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    <p>Dear Andrew,</p>
    <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">thank you for your
        response. </font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><br>
      </font></p>
    <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The development of my
        model was in my understanding a compelling step by step
        development. Comprising the following steps:</font></p>
    <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">o  If one understands
        Special Relativity not as a mathematically abstract system for
        time and space, but rather as a physical phenomenon, which means
        to follow Lorentz and Poincaré instead Einstein, then
        relativistic dilation is explained by the internal oscillation
        of particles with c. (This was later re-detected by Dirac /
        Schrödinger as Zitterbewegung.)</font></p>
    <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">o  If now there is an
        internal oscillation / motion at c in particles, then the
        constituents moving this way must be mass-less - otherwise c is
        not possible</font></p>
    <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">o  This conforms BTW
        also with mainstream physics which says since many decades that
        mass is not a fundamental property but an additional function
        for particles</font></p>
    <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">o  If there is an
        oscillation then there must be at least two constituents.
        Otherwise the conservation of momentum, which in my
        understanding is the most fundamental law in all physics, would
        be violated</font></p>
    <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">o This oscillation in
        a particle has to be a circular one in order to explain spin and
        magnetic moment.</font></p>
    <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Now the open question
        would be what the cause of inertia is. Mainstream says that this
        is given by the Higgs model. But that model is not complete and
        the Higgs field does in fact not exist. My model on the other
        side explains inertia by the very fundamental fact that every
        extended object necessarily has inertial behaviour. This is
        caused by the finiteness of the speed of light by which the
        binding fields propagate. <br>
      </font></p>
    <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">These are the
        fundamental aspects of my model. I do not see much play to make
        different choices. Or would do you think?</font></p>
    <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Further answers in the
        text below:</font></p>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 18.09.2017 um 01:49 schrieb Andrew
      Meulenberg:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAOODe7G82Tk+P2CPRNP9APTOLJO6rrcuoH2+-UOpooAwEM2kfw@mail.gmail.com">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div>Dear Albrecht,<br>
          <br>
        </div>
        comments below<br>
        <div>
          <div>
            <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
              <div class="gmail_quote">On Sun, Sep 17, 2017 at 6:15 AM,
                Albrecht Giese <span dir="ltr"><<a
                    href="mailto:phys@a-giese.de" target="_blank"
                    moz-do-not-send="true">phys@a-giese.de</a>></span>
                wrote:<br>
                <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0
                  .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
                  <div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
                    <p>Dear Andrew, dear Richard, and dear All,</p>
                    <p>I think that the cause of all problems regarding
                      the electron is caused by the assumption given by
                      Hestenes in his paper:<br>
                    </p>
                    <p>"High energy scattering experiments limit the
                      size of the electron to less that 10<sup>−16</sup>
                      cm, ...  which rules out models of the electron as
                      an extended body."</p>
                  </div>
                </blockquote>
                <div>I also disagree with this statement. This is one of
                  the items that I feel can be corrected in his model.
                  So it is necessary to examine his assumptions (and
                  those of the electron accelerator groups) and his
                  (their) logic. <br>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    Hestenes simply refers to the statements of experimenters who are
    saying this. And he simply relies on them. <br>
    <blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAOODe7G82Tk+P2CPRNP9APTOLJO6rrcuoH2+-UOpooAwEM2kfw@mail.gmail.com">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div>
          <div>
            <div class="gmail_extra">
              <div class="gmail_quote">
                <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0
                  .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
                  <div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
                    <p>This assumption causes a blocking of an
                      understanding of the electron (and other
                      particles).<br>
                    </p>
                    <p>I have discussed this assumption with professors
                      of the DESY accelerator in Hamburg, where such
                      experiments have been performed very extensively.
                      One of them was the research director at that
                      accelerator. The conclusions from these
                      discussions resulted in the following:<br>
                    </p>
                    <p>At first the result that the size of the electron
                      is that small. If we look at those experiments,
                      then the result is in fact the size of the <i>electric
                        charge </i>in the electron. And now  we have to
                      see that the usual assumption that the electron is
                      built up by the electric charge only is a possible
                      one, but not the only possible one.</p>
                  </div>
                </blockquote>
                <div>I agree that, in energetic scattering experiments,
                  the electric charge may be diminished either in size
                  or magnitude, or both. This may compensate for the
                  relativistic effects of potentials that can greatly
                  increase (by ~2 orders of magnitude) the interaction
                  forces. However, I believe that charge and mass are
                  directly connected (and I now think that spin is tied
                  into that connection) and Hestenes work may be able to
                  help us derive this effect. Of course, we also have to
                  examine the assumptions of the scattering analysis and
                  the relativistic near-field effects.<br>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    Why so complicated? Why can we not assume that an electric charge
    has an "atomic" shape, so it is in fact point-like. And this is a
    clear result of the scattering experiments that the size of this
    elementary charge is < 10<sup>-18</sup> m. <br>
    Then no assumptions about any relativistic behaviour of a charge are
    necessary. - And if we follow the relativity of Lorentz and
    Poincaré, then relativity starts with particles as entire units, not
    with their constituents. <br>
    <br>
    And mass is not an elementary process in physics as written above.
