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<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial>Thanks Chip,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial>It's good to see an intuitive view of
things so thoroughly supported by the math.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial>It occurs to me that one can see a
useful (if limited) analogy of my proposal in the form of a dandelion seed-head,
as in the attached picture. The centre of that seed-head, where the seeds
are attached, represents what we perceive as a 'massive object'; the
feather-light extensions from the seed itself represent the extended
electromagnetic being of that massive object - not perceived by our (relatively
coarse) senses, but having an effect on all other 'massive objects' passing
through that 'field' of extensions from that one object.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial>If our sight was poor, so that we
could not see those seed-extensions but could see the core to which the seeds
are attached, and we brought together two or more seed-heads (pre-prepared with
glue on their central cores so the seeds didn't detach!), we would certainly
perceive each of those two cores as being influenced by the other - and we might
conclude that each of those cores had an extended field of some sort - or even
that each was 'bending space' in its vicinity so as to alter the
trajectory of other such cores. More than that, the degree to which each
seed-head influenced the other would vary with their relative proximity, in a
manner not dissimilar to the inverse square law [as I propose re massive
objects in my response below to Albrecht].</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial>This analogy is of course very
limited, primarily by the facts that:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial>(a) the feather-like extensions on
seeds are finite in their extent - unlike electromagnetic field
effects;</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial>(b) it's not physically possible for
those extensions to pass through each other - as it is with time-varying
electromagnetic fields.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial>Critics might argue that such
time-varying electromagnetic fields can pass through each other without
affecting one another in any way - coherent superposition. Note that,
whilst this is true of linear solutions to Maxwell's Equations, the effects
being proposed here are NOT linear since they emanate from closed-loop
electromagnetic constructs - electromagnetically-formed 'particles'. It's
precisely that non-linearity that permits (gives rise to) interactions between
photons and material particles. This is also the basis of 'virtual
photons' that mediate electromagnetic interactions between charged
particles.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial>Thanks again, Chip.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial>I hope others find this of
interest.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial>Grahame</FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #000080 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT: 10pt arial; BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=chipakins@gmail.com href="mailto:chipakins@gmail.com">Chip Akins</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">'Nature of Light and
Particles - General Discussion'</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, April 29, 2017 11:50
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [General] HA: Gravity</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal>Hi Albrecht, Wolf, Grahame<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>So my study of the electron and electric charge, from the
standpoint of energy being a displacement of space, has led to some
interesting observations.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>At this point I will just present some of the math.
Perhaps when there is a bit more time I can fill in with a description of each
step in formulation of the relationships.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ϰ</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ћ</m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=0.039333680453191</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
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height=39></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ϱ</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r><m:r>ћ</m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=0.092762137719152</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
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<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r><m:r>ϱϰ</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>α</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
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<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>ϰ</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= </m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>ϱ</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:rad></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></span><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2 </m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>ϱ</m:r></span></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=0.039333680453191</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
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<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>The term Ҡ=4.585769462803310E-06 and yields a radius for
the electron of:<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> Ҡ</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>μ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> Ҡ</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:9E67BEF88EF6443C9D28947FF203E0EE@vincent" width=142
height=36></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>The term: §=1.44492000606359E-28<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>h</m:r><m:r>=Ҡ §=6.62607004</m:r><m:r>E</m:r><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>34</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:EADCC451E4A54E47B77520E16E2B0414@vincent" width=205
height=19></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>Ҡ</m:r><m:r>=4.58576946280331</m:r><m:r>E</m:r><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>06</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:4DE446CB4DB84F7F89BDFB5687EA4A83@vincent" width=217
height=19></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>§=1.44492000606359</m:r><m:r>E</m:r><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>28</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:5E7A77A1071A4C3F932894ADF29DD805@vincent" width=212
height=19></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>So that, for the energy level of the
electron:<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>Ҡ</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>§ </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2 </m:r><m:r>c</m:r><m:r> ħ </m:r><m:r>ϰ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ϱ</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr><b>π</b></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr><b> </b></m:r><m:r>ħ </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4 </m:r><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:e></m:rad></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr><b>π</b></m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr><b> </b></m:r><m:r>ħ </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:00919ACDB07740B199C85D1EAB9759B1@vincent" width=223
