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    <p>Hello Richard,</p>
    <p>I also want to give a short comment to your description, even
      though you already know most of my position about it.</p>
    <p>Your electron model has superluminal sub-parts in it. This is a
      big challenge to all what we believe in physics. You have asked
      whether Einstein made statements about speed limitations of any
      motion inside a particle. This latter point can to my knowledge
      easily be answered. Einstein's opinion was that the limitation to
      c is a property of space-time as he understood it. So, Einstein
      would to my knowledge not accept any superluminal speed inside an
      electron.</p>
    <p>But why so special? I have shown here an electron model (which
      also functions as a general particle model) which does not need
      superluminal speed. On the contrary, in this model the internal
      speed is constantly c; which explains the relativistic dilation in
      a physical way (i.e. no need to assume specifics about space,
      time, or space-time). This model also explains the magnetic moment
      very precisely in a classical way, also the constancy of spin for
      all particles. And it explains inertia in a classical way, also
      with very precise results, additionally covering the relativistic
      behaviour of mass and mass-energy. <br>
    </p>
    <p>So, my question:why so complicated? The simple model has all what
      we need.</p>
    <p>Best<br>
      Albrecht<br>
    </p>
    <br>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 01.07.2018 um 01:05 schrieb
      <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite"
      cite="mid:EFD456A3-1DF6-4C5D-8ACA-FB02A67F04FA@gmail.com">
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      Hello David, John and all,
      <div class=""><br class="">
        <div class="">   I’ve uploaded the internally superluminal
          electron model’s equations to <a
href="https://www.academia.edu/36949016/Is_the_electron_a_superluminal_half-photon_with_toroidal_topology"
            class="" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.academia.edu/36949016/Is_the_electron_a_superluminal_half-photon_with_toroidal_topology</a> for
          your future reference. I think the title is kind of “catchy”,
          while acknowledging two pioneers in the field. The
          double-helix photon model is at <a
href="https://www.academia.edu/36771264/Entangled_Double-Helix_Superluminal_Photon_Model_Defined_by_Fine_Structure_Constant_Has_Inertial_Mass_M_E_c_2"
            class="" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.academia.edu/36771264/Entangled_Double-Helix_Superluminal_Photon_Model_Defined_by_Fine_Structure_Constant_Has_Inertial_Mass_M_E_c_2</a> .
          I think of the double-helix photon model and the electron
          model as a kind of package of models which I hope will be
          self-consistent, presumably like John’s models of the electron
          and the photon in his new paper.</div>
        <div class=""><br class="">
        </div>
        <div class="">   Dirac insisted in his Nobel Prize lecture that
          electrons really travel at c (the eigenvalues for electron
          velocity come out +c and -c from the Dirac equation) but
          apparently travel at less than c due to their small amplitude
          and high frequency of internal vibration (at the
          zitterbewegung frequency f=2mc^2/h). But I wonder if anyone
          really believed him. Though the double-helix photon model is
          internally superluminal, it travels longitudinally at c, and
          its calculated inertial mass E/c^2 also travels forward at c.