    That is not the understanding of present physics and not reasonable
    also in my view. - Further on, spin is in this model the simple
    classical process of angular momentum. Also the magnetic moment can
    be calculated on a purely classical way.<br>
    <blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAOODe7G82Tk+P2CPRNP9APTOLJO6rrcuoH2+-UOpooAwEM2kfw@mail.gmail.com">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div>
          <div>
            <div class="gmail_extra">
              <div class="gmail_quote">
                <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0
                  .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
                  <div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
                    <p>The other result of these experiments was that it
                      was not possible to break up the electron by the
                      bombardment with other particles of a sufficiently
                      high energy. So it was concluded that the electron
                      is not built by any constituents. -  But this
                      latter conclusion is only true if it is assumed
                      that the constituents do have individual masses.
                      If we however assume that the constituents are
                      mass-less then such an electron can never be
                      decomposed by bombardment. Because if one
                      constituent is accelerated at any huge
                      acceleration, the other one can follow this
                      acceleration without any restriction. So, no
                      breakup can happen.<br>
                    </p>
                    <p>Here now can my model serve as an explanation. In
                      my model the electron (like any other elementary
                      particle) is built by two constituents which do
                      not have any mass at all. The particle as a whole
                      has an inertial behaviour, but that is a dynamical
                      process which I have repeatedly described here and
                      at our meetings. It is also described on my
                      website with the title "Origin of Mass". (This
                      site has top ranking in the internet for this
                      title continuously since 15 years, so there exists
                      a lot of response).</p>
                    <p>If this model is used, we can explain the
                      properties of e.g. the electron like the inertial
                      mass, the magnetic moment, the constancy the spin,
                      the zitter frequency <i>with high precision </i>and
                      without the need for quantum mechanical
                      considerations. No free parameters are needed. The
                      parameters used in the model are merely the speed
                      of light c, Planck's constant h, the elementary
                      charge e<sub>0</sub>, and as a type dependent
                      variable the size of the particle (which is of
                      course much greater than the one cited also by
                      Hestenes). So I am asking again: what else is
                      needed? Or what are objections against this model?</p>
                  </div>
                </blockquote>
                <div>I'll have to reread your paper to make specific
                  comments. From a quick refresher, I find some very
                  useful developments and some weaknesses. I don't like
                  the use of paired identical particles. On the other
                  hand, if these can be distortions of, or oscillations
                  in, space and time, I would be much happier. While
                  your assumption of massless charge pairs is not very
                  illuminating, my assumption that spin is a result of
                  physical motion about a time axis may not be much
                  better. Nevertheless, both provide a basis for
                  physical observables and for the testing of physical
                  models.<br>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    We should not refer to any considerations regarding space an time.
    This is not real physics. There is no means to measure space
    physically, space is just a mathematical concept, so no real
    physics. And also time cannot be measured directly. What we do
    measure is in fact oscillations, not time.<br>
    <br>
     Best regards<br>
    Albrecht<br>
    <blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAOODe7G82Tk+P2CPRNP9APTOLJO6rrcuoH2+-UOpooAwEM2kfw@mail.gmail.com">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div>
          <div>
            <div class="gmail_extra">
              <div class="gmail_quote">
                <div><br>
                </div>
                <div>Best regards,<br>
                  <br>
                </div>
                <div>Andrew<br>
                </div>
                <div> </div>
                <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0
                  .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
                  <div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
                    <p>Best regards<br>
                      Albrecht<br>
                    </p>
                    <div>
                      <div class="m_6034641129745152495h5"> <br>
                        <div
                          class="m_6034641129745152495m_-3786212815325519655moz-cite-prefix">Am
                          15.09.2017 um 16:09 schrieb Richard Gauthier:<br>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <blockquote type="cite">
                      <div>
                        <div class="m_6034641129745152495h5">
                          <div>Hi Andrew and all,</div>
                          <div>  I’m familiar with Hestene’s zitter
                            model of the electron, though I don’t follow
                            his Clifford spacetime algebra that he used
                            to derive it from the Dirac equation.