height=67></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>§=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>Ҡ</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>8</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>π</m:r></span></i></b></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ħ</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2 </m:r><m:r>c</m:r><m:r> ħ </m:r><m:r>ϰ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ϱ</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>8</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><b><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr>π</m:r></span></i></b></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ħ</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4 </m:r><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:e></m:rad></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:0B7670823CBD48C697615B7002FE84EE@vincent" width=223
height=62></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>The mass of the electron is:<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>m</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r></span></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>§ c</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:0CB5E0E858444355A8456A01ADD5AE7F@vincent" width=83
height=19></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>The energy of the electron is of course:<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>= </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r></span></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>§ </m:r></span><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>c</m:r></span></m:e><m:sup><b><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>3</m:r></span></b></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:D369EC906C8A4CE0920C8E42571535CC@vincent" width=87
height=19></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>The radius of the electron is:<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r>π</m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ҡ</m:r></span></m:e><m:sup><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></span></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:D722B28B04E3472BA0254E033EF6A0DE@vincent" width=79
height=36></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>The gravitational constant related to energy
is:<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>G</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>q</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>G</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=8.262112922369050E-45</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:C4654B0539294DE9959D4AE726A1D73A@vincent" width=265
height=36></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>G</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>q</m:r></span></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ϱ</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>c</m:r><m:r> ħ </m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ϱ</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r><m:r> ħ </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>1-</m:r></span></i><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ϱ</m:r><m:r>+</m:r><m:r>ϰ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r>ϰ</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:288E680CF31E454F9200E85441CF67DF@vincent" width=185
height=93></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>G</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>G</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>q</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>6.673811533003440E-11</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:25DD80354B674BCFB0ECAED9E01B9DE9@vincent" width=276
height=21></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>G</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ϱ</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>5</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> ħ </m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ϱ</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r><m:r> ħ </m:r><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>1-</m:r></span></i><m:d><m:dPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:dPr><m:e><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ϱ</m:r><m:r>+</m:r><m:r>ϰ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:d></m:den></m:f></m:e></m:rad></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4</m:r><m:r>ϰ</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:1D1A7AAD6B794D2E9EE75D985FAA80AC@vincent" width=186
height=93></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>Let us use the distance<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>ħ </m:r><m:r><i>c</i></m:r></span></m:num><m:den><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2 </m:r></span><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:den></m:f><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=1.93079632559013E-13 m, </m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]>
<SPAN
style="POSITION: relative; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; TOP: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-text-raise: -8.5pt"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:F1C66449E8FD445EA494C8B078D0A18F@vincent" width=248
height=30></SPAN><![endif]>and compute the force of gravity between two
electrons.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>So the force of gravity under these conditions
is:<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>G</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>q</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>1.48552768342978E-45</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:405C5FF60247438AAACB904C6A05075C@vincent" width=277
height=39></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>Then when we compare that result to the conventional
gravitational equation for the electron’s mass:<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>F</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>G</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>m</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>m</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>1.48552768342978E-45</m:r></span></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:69DC0F8A51284F9ABE768E9DA7D0567E@vincent" width=292
height=33></SPAN><![endif]><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>This approach unifies the forces, including gravity. And
gravity is somewhat as Grahame has described, and has the “almost
instantaneous” quality that Wolf and Grahame have mentioned.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal>Chip<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #e1e1e1 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 3pt">
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri',sans-serif; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri',sans-serif; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">
General
[mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org]
<B>On Behalf Of </B>Dr Grahame Blackwell<BR><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, April 29,
2017 4:15 PM<BR><B>To:</B> phys@a-giese.de; Nature of Light and Particles -
General Discussion <general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>;
wolf@nascentinc.com; af.kracklauer@web.de<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [General] HA:
Gravity<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Hi
Albrecht,</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">I'm not
sure how you figure that your two cases in any way discount my proposal.