          No problems with faster-than-light here. The photon model's
          invariant mass is zero, like the actual photon’s invariant
          mass.) The electron model, though internally superluminal,
          travels forward (longitudinally) always with an average
          velocity less than c.</div>
        <div class=""><br class="">
        </div>
        <div class="">   So  the superluminality of an energy quantum
          composing a particle may not be such a problem as some make it
          out to be. I don’t know that Einstein ever put any
          “restrictions” on theoretical internal velocities within a
          moving particle, whether a photon or a particle with mass. The
          unwillingness of Lorentz and other physicists to explain an
          electron’s spin and magnetic moment by internal
          faster-than-light motion because of Einstein’s restriction,
          caused leading physicists to finally say that an electron is
          point like and its spin is “intrinsic”, ie unexplainable.</div>
        <div class=""><br class="">
        </div>
        <div class="">      Richard</div>
        <div class=""><br class="">
        </div>
        <div class="">
          <div>
            <blockquote type="cite" class="">
              <div class="">On Jun 29, 2018, at 5:35 AM, <a
                  href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" class=""
                  moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>
                wrote:</div>
              <br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
              <div class="">
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                  charset=utf-8" class="">
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                  <div style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Hello all,</div>
                  <div style="font-size: 14px;" class="">   Here are the
                    equations for the superluminal half-photon electron
                    model. I am using the program Graphing Calculator at
                    <a href="https://www.pacifict.com/" class=""
                      moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.pacifict.com</a> to
                    graph them.</div>
                  <div style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Clearly the
                    equations themselves are not copyrighted. Oreste,
                    what do you think?</div>
                  <div style="font-size: 14px;" class="">           
                    Richard</div>
                  <div class=""><br class="">
                  </div>
                  <span
                    id="cid:14877496-F667-44F0-9FF5-59F39CBCF99D@attlocal.net"><PastedGraphic-3.tiff></span><br
                    class="">
                  <div class=""><br class="">
                    <blockquote type="cite" class="">
                      <div class="">On Jun 27, 2018, at 11:08 PM, John
                        Williamson <<a
                          href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk"
                          class="" moz-do-not-send="true">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>>
                        wrote:</div>
                      <br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
                      <div class="">
                        <div style="font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight:
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                          start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
                          white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;
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                          class="">
                          <div style="direction: ltr; font-family:
                            Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;" class="">Here you
                            go David, a few answers ...<br class="">
                            <hr tabindex="-1" class="">
                            <div id="divRpF752793" style="direction:
                              ltr;" class=""><font class="" size="2"
                                face="Tahoma"><b class="">From:</b><span
                                  class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General
                                [<a
href="mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"
                                  class="" moz-do-not-send="true">general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
                                on behalf of<span
                                  class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
                                  href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"
                                  class="" moz-do-not-send="true">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a><span
                                  class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[<a
                                  href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"
                                  class="" moz-do-not-send="true">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a>]<br
                                  class="">
                                <b class="">Sent:</b><span
                                  class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thursday,
                                June 28, 2018 3:19 AM<br class="">
                                <b class="">To:</b><span
                                  class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature
                                of Light and Particles - General
                                Discussion<br class="">
                                <b class="">Cc:</b><span
                                  class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Oreste
                                Caroppo; martin Mark van der<br class="">
                                <b class="">Subject:</b><span
                                  class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re:
                                [General] Superluminal electron model<br
                                  class="">
                              </font><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">Richard,</div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">A few questions...</div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">0. How many electron models
                              are there now? Is there a diagram or
                              mapping showing how all the zitterbewegung
                              models are related?</div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">Mu: Lots!<br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">1. Within your model, does the
                              new electron embody the Majorna
                              characteristic that the particle is it's
                              own antiparticle, in particular, does it
                              explain how both matter and antimatter are
                              within it? <span
                                class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br
                                class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">No - the electron is not, and
                              has never been, its own antiparticle. That
                              is the positron.<br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">2.  Can the new electron be
                              described using the mathematical formalism
                              of Dirac, Majorna and Weyl?</div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">No, Dirac is strictly (and
                              famously) lightspeed. Hence the
                              "zitterbewegung" at all.<br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">3.  What is the mechanism for
                              creating a local FTL environment to permit
                              FTL photons or quanta?</div>
                            <div class=""><span class="">
                                <div class="">Superluminal wave
                                  velocities within the electron "shell"
                                  are possible using the definition of </div>
                                <div class="">c = SQRT(permittivity *
                                  permittivity) by simply decreasing
                                  either permittivity or
                                  permeability...or both.</div>
                                <div class=""><br class="">
                                </div>
