<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">David asked a question on <a href="http://Academia.edu" class="">Academia.edu</a> which is also relevant here:<div class=""><span style="color: rgb(73, 72, 72); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(73, 72, 72); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Richard
I think you are getting close on this. </span><span style="color: rgb(73, 72, 72); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Can you propose an experiment or provide a prediction with your theory?</span></div><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(73, 72, 72); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(73, 72, 72); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">I replied:</span></div><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(73, 72, 72); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class=""><span class="js-non-expanded-comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(73, 72, 72); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hi David,
Yes, the superluminal open-double-helix photon model and the superluminal closed-single-helix electron model make a nice, perhaps even elegant, "package". One approach to testing this two-model package would be to experimentally very closely examine electron-positron pair production from gamma-ray photons of energies equal to or slightly greater than the total rest energies of an electron-positron pair, or 2 x 0.511 MeV = 1.022 MeV. Electron-positron pair production usually happens</span><span class="js-expanded-comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(73, 72, 72); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> near an atomic nucleus, which is needed to conserved total linear momentum in the e-p production process from a single photon. It would be great if experimental particle physicists looked very closely for any evidence of the double-helix photon model's dipole charges Q = 16.6e and Q=-16.6e being converted into the positron's charge e and electron's charge -e during the e-p pair production process.
I don't know how finely electron-positron pair production was actually examined experimentally in the past (and surely there are more accurate techniques available today), since physicists weren't really trying to test a particular photon model and a particular electron model at the time. Arthur Compton (of the Compton effect) did have his own semi-classical model of the electron, which he later discarded for lack of experimental evidence to support it. Please correct me if I am mistaken, but in my limited understanding, quantum electrodynamics (QED) considers electron-positron pair production to be a "black-box" process: a photon goes in and an electron-positron pair comes out, perhaps only temporarily in the case of virtual particles. What happens DURING e-p pair production is I think not mentioned but rather is passed over in silence. The mathematics of quantum theory contains various "creation operators" that bring particles into existence and "destruction operators" which take them out of existence, which I learned about in a physics graduate school quantum mechanics class in 1969. But even then I felt that this was a rather unsatisfying non-explanation of quantum processes.</span></div><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(73, 72, 72); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(73, 72, 72); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""> Richard
</span><br class=""><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Jun 27, 2018, at 11:08 PM, John Williamson <<a href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk" class="">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;" class=""><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;" class="">Here you go David, a few answers ...<br class=""><hr tabindex="-1" class=""><div id="divRpF752793" style="direction: ltr;" class=""><font size="2" face="Tahoma" class=""><b class="">From:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a href="mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org" class="">general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>] on behalf of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com" class="">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[<a href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com" class="">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a>]<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thursday, June 28, 2018 3:19 AM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion<br class=""><b class="">Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Oreste Caroppo; martin Mark van der<br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Superluminal electron model<br class=""></font><br class=""></div><div class="">Richard,</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">A few questions...</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">0. How many electron models are there now? Is there a diagram or mapping showing how all the zitterbewegung models are related?</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Mu: Lots!<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">1. Within your model, does the new electron embody the Majorna characteristic that the particle is it's own antiparticle, in particular, does it explain how both matter and antimatter are within it? <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">No - the electron is not, and has never been, its own antiparticle. That is the positron.<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">2. Can the new electron be described using the mathematical formalism of Dirac, Majorna and Weyl?</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">No, Dirac is strictly (and famously) lightspeed. Hence the "zitterbewegung" at all.<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">3. What is the mechanism for creating a local FTL environment to permit FTL photons or quanta?</div><div class=""><span class=""><div class="">Superluminal wave velocities within the electron "shell" are possible using the definition of </div><div class="">c = SQRT(permittivity * permittivity) by simply decreasing either permittivity or permeability...or both.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">NRI papers have been fashionable, but I do not think Richard uses them<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div></span></div><div class="">4. How does this new electron model - or any other electron model for that matter - sustain a shell barrier?</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Why would it need to? If one proposes a shell that is simply another thing one has to explain. Electrons are necessarily "boxless" or how would they inter-act?<br class=""></div><div class=""> </div><div class="">5. Are the superluminal versions of other electron models? That is, how widespread is this conjecture?</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Yes - Superluminal charge though, is, I think this is the major weakness of Richards model, as it messes up mass in relativity. Not good!<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">6. Does the new electron model explain charge? That is, is charge considered invariant within the "shell"?