “Gravitational waves indicate vacuum energy exists”. This paper has recently been submitted to a technical journal. It sets the stage defining the properties of spacetime. The paper titled “Spacetime based foundation of quantum mechanics and general relativity” gives the quantifiable model of particles and photons. It also describes in more detail the photon thought experiment just described. Pages 13 to 16 of this paper describe the quantifiable model of electrical charge, photons and the maximum confinement thought experiment. This paper is available at: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264311427_Spacetime_Based_Foundation_of_Quantum_Mechanics_and_General_Relativity">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264311427_Spacetime_Based_Foundation_of_Quantum_Mechanics_and_General_Relativity</a></span><span class=MsoHyperlink><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#252525;background:white'>John Macken </span><span lang=EN-US style='color:#252525;background:white'> </span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:#20188C'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:#20188C'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+john=macken.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+john=macken.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Chip Akins<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, January 31, 2017 10:35 AM<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Hi John D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Thank you. Now I understand what you are saying, and the mechanics behind it. In your example, as the large ocean waves crest, the density is greater in the water, and less in the valleys, net zero, but still it causes temporary changes in direction of the small intersecting waves because any change in density causes the small wave to change directions (standard refraction).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>I can model (simulate) this effect. I will do that to see what the conditions would have to be to get a closed circular wave.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Chip<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Duffield<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, January 31, 2017 12:21 PM<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Chip:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Yes, you’re missing the simplicity of it. I didn’t actually say light refracts light. I said it causes a path change. This does occur in water. Think of an oceanic swell wave. I gazed at them a few years back when I was on a cruise. An oceanic swell wave is maybe 200m wide with a wavelength of maybe 100m, and maybe 3m high. Now imagine an ordinary little 1m wave intersecting it. The little wave goes up and over the big wave. Whilst it does so it changes path. Its path started straight and ended up straight, but whilst the little wave was going <i>over</i> the big wave, its path was curved. If this didn’t happen, and if waves just went straight through one another, you wouldn’t get “monster” waves. You can imagine a similar scenario with seismic waves and sound wave. If the ground is displaced to the North by 1 metre, this alters the path of a sound wave through the ground. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>JohnD <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Chip Akins<br><b>Sent:</b> 31 January 2017 13:15<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Hi John D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>You are saying that light refracts light. Is there any experimental evidence?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>I have not found any evidence that waves of any sort behave in this manner, including water waves.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Do you have any supporting information?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>The refraction of water waves in the ocean, as I understand it, is generally due to the depth of the water changing near the shore, or due to an object, not due to other waves.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>When we use a ripple tank, we see interference, but not a change in direction of the waves when they interact.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Am I missing something here?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Chip<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Duffield<br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, January 30, 2017 1:43 PM<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Chip:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>When an ocean wave moves over another ocean wave, the curvature of the “up and over” path depends on the amplitude and wavelength of the other wave. If however all ocean waves were 1m high, the curvature of the path waves would depend only on the wavelength. Given what I said about h, when an electromagnetic wave moves through itself, the curvature of its path depends on the wavelength. So for the Dirac spinor, there’s only one wavelength where that curved path is a closed path: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><img border=0 width=279 height=267 id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:image032.jpg@01D2939D.8536DF00" alt="cid:image001.jpg@01D27BBE.171E7380"></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>John D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Chip Akins<br><b>Sent:</b> 30 January 2017 14:31<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Hi John D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>The amplitude of the wave not being the size of the wave makes sense in this context.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>But if the electron’s mass is somehow dependent on the amplitude always being the same, then how does that relate to…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#2E75B6'>If you’re going to “wrap up” a wave into a spin ½ spinor to make a stable standing-wave standing-field particle, only one wavelength will do. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#2E75B6'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>Wavelength is size. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>So how do we equate amplitude and wavelength to make this electron with the size and mass it has in nature?<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>How do we show that only one wavelength will work?<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Chip<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Duffield<br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, January 29, 2017 5:16 PM<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Chip:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>My thoughts? The amplitude of a wave isn’t the size of the wave.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Think of a seismic wave with an amplitude of 1 metre. It moves from West to East. As it does, your house shakes 1 metre to the North, then 1 metre to the South. At the same time a house 10km North shakes 10cm to the North, then 10cm to the South. A house 100 km North shakes 1cm to the North then 1cm to the South. Et cetera. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>JohnD<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Chip Akins<br><b>Sent:</b> 29 January 2017 22:58<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Hi John D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Yes Planck’s constant applies to all wavelengths. However experimental evidence and experience tell us that the transverse physical size of a wave gets smaller as the longitudinal wavelength gets smaller with energy. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>An opening which will allow a high frequency wave to pass through, will also completely block a significantly lower wavelength from passing.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>So it seems that all wavelengths do not have the same physical transverse extents.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>(My thoughts are that the wave extents are the wavelength / 2 pi. This seems to match the evidence and works well in the RF spectrum for system design considerations. Openings in Faraday shielding, unshielded trace lengths etc. need to be kept within a prescribed limit (fraction of a wavelength) based on the expected interfering frequency and the attenuation required.)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Your thoughts?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Chip<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Duffield<br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, January 29, 2017 2:37 PM<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Chip:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Planck’s constant h is common to all photons regardless of wavelength. Look at those pictures of the electromagnetic spectrum. Irrespective of wavelength, the depicted amplitude is always the same. