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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>8</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="bi"/></m:rPr><b> </b></m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>0</m:r></span></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>c</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>α</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4 </m:r><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>λ</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>4 </m:r><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>q</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>= </m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>8</m:r><m:r>π</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>ε</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>0</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r> </m:r><m:r>r</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>= </m:r><m:r>α</m:r><m:r> </m:r></span></i><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;font-style:italic'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'><m:r>e</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]-->
<DIV><FONT color=#000080 size=2 face=Arial>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>Dear
All,</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
lang=EN-GB></SPAN> </P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>In the past
five days two members of this group have questioned if/why we should be
discussing the issue of whether SR is a subjective or objective phenomenon (or,
as I see it to be, a combination of both of these).</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
lang=EN-GB></SPAN> </P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>This leads
me to think that maybe a(n) historical parallel is called for.</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>Please
consider the following:</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
lang=EN-GB></SPAN> </P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>Around 1670
Newton discovered that white light can be split into its component colours <SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"
lang=EN-GB>–</SPAN> the visible spectrum <SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"
lang=EN-GB>–</SPAN> by passing it through a prism. In true scientific
fashion he then investigated whether those component colours can be further
subdivided, and of course found that further separation simply refines the
shades of those colours as they smoothly transition from one to the next: red
through to violet.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>130 years
later Herschel accidentally stumbled across evidence of a heating effect beyond
the red end of the visible spectrum, whilst trying to find a way to cut down the
glare when looking at the sun through a telescope – he had discovered
infrared.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>However, he rejected the
notion that this effect and light are associated phenomena, stating that “the
law by which heat is transmitted is different from that which directs the
passage of light; and, in this case, it must become an irrefragable
[irrefutable] argument of the difference of rays which occasion them.”<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In other words, Herschel himself
rejected the evidence of his own experiment that suggested ‘invisible colours’
beyond the red end of the spectrum, and returned to his telescope.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The scientific community as a whole
agreed with him, choosing not to pick up this potential breakthrough and run
with it.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>A notable
exception was Ritter, who conducted experiments at the other end of the visible
spectrum and found chemical effects from the region beyond violet: he had
discovered ultra-violet.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It’s
significant, though (particularly in light of my observation below), that rather
than this being seen as an extension of the visible spectrum it was regarded as
a different type of radiation, ‘actinic rays’, that gave rise to chemical
reactions.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Not only were Ritter’s
experiments highly criticised by his peers, any possible opening-up now of the
light spectrum was dashed by the common view that there were in fact
<B>three</B> separate but overlapping spectra: heat, light and ‘actinic
rays’.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>Another
player in this game was of course Young, whose ‘slits’ experiment demonstrated
the wave-like nature of light.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>His
findings were not received well by other scientists, not least because most
people venerated Newton and so Newton’s corpuscular theory of light for them
could not be wrong; the suggestion that light was anything other than
corpuscular was out of line with Newton’s views and thus unsound (this wasn’t
helped by Young assuming a longitudinal waveform, which was blown out of the
water by Malus’ discoveries re polarization).<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Young decided instead to focus on
medicine.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"
lang=EN-GB><BR style="PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: always" clear=all></SPAN>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>It was left
to Fresnel, 15 years later, to establish that light is in fact a transverse wave
– though neither this nor Fraunhofer’s work the following year appears to have
led to any investigation of possible ‘invisible light’ from the same type of
wave outside the visible range.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>It was 50
years after this that Maxwell introduced the totally new concept that light is
in fact an electromagnetic construct.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>20 years after <B>that</B> Hertz demonstrated the existence of ‘invisible
light’ extending out very significantly from both ends of the visible spectrum –
and the rest, as they say, is history.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Note that this development followed directly from a breakthrough in
understanding of the underlying mechanism giving rise to
light.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB>-----------------------<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>There’s
another aspect of this that seems to me quite significant, but that I’ve never
seen written about anywhere.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I
suspect that few (if any) others have considered it consciously, but I have
little doubt that it’s affected perception of the situation at a subconscious
level.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It has to do with the
sequence of colours in the spectrum and the mixing of
colours.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>In the
spectrum, colours transition from red to yellow via orange.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Orange light can of course be
monochromatic – or it can be a mixture of red and yellow, the two colours that
it lies between.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Similarly, yellow
transitions to blue via green: green light may be monochromatic – or it may be a
mixture of yellow and blue, the colours either side of it in the
spectrum.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>Now let’s
consider violet/purple: this may be monochromatic – or it may be a mixture of
blue and red.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>At some level – if
not consciously – this carries the impression that violet is the ‘transition’
colour from blue to red, lying between blue and red in the spectrum.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>This in turn sows the seed in the mind –
again at a subconscious level – that the visible spectrum is a closed loop: from
red via orange to yellow, from yellow via green to blue, from blue via purple to
red ….. *<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>[* Note that
this is unlikely to be either accident or coincidence.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Our minds are very good at ‘joining up
loose ends’, also at economical representation of data.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It’s more than likely that as a part of
the evolutionary process our minds have rationalised an apparently illogically
open-ended system by closing the spectrum loop, at the same time reducing the
number of colours our grey cells have to accommodate.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>For massive neural networks that are
remarkably adept at seeing patterns in randomness, this would be no problem –
it’s almost guaranteed.]<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>Although
this has never actually been explicitly stated – or maybe even consciously
recognised – it’s almost inevitable that this would lead to a disinclination to
search beyond the ends of the visible spectrum – since a closed loop has no
end.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It’s not totally surprising,
therefore, that no attempt was made to follow up Newton’s identification of the
spectrum by looking for further ‘colours’ beyond either end of that spectrum –
note that Newton’s own search was confined to deeper investigation <B>within</B>
that range; nor that those who came across evidence of such ‘invisible colours’
more than 130 years later were greeted with disinterest, scepticism, or outright
offensiveness – to the extent that, for the most part, they walked away from
their discoveries and found something more fruitful to which to apply their
considerable talents.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"
lang=EN-GB><BR
style="PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: always; mso-special-character: line-break"
clear=all></SPAN>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>It was to be
another 80 years – more than 200 years after Newton’s characterisation of the
visible spectrum – before Heinrich Hertz actually broke open that ‘closed loop’
and experimentally revealed the unlimited extent of those ‘invisible colours’,
acting on theoretical evidence from Maxwell just 20 years before.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Note that this discovery was occasioned
not by a questioning of the apparent limitations of the visible spectrum, but by
prior identification of the underlying ‘causation’ of that spectrum as periodic
oscillations of electromagnetic fields.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Without Maxwell’s investigative work in that apparently unrelated field
(electromagnetism), and his realisation that the propagation rate of such field
effects exactly matched that of light, we would be no further on now in our
understanding of the spectrum than in Newton’s day almost 350 years
ago.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB>===================<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>So to sum
up:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>We have a
possible avenue of research virtually unexplored for 200 years – with attempts
to open up that field rejected and roundly ridiculed, due primarily to (a) their
conflict with the views of a highly-regarded historical figure, and (b)
arguably, evidence of our own senses that it’s a tightly defined system with no
room for going outside clearly-defined parameters.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The only way for that field to be opened
up, ultimately, was for evidence from another area of investigation to reveal
the underlying mechanisms of that phenomenon, showing that field to be far wider
and more rich in potential than had formerly been
recognised.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang=EN-GB>Sounds
familiar?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And do we have to wait
another 100 years?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB>Cheers,<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: navy; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
lang=EN-GB>Grahame<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p><FONT
color=#000000 size=3
face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P></FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>