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<div>John</div><div><br></div><div>Thank you for the kindest of a detailed reply.</div><div><br></div><div>Dirac fermions can be mathematically constructed from Weyl fermions.</div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_semimetal" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" class="enhancr_card_0515667830">Weyl semimetal</a><br></div><div><br></div><div>David</div><div><br></div>
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On Wednesday, June 27, 2018, 11:09:03 PM PDT, John Williamson <John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk> wrote:
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<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;">Here you go David, a few answers ...<br clear="none">
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<div id="ydpb748db98yiv0254769389divRpF752793" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); direction: ltr;"><font size="2" face="Tahoma" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> General [general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] on behalf of davidmathes8@yahoo.com [davidmathes8@yahoo.com]<br clear="none">
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, June 28, 2018 3:19 AM<br clear="none">
<b>To:</b> Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion<br clear="none">
<b>Cc:</b> Oreste Caroppo; martin Mark van der<br clear="none">
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [General] Superluminal electron model<br clear="none">
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Richard,</div>
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">A few questions...</div>
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">0. How many electron models are there now? Is there a diagram or mapping showing how all the zitterbewegung models are related?</div>
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Mu: Lots!<br clear="none">
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</div><div><font color="#cd232c">Someone needs to write a paper of electron theories to date summarizing the work at least to 2016 or 2017.</font></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1. Within your model, does the new electron embody the Majorna characteristic that the particle is it's own antiparticle, in particular, does it explain how both matter and antimatter are within it?
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">No - the electron is not, and has never been, its own antiparticle. That is the positron.<br clear="none">
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</div><div><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><font color="#cd232c">I mistyped and I agree, of course. The photon was what I meant; the photon is it's own antiparticle. At least for now.</font></span></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span></span><br></div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2. Can the new <span style="background-color: rgb(253, 239, 43);">Gauthier FTL</span> electron be described using the mathematical formalism of Dirac, Majorna and Weyl?</div>
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">No, Dirac is strictly (and famously) lightspeed. Hence the "zitterbewegung" at all.<br clear="none">
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</div><div><font color="#cd232c">It's not clear that zitterbewegung is exclusive to Dirac statistics or math. If so, then Majorna and Weyl particles may or may not have zbw. IF and only if Dirac has zbw exclusively, then zbw an emergent property.</font></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">3. What is the mechanism for creating a local FTL environment to permit FTL photons or quanta?</div>
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</span><div>Superluminal wave velocities within the electron "shell" are possible using the definition of </div>
<div>c = SQRT(permittivity * permittivity) by simply decreasing either permittivity or permeability...or both.</div>
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<div>NRI papers have been fashionable, but I do not think Richard uses them<br clear="none">
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">4. How does this new electron model - or any other electron model for that matter - sustain a shell barrier?</div>
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Why would it need to? If one proposes a shell that is simply another thing one has to explain. Electrons are necessarily "boxless" or how would they inter-act?<br clear="none">
</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></div><div><font color="#cd232c">If one uses a two force model for fields where one is attractive and the other repulsive, there is a radius where particles are neither attracted or repelled effectively resulting in a shell-like limit. In the Gauthier new electron, that radius is achieved at FTL velocities from circulating quanta or photon.</font></div>
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">5. Are the superluminal versions of other electron models? That is, how widespread is this conjecture?</div>
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Yes - Superluminal charge though, is, I think this is the major weakness of Richards model, as it messes up mass in relativity. Not good!<br clear="none">
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">6. Does the new electron model explain charge? That is, is charge considered invariant within the "shell"?</div>
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Charge invariance is inconsistent with FTL - as outlined above.<br clear="none">
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">7. </div>
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</span><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">IMHO, this new electron model looks like a Majorna particle. In fact, there seems to be a mapping between Dirac, Majorna and Weyl (DMW) particles to the ring toroid, horn toroid and the spindle toroid. One could take this one step further which would link