                            Hestenes doesn’t call his
                            helically-circulating (with helical radius
                            hbar/2mc = Lambda-compton/4pi) light-speed
                            charged-particle zitter electron model a
                            spin-1/2 charged photon, but it sounds like
                            it could be one to me. Dirac said in his
                            Nobel lecture: </div>
                          <div><br>
                          </div>
                          <div>
                            <p><span
                                style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria">“It
                                is found that an electron which seems to
                                us to be moving slowly, must actually
                                have a very high frequency oscillatory
                                motion of small amplitude superposed on
                                the regular motion which appears to us.
                                As a result of this oscillatory motion,
                                the velocity of the electron at any time
                                equals the velocity of light. This is a
                                prediction which cannot be directly
                                verified by experiment, since the
                                frequency of the oscillatory motion is
                                so high and its amplitude is so small.
                                But one must believe in this consequence
                                of the theory, since other consequences
                                of the theory which are inseparably
                                bound up with this one, such as the law
                                of scattering of light by an electron,
                                are confirmed by experiment.” </span><font
                                size="3" face="Cambria"><a
href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/dirac-lecture.pdf"
                                  target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.nobel<wbr>prize.org/nobel_prizes/physics<wbr>/laureates/1933/dirac-lecture.<wbr>pdf</a> ,
                                p322.</font><span
                                style="font-family:Cambria;font-size:12pt"> </span></p>
                          </div>
                          <div> Dirac's electron description also seems
                            consistent with the idea that the electron
                            is a spin-1/2 charged photon. </div>
                          <div>     Richard</div>
                          <br>
                          <div>
                            <blockquote type="cite">
                              <div>On Sep 14, 2017, at 8:57 PM, Andrew
                                Meulenberg <<a
                                  href="mailto:mules333@gmail.com"
                                  target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">mules333@gmail.com</a>>
                                wrote:</div>
                              <br
class="m_6034641129745152495m_-3786212815325519655Apple-interchange-newline">
                              <div>
                                <div dir="ltr">
                                  <div>Dear Richard,<br>
                                    <br>
                                  </div>
                                  I noticed that you are following
                                  Hestenes on researchgate. Have you
                                  read his <br>
                                  <h3><a
                                      href="http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/pdf/ZBWinQM15**.pdf"
                                      target="_blank"
                                      moz-do-not-send="true">Zitterbewegung
                                      in Quantum Mechanics <font
                                        size="2"><span
                                          style="font-weight:normal"><br>
                                          D. Hestenes, published in:
                                          Foundations of Physics, Vol.
                                          40, 1-54 (2010); (also
                                          available at</span></font></a><font
                                      size="2"> </font><span
                                      style="font-weight:normal"><a
                                        href="http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/html/GAinQM.html"
                                        target="_blank"
                                        moz-do-not-send="true">http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/ht<wbr>ml/GAinQM.html</a>)</span></h3>
                                  <p>If so, I think there are some
                                    important points, which we could
                                    discuss, that pertain to both
                                    photons and electrons. For example,
                                    below eq 44:</p>
                                  <p style="margin-left:40px"><span
                                      class="m_6034641129745152495m_-3786212815325519655gmail-fontstyle2">"<b>S</b>
                                    </span><span
                                      class="m_6034641129745152495m_-3786212815325519655gmail-fontstyle0">cannot
                                      be a timelike bivector, though it
                                      can be null</span> "</p>
                                  <p>and</p>
                                  <p style="margin-left:40px">"<span
                                      class="m_6034641129745152495m_-3786212815325519655gmail-fontstyle0">for
                                      a lightlike particle<i> [a photon]</i>
                                      the spin must be a lightlike
                                      bivector.</span>"</p>
                                  <p>He doesn't come out and say that
                                    electron spin is a spacelike
                                    bivector; but, he should. (Perhaps
                                    he has done so in another paper?) <br>
                                  </p>
                                  <p>Once it is recognized that spin is
                                    a rotation about a time axis (for
                                    all but photons), rather than a
                                    space axis, many of the QM problems
                                    associated with electrons and their
                                    interactions are reduced or
                                    eliminated.</p>
                                  <p>Andrew M.<br>
                                  </p>
                                  <p><br
style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">
                                  </p>
                                </div>
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                            </blockquote>
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