If the 'gravitational effects' of a massive body are in fact just the extended
electromagnetic manifestation of that body (i.e. of all its constituent
particles) then that extended manifestation will move synchronously with the
part of that body that we register with our senses. It follows that,
whilst that extended manifestation is at all times present throughout the
cosmos, the 'intensity distribution' of that manifestation at any
point (to use a limited analogy) will also move in perfect time with the
perceived part of that body (in simple terms, subject to the inverse square
law in respect of perceived position of that object) - in other words the
'gravitational field' will vary in (space)time exactly as one would expect of
a gravitational field with zero latency.</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">I
believe that's fully consistent with observations regarding the two examples
you cite - if they in turn are consistent with the possibility of 'propagation
of gravitational effects being instantaneous'. To me the whole picture
ties together seamlessly. The composite of all of those extended
manifestations, varying in position in spacetime as their perceived 'cores'
move, constitute the texture of spacetime that "tells matter how to move" (to
quote Wheeler) - the 'curvature' of spacetime, as it's generally
termed.</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">I hope
that helps.</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Best
regards,</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Grahame</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: navy 1.5pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; MARGIN: 5pt 0in 5pt 3.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 4pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 0in">
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">----- Original
Message ----- <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4" class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <A
title=genmail@a-giese.de href="mailto:genmail@a-giese.de">Albrecht Giese</A>
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">To:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <A
title=general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
href="mailto:general@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org">general@lists...natureoflightandparticles.org</A>
; <A title=wolf@nascentinc.com
href="mailto:wolf@nascentinc.com">wolf@nascentinc.com</A> ; <A
title=af.kracklauer@web.de
href="mailto:af.kracklauer@web.de">af.kracklauer@web.de</A> ; <A
title=phys@a-giese.de href="mailto:phys@a-giese.de">phys@a-giese.de</A>
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Sent:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Saturday, April
29, 2017 8:38 PM<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Subject:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Re: [General] HA:
Gravity<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P></DIV>
<P><U>Grahame,</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P>you say: " ... <SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> the
'effects of gravity' are in fact the consequences of those distributed
entities ALREADY being present to some degree at every point in the
cosmos</SPAN> ... "<o:p></o:p></P>
<P>But look at the following cases: 1.) There may be two twin stars which
orbit each other. Their distance is rapidly changing during an orbit. So the
gravitational influences to their environment will change. And for this
change I see the question justified which the propagation speed of this
influence is. I think that your statement above does not cover this case,
true? 2.) An even less regular case: I know a colleague
(professor) who has built and performs an experiment to determine again the
gravitational constant. In doing this he has two massive objects which he
moves towards each other or apart from each other and measures the force
between them. This process depends on his momentary decisions, so it is
completely irregular compared to other physical processes. So, also in this
case, nothing is constant or even predetermined.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P><U>Wolf,</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P>there was an interesting development in our understanding of the physics
of gravity. About a hundred years ago it was the general opinion that
gravity is the simplest and most fundamental force in physics. This may also
have been the reason that gravity is a fundamental parameter in the
definition of the Planck units. At present, however, the representatives of
the German Einstein Institute say that gravity is the least understood and
perhaps most complicated force. <o:p></o:p></P>
<P>The idea to connect gravity in some way to the electric force comes up
again and again. The reason is most probably that both follow the dependence
of range of 1/r<SUP>2</SUP>. (But this dependence can be explained
geometrically if we assume that forces are generally mediated by exchange
particles.) The idea of Jefimenko that there is a cogravitation as a kind of
different charge sign to make it compatible with electricity is a new and
severe assumption. I find it better not to permanently introduce new - an
unobserved - phenomena than to try to live with the existing ones (= Occam's
razor). <o:p></o:p></P>
<P>Einstein has described gravity as a geometrical phenomenon, changing the
understanding of space and time. On the other hand Theodor Kaluza has
irritated Einstein with his hint that any force in physics can be explained
by a specific geometry of space and time. (Einstein has accepted that but
was not happy with it.) So, why not go back to physics and to forces in
gravity rather than using space-time.<o:p></o:p></P>
<P>Regarding the instantaneous propagation of gravity: To my knowledge this
was carefully investigated in past decades with the result that also gravity
is limited to c. I do not go back to the details. Should there be new
arguments which are not covered by the past discussions then this
would be a good reason to investigate this case again. But are there
new arguments? <o:p></o:p></P>
<P>If we want progress in the realm of gravitation, I expect an answer to at
least one question: what is the cause of the weak equivalence principle,
i.e. the fact that all objects are having the same gravitational
acceleration independent of their inertial mass. Newton's theory of gravity
does not answer this, Einstein's does not answer it as well. Gravity has to
answer it!<o:p></o:p></P>
<P>Albrecht<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal>Am 29.04.2017 um 00:28 schrieb Dr Grahame
Blackwell:<o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE style="MARGIN-TOP: 5pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 5pt">
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Wolf
et al,</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">You
will note that my proposal re gravity in my recently-circulated paper, as
the 'extended being' of spatially distributed entities that we (with our
limited senses) perceive as localised 'particles', implicitly proposes
that the 'propagation speed of gravity' is in fact infinite - since there
is in actuality NO propagation involved, the 'effects of gravity' are in
fact the consequences of those distributed entities ALREADY being present
to some degree at every point in the cosmos. I.e. 'everything is
everywhere', to put it in simple terms; as a 'physical massive object'
moves (again, a simplistic term), the WHOLE of its extended being moves
with it and is immediately in a position to manifest 'gravitational'
effects of that object consistent with its changed position, no matter how
far spatially removed (more simplistic concepts!) from what we perceive as
the 'massive object' itself.</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">This
points to a far deeper truth - that 'locality' and 'time' are both
over-simplifications of deeper concepts, foisted on us by an evolutionary
process that's more interested that we (a) breed, (b) find lunch and (c)
don't become lunch - than it is in us fathoming the underlying principles
of cosmic structure.</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Best,</SPAN><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Grahame</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial',sans-serif; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></SPAN> </P></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>