the math of DMW to the geometry of circulating photons or quanta with variations including subliminal models and superluminal models. And there are various electron models, notably Williamson/van der Mark, that address charge.</div>
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">8. Does this model address stochastic electrodynamics where <span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;">Zitterbewegung is explained as an interaction of a classical particle? Does this model fit within </span><a shape="rect" class="ydpb748db98yiv0254769389enhancr_card_0221840877" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/collective-electrodynamics" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Collective
Electrodynamics</a> (Carver Meade)</div>
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">No .. Carver Meade uses lightspeed. Also he starts from Plank's constant as a given, an uses this as the starting basis (excellent!) for much of the rest of his thesis.<br clear="none">
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</span><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">9. Does the new electron model - a zbw model - have sufficient linkage to the confirmed conjectures of Dirac, Majorna and Weyl fermions?</div>
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<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Regards, John.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Best, David</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><div class="ydpb748db98yiv0254769389yqt8368210727" id="ydpb748db98yiv0254769389yqtfd27524"><br clear="none">
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</span><div>While I like the geometric approach based on experimental evidence, linking the matrix math of Dirac, Majorna and Weyl particles to zitterbewegung models is essential to wider acceptance. </div>
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<div>Notes:</div>
<div>Most of the time, we use Dirac electrons which up until 2015 were the only confirmed prediction. The Weyl fermion was predicted in 1929 and confirmed in 2015. The Majorna fermion was predicted 1937 and confirmed in 2017.</div>
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<div>Notably, zitterbewegung was predicted by Schroedinger in 1930 and confirmed using BEC in 2013.</div>
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<div>ref:</div>
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<div><a shape="rect" class="ydpb748db98yiv0254769389enhancr_card_0779676588" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.1718" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[1006.1718] Dirac, Majorana and Weyl fermions</a><br clear="none">
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<div><a shape="rect" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/525293e" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Condensed-matter physics: Weyl particles discovered (2015)</a><br clear="none">
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<div><a shape="rect" class="ydpb748db98yiv0254769389enhancr_card_1025704008" href="https://news.stanford.edu/2017/07/20/evidence-particle-antiparticle/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Evidence for a particle that is its own antiparticle (2017)| Stanford News</a> <br clear="none">
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<div><a shape="rect" class="ydpb748db98yiv0254769389enhancr_card_0888238275" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/this-new-proof-of-majorana-fermions-is-going-to-be-massive-for-quantum-devices" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">This New Proof of Majorana Fermions Is Going to Be Massive For Quantum
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<div>On Wednesday, June 27, 2018, 5:50:16 PM PDT, richgauthier@gmail.com <richgauthier@gmail.com> wrote:
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<div class="ydpb748db98yiv0254769389ydp70006240yiv1559197444">Hello all,</div>
<div class="ydpb748db98yiv0254769389ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> I thought some of you might like to see a new electron model, composed of a superluminal spin-1/2 charged half-photon. </div>
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<div class="ydpb748db98yiv0254769389ydp70006240yiv1559197444">In the stationary electron model the superluminal energy quantum moves along the surface of a horn torus, with an internal frequency equal to the zitterbewegung frequency f=2mc^2/h. The relativistic electron model contracts
with increasing gamma. The electron model’s closed helix's radius is R=hbar/2mc as in several electron models.</div>
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<div class="ydpb748db98yiv0254769389ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> I’ve started writing a short paper about the (new electron) model. The working title: “Is the electron a superluminal half-photon with toroidal topology?” The electron model is formed from one wavelength of the helical
trajectory of one of the two half-photons composing a double-helix photon energetically capable of producing an electron-positron pair in e-p pair production, i.e. with photon energy E=2mc^2 and photon frequency equal to the electron’s zitterbewegung frequency
f=2mc^2/h. The helical radius of this half-photon is R = Lcompton/4pi = hbar/2mc. The circulating superrluminal particle is actually a point-like particle. The resting electron model's energy Eo will be one-half of the originating photon’s minimum energy of
2mc^2, and therefore Eo=mc^2.</div>
<div class="ydpb748db98yiv0254769389ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> Comments or questions?</div>
<div class="ydpb748db98yiv0254769389ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> Richard </div>
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