</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Charge invariance is inconsistent with FTL - as outlined above.<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">7. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><span class=""><div class="">IMHO, this new electron model looks like a Majorna particle. In fact, there seems to be a mapping between Dirac, Majorna and Weyl (DMW) particles to the ring toroid, horn toroid and the spindle toroid. One could take this one step further which would link the math of DMW to the geometry of circulating photons or quanta with variations including subliminal models and superluminal models. And there are various electron models, notably Williamson/van der Mark, that address charge.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">8. Does this model address stochastic electrodynamics where <span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" class="">Zitterbewegung is explained as an interaction of a classical particle? Does this model fit within </span><a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/collective-electrodynamics" rel="nofollow" class="enhancr_card_0221840877" target="_blank">Collective Electrodynamics</a> (Carver Meade)</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">No .. Carver Meade uses lightspeed. Also he starts from Plank's constant as a given, an uses this as the starting basis (excellent!) for much of the rest of his thesis.<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div></span><span class=""><div class="">9. Does the new electron model - a zbw model - have sufficient linkage to the confirmed conjectures of Dirac, Majorna and Weyl fermions?</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Regards, John.<br class=""></div><br class=""></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;" class=""><span class=""></span><span class=""></span><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px;" class=""><div class=""><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" class=""><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" class=""><div class=""><span class=""><div class="">While I like the geometric approach based on experimental evidence, linking the matrix math of Dirac, Majorna and Weyl particles to zitterbewegung models is essential to wider acceptance. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Notes:</div><div class="">Most of the time, we use Dirac electrons which up until 2015 were the only confirmed prediction. The Weyl fermion was predicted in 1929 and confirmed in 2015. The Majorna fermion was predicted 1937 and confirmed in 2017.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Notably, zitterbewegung was predicted by Schroedinger in 1930 and confirmed using BEC in 2013.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div></span></div><div class="">ref:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.1718" rel="nofollow" class="enhancr_card_0779676588" target="_blank">[1006.1718] Dirac, Majorana and Weyl fermions</a><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/525293e" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Condensed-matter physics: Weyl particles discovered (2015)</a><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><a href="https://news.stanford.edu/2017/07/20/evidence-particle-antiparticle/" rel="nofollow" class="enhancr_card_1025704008" target="_blank">Evidence for a particle that is its own antiparticle (2017)| Stanford News</a> <br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><a href="https://www.sciencealert.com/this-new-proof-of-majorana-fermions-is-going-to-be-massive-for-quantum-devices" rel="nofollow" class="enhancr_card_0888238275" target="_blank">This New Proof of Majorana Fermions Is Going to Be Massive For Quantum Devices</a><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div id="ydp70006240yahoo_quoted_0448083737" class="ydp70006240yahoo_quoted"><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(38, 40, 42);" class=""><div class="">On Wednesday, June 27, 2018, 5:50:16 PM PDT,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" class="">richgauthier@gmail.com</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" class="">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><div id="ydp70006240yiv1559197444" class=""><div class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">Hello all,</div><div class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> I thought some of you might like to see a new electron model, composed of a superluminal spin-1/2 charged half-photon. </div><div class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br class=""></div><div class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">In the stationary electron model the superluminal energy quantum moves along the surface of a horn torus, with an internal frequency equal to the zitterbewegung frequency f=2mc^2/h. The relativistic electron model contracts with increasing gamma. The electron model’s closed helix's radius is R=hbar/2mc as in several electron models.</div><div class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br class=""></div><div class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> I’ve started writing a short paper about the (new electron) model. The working title: “Is the electron a superluminal half-photon with toroidal topology?” The electron model is formed from one wavelength of the helical trajectory of one of the two half-photons composing a double-helix photon energetically capable of producing an electron-positron pair in e-p pair production, i.e. with photon energy E=2mc^2 and photon frequency equal to the electron’s zitterbewegung frequency f=2mc^2/h. The helical radius of this half-photon is R = Lcompton/4pi = hbar/2mc. The circulating superrluminal particle is actually a point-like particle. The resting electron model's energy Eo will be one-half of the originating photon’s minimum energy of 2mc^2, and therefore Eo=mc^2.</div><div class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> Comments or questions?</div><div class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> Richard </div><div class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"></div><div class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"></div><div class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"></div></div>_______________________________________________<br class="">If you no longer wish to receive communication from the Nature of Light and Particles General Discussion List at<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" class="">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a><br class=""><a href="<a href="http://lists.natureoflightandparticles.org/options.cgi/general-natureoflightandparticles.org/davidmathes8%40yahoo.com?unsub=1&unsubconfirm=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" class="">http://lists.natureoflightandparticles.org/options.cgi/general-natureoflightandparticles.org/davidmathes8%40yahoo.com?unsub=1&unsubconfirm=1</a>"><br class="">Click here to unsubscribe<br class=""></a><br class=""></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-family: Helvetica; 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