                                <div class="">NRI papers have been
                                  fashionable, but I do not think
                                  Richard uses them<br class="">
                                </div>
                                <div class=""><br class="">
                                </div>
                              </span></div>
                            <div class="">4.  How does this new electron
                              model - or any other electron model for
                              that matter - sustain a shell barrier?</div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">Why would it need to? If one
                              proposes a shell that is simply another
                              thing one has to explain. Electrons are
                              necessarily "boxless" or how would they
                              inter-act?<br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class=""> </div>
                            <div class="">5. Are the superluminal
                              versions of other electron models? That
                              is, how widespread is this conjecture?</div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">Yes - Superluminal charge
                              though, is, I think this is the major
                              weakness of Richards model, as it messes
                              up mass in relativity. Not good!<br
                                class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">6. Does the new electron model
                               explain charge? That is, is charge
                              considered invariant within the "shell"?</div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">Charge invariance is
                              inconsistent with FTL - as outlined above.<br
                                class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <div class="">7. </div>
                            <div class=""><br class="">
                            </div>
                            <span class="">
                              <div class="">IMHO, this new electron
                                model looks like a Majorna particle. In
                                fact, there seems to be a mapping
                                between Dirac, Majorna and Weyl (DMW)
                                particles to the ring toroid, horn
                                toroid and the spindle toroid. One could
                                take this one step further which would
                                link the math of DMW to the geometry of
                                circulating photons or quanta with
                                variations including subliminal models
                                and superluminal models. And there are
                                various electron models, notably
                                Williamson/van der Mark, that address
                                charge.</div>
                              <div class=""><br class="">
                              </div>
                              <div class="">8. Does this model address
                                stochastic electrodynamics where <span
                                  style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);
                                  font-family: sans-serif; font-size:
                                  14px;" class="">Zitterbewegung is
                                  explained as an interaction of a
                                  classical particle? Does this model
                                  fit within </span><a
                                  href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/collective-electrodynamics"
                                  rel="nofollow"
                                  class="enhancr_card_0221840877"
                                  target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Collective
                                  Electrodynamics</a> (Carver Meade)</div>
                              <div class=""><br class="">
                              </div>
                              <div class="">No .. Carver Meade uses
                                lightspeed. Also he starts from Plank's
                                constant as a given, an uses this as the
                                starting basis (excellent!) for much of
                                the rest of his thesis.<br class="">
                              </div>
                              <div class=""><br class="">
                              </div>
                              <div class=""><br class="">
                              </div>
                            </span><span class="">
                              <div class="">9. Does the new electron
                                model - a zbw model -  have sufficient
                                linkage to the confirmed conjectures of
                                Dirac, Majorna and Weyl fermions?</div>
                              <div class=""><br class="">
                              </div>
                              <div class="">Regards, John.<br class="">
                              </div>
                              <br class="">
                            </span></div>
                          <div style="direction: ltr; font-family:
                            Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;" class=""><span
                              class=""></span><span class=""></span>
                            <div style="font-family: "Times New
                              Roman"; font-size: 16px;" class="">
                              <div class="">
                                <div style="font-family: "Helvetica
                                  Neue", Helvetica, Arial,
                                  sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" class="">
                                  <div style="font-family:
                                    "Helvetica Neue",
                                    Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
                                    font-size: 16px;" class="">
                                    <div class=""><span class="">
                                        <div class="">While I like the
                                          geometric approach based on
                                          experimental evidence, linking
                                          the matrix math of Dirac,
                                          Majorna and Weyl particles  to
                                          zitterbewegung models is
                                          essential to wider
                                          acceptance. </div>
                                        <div class=""><br class="">
                                        </div>
                                        <div class="">Notes:</div>
                                        <div class="">Most of the time,
                                          we use Dirac electrons which
                                          up until 2015 were the only
                                          confirmed prediction. The Weyl
                                          fermion was predicted in 1929
                                          and confirmed in 2015. The
                                          Majorna fermion was predicted
                                          1937 and confirmed in 2017.</div>
                                        <div class=""><br class="">
                                        </div>
                                        <div class="">Notably,
                                          zitterbewegung was predicted
                                          by Schroedinger in 1930 and
                                          confirmed using BEC in 2013.</div>
                                        <div class=""><br class="">
                                        </div>
                                      </span></div>
                                    <div class="">ref:</div>
                                    <div class=""><br class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><a
                                        href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.1718"
                                        rel="nofollow"
                                        class="enhancr_card_0779676588"
                                        target="_blank"
                                        moz-do-not-send="true">[1006.1718]
                                        Dirac, Majorana and Weyl