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>If you’re going to “wrap up” a wave into a spin ½ spinor to make a stable standing-wave standing-field particle, only one wavelength will do. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>As for which characteristic of space, I’m not sure. Perhaps it’s something like an elastic limit. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>JohnD<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Chip Akins<br><b>Sent:</b> 29 January 2017 14:36<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Hi John D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>I am not understanding your idea. Can you explain how you feel that h contributes to the specific rest mass of the electron and not some other mass value? To which characteristic of space are you referring?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Chip<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>John Duffield<br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, January 29, 2017 8:25 AM<br><b>To:</b> 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>>; 'Hodge John' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:jchodge@frontier.com"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>jchodge@frontier.com</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Chip:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>I think the electron has the mass that it has because h is what it is, because space has a particular characteristic: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><img border=0 width=664 height=266 id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image033.jpg@01D2939D.8536DF00" alt="cid:image002.jpg@01D27BBE.171E7380"></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Some people liken it to a crystal. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>JohnD<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Chip Akins<br><b>Sent:</b> 29 January 2017 13:45<br><b>To:</b> 'Hodge John' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:jchodge@frontier.com"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>jchodge@frontier.com</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>>; 'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion' <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Hi John Hodge<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Thank you. I think you have made a good point here. For diffraction to work the way it does it seems the “photon” must have momentum.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Hi Chandra. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>It seems to me that the simplest explanation of all we observe is to suspect that momentum is inherent in the motion of energy in space, and the cause for inertia. This approach allows us to derive E=mc^2 from the circulating energy in a particle. This would keep the particle stationary until it is acted on by an outside force. It would then also explain the property of inertia. It helps us to understand why light wants to travel a straight line unless deflected (diffracted).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Like John D I feel space waves as energy propagates. However unlike a water wave, which is a simple displacement of particles of mass, a wave in space is a differential displacement of a transverse wave, with one part moving one way and the other part moving in the opposite direction. This differential displacement is what can give us part of the Chandra CTF type behavior of space. It yields things like electric charge naturally. It also causes things like the type of confinement in elementary fermions which Albrecht talks about.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>But in all this discussion I think we, and physics in general, have missed something important. <i>Space cannot be a linear medium.</i> Our equations generally describe space in “linear” relationships, like E=hf. But this ignores the resonant conditions which cause the specific masses of stable particles. It seems that resonances must be included in our physics before we really understand why the electron at rest is the specific mass and energy level which it possesses. I also think that once we identify and quantify the non-linear resonances of space, and their causes, we will be able to see better how all the pieces fit.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Hi Andrew<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>I have been able to detect EM radiation which is slower than 1Hz, so I am having a bit of trouble accepting the integer approach to the solution of quantization of waves. But I understand your example and appreciate its simplicity, and the smallest value of n could be whatever nature has chosen.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'>Chip<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> General [</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Hodge John<br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, January 28, 2017 10:10 PM<br><b>To:</b> Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] On photon momentum<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1485662868797_2946"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'>I do. And it explains diffraction.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1485662868797_2946"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'>Hodge<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>On Saturday, January 28, 2017 7:12 PM, Dr Grahame Blackwell <</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:grahame@starweave.com"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>grahame@starweave.com</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>> wrote:</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div id=yiv6089736424><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:navy'>Dear All,</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:navy'>[Notably Chandra & Chip],</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:navy'>I'm having a bit of a problem over this question of: 'How does a photon carry momentum'? (or similar words.)</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:navy'>It seems to me that in order to even beginning to address this question, one needs a clear definition of 'momentum' that's applicable to the momentum carried by a photon.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:navy'>I may be looking in the wrong places (if so please advise), but the only definitions of momentum that I can find either refer to 'mass' or refer to some other phenomenon which in turn refers to momentum - i.e. circular references.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:navy'>If I'm going to figure, or be persuaded, how a photon carries momentum I first need to know what momentum IS in respect of a photon (yes, I know it's E/c, that's a measure it's not a definition).</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:navy'>Of course I'm aware of the paper "Light is heavy", but I don't feel it's appropriate just to extract from that some sort of mass-equivalence of a photon. If we do, we get the result that 'm'=E/c^2, so 'm'c = E/c - gives the right result, but appears to be some sort of convoluted self-confirmation (i.e. a circular argument dressed up in fancy clothes). It certainly doesn't DEFINE a photon's momentum, just evaluates it.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:navy'>Does anyone have a convincing definition of momentum that's applicable to a photon? One that can be used as a firm basis for theorising?</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:navy'>(I'd be glad if colleagues didn't use this as an excuse to yet again present their own personal theory/model - I'm looking for a definition that would be agreed by all, or at least most, physicists.)</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:navy'>Thanks in anticipation,</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:navy'>Grahame</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><br>_______________________________________________<br>If you no longer wish to receive communication from the Nature of Light and Particles General Discussion List at </span><span lang=EN-US><a href="mailto:jchodge@frontier.com"><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>jchodge@frontier.com</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><br><a href="</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://lists.natureoflightandparticles.org/options.cgi/general-natureoflightandparticles.org/jchodge%40frontier.com?unsub=1&unsubconfirm=1" target="_blank"><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>http://lists.natureoflightandparticles.org/options.cgi/general-natureoflightandparticles.org/jchodge%40frontier.com?unsub=1&unsubconfirm=1</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'>"><br>Click here to unsubscribe<br></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>