                                        fermions</a><br class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><br class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><a
                                        href="https://www.nature.com/articles/525293e"
                                        rel="noopener noreferrer"
                                        target="_blank" class=""
                                        moz-do-not-send="true">Condensed-matter
                                        physics: Weyl particles
                                        discovered (2015)</a><br
                                        class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><br class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><a
href="https://news.stanford.edu/2017/07/20/evidence-particle-antiparticle/"
                                        rel="nofollow"
                                        class="enhancr_card_1025704008"
                                        target="_blank"
                                        moz-do-not-send="true">Evidence
                                        for a particle that is its own
                                        antiparticle (2017)| Stanford
                                        News</a> <br class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><br class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><a
href="https://www.sciencealert.com/this-new-proof-of-majorana-fermions-is-going-to-be-massive-for-quantum-devices"
                                        rel="nofollow"
                                        class="enhancr_card_0888238275"
                                        target="_blank"
                                        moz-do-not-send="true">This New
                                        Proof of Majorana Fermions Is
                                        Going to Be Massive For Quantum
                                        Devices</a><br class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><br class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><br class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><br class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><br class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><br class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><br class="">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class=""><br class="">
                                    </div>
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                                      <div class="">On Wednesday, June
                                        27, 2018, 5:50:16 PM PDT,<span
                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" class="" moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a><span
                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" class="" moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>>
                                        wrote:</div>
                                      <div class=""><br class="">
                                      </div>
                                      <div class=""><br class="">
                                      </div>
                                      <div class="">
                                        <div
                                          id="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"
                                          class="">
                                          <div
                                            class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">Hello
                                            all,</div>
                                          <div
                                            class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> 
                                             I thought some of you might
                                            like to see a new electron
                                            model, composed of a
                                            superluminal spin-1/2
                                            charged half-photon. </div>
                                          <div
                                            class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
                                              class="">
                                          </div>
                                          <div
                                            class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">In
                                            the stationary electron
                                            model the superluminal
                                            energy quantum moves along
                                            the surface of a horn torus,
                                            with an internal frequency
                                            equal to the zitterbewegung
                                            frequency f=2mc^2/h. The
                                            relativistic electron model
                                            contracts with increasing
                                            gamma. The electron model’s
                                            closed helix's radius is
                                            R=hbar/2mc as in several
                                             electron models.</div>
                                          <div
                                            class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
                                              class="">
                                          </div>
                                          <div
                                            class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> I’ve
                                            started writing a short
                                            paper about the (new
                                            electron) model. The working
                                            title: “Is the electron a
                                            superluminal half-photon
                                            with toroidal topology?” The
                                            electron model is formed
                                            from one wavelength of the
                                            helical trajectory of one of
                                            the two half-photons
                                            composing a double-helix
                                            photon energetically capable
                                            of producing an
                                            electron-positron pair in
                                            e-p pair production, i.e.
                                            with photon energy E=2mc^2
                                            and photon frequency equal
                                            to the electron’s
                                            zitterbewegung frequency
                                            f=2mc^2/h. The helical
                                            radius of this half-photon
                                            is R = Lcompton/4pi =
                                            hbar/2mc. The circulating
                                            superrluminal particle is
                                            actually a point-like
                                            particle. The resting
                                            electron model's energy Eo
                                            will be one-half of the
                                            originating photon’s minimum
                                            energy of 2mc^2, and
                                            therefore Eo=mc^2.</div>
                                          <div
                                            class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> 
                                             Comments or questions?</div>
                                          <div
                                            class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> 
                                                  Richard </div>
                                          <div
                                            class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
                                          </div>
                                          <div
                                            class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
                                          </div>
                                        </div>
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