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<p>Hello Richard,</p>
<p>thank you for your answer. <br>
</p>
<p>Perhaps it would be better not to discuss competing models but to
refer to fundamental physical laws and to discuss open questions
which should be solved.</p>
<p>One of the constraints which I have used is the relativistic
dilation. If we do not follow Einstein's mystification of space
and time but look for a physical cause, it is a known and accepted
(by many) fact that the assumption of a permanent motion at c on
the lowest level of matter explains dilation. This way, however,
excludes superluminal speed on the lowest level of matter.</p>
<p>Then the basic rule of reductionism is to deduce known and
observed physical phenomena from a lower level, which is built by
more basic and simple elements. This excludes in my understanding
a photon as a basic constituent of an elementary particle, because
the photon has (at least) the same complexity as for instance an
electron. Both have a spin which points to an internal structure.
If we see that an electron has an internal structure and also the
photon has an internal structure, we should find more basic
elements which are candidates to contribute to the structure of
both, the photon and the electron.<br>
</p>
<p>Another important task is in my view to find a physical
explanation for those physical quantities and notions, which by
the confession of quantum mechanics are "non-understandable by the
human brain". That means as example: How is the spin physically
caused, how is the magnetic moment physically caused, how is
inertia (i.e. momentum and mass) physically caused. <br>
</p>
<p>It is in my view a good and important goal to find the physical
causes for these phenomena. That means for instance to create a
model which is able to explain these phenomena quantitatively
without use of physical statements which are nothing better than
postulates. <br>
</p>
<p>Could you agree that this is a good goal?</p>
<p>Albrecht<br>
</p>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 05.07.2018 um 00:26 schrieb
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:0DA53C89-AE65-4624-8A21-FB2A18DD91F7@gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
Hello Albrecht,
<div class=""> Thank you for your continuing efforts to convince
us about your electron model. Persistence is a good thing, up to
a point. You never know when your model might be proved correct.
The superluminal double-helix photon model and its associated
superluminal single-helix electron model are definitely not as
simple as your electron model consisting of two
mutually-circulating massless particles. But Einstein once said
that a theory should be as simple as possible, but not simpler.
I don’t believe you’ve ever shown how your electron model (and
an associated positron model) could arise from a single photon
in electron-positron pair production. And as far as I recall,
you don’t have a photon model consistent with your electron
model. So I’m far from convinced that your approach is the
correct one.</div>
<div class=""> Richard<br class="">
<div><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Jul 3, 2018, at 3:12 AM, Albrecht Giese
<<a href="mailto:phys@a-giese.de" class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">phys@a-giese.de</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
charset=utf-8" class="">
<div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="">
<p class="">Hello Richard,</p>
<p class="">I also want to give a short comment to your
description, even though you already know most of my
position about it.</p>
<p class="">Your electron model has superluminal
sub-parts in it. This is a big challenge to all what
we believe in physics. You have asked whether Einstein
made statements about speed limitations of any motion
inside a particle. This latter point can to my
knowledge easily be answered. Einstein's opinion was
that the limitation to c is a property of space-time
as he understood it. So, Einstein would to my
knowledge not accept any superluminal speed inside an
electron.</p>
<p class="">But why so special? I have shown here an
electron model (which also functions as a general
particle model) which does not need superluminal
speed. On the contrary, in this model the internal
speed is constantly c; which explains the relativistic
dilation in a physical way (i.e. no need to assume
specifics about space, time, or space-time). This
model also explains the magnetic moment very precisely
in a classical way, also the constancy of spin for all
particles. And it explains inertia in a classical way,
also with very precise results, additionally covering
the relativistic behaviour of mass and mass-energy. <br
class="">
</p>
<p class="">So, my question:why so complicated? The
simple model has all what we need.</p>
<p class="">Best<br class="">
Albrecht<br class="">
</p>
<br class="">
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 01.07.2018 um 01:05
schrieb <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"
moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>:<br
class="">
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:EFD456A3-1DF6-4C5D-8ACA-FB02A67F04FA@gmail.com"
class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
charset=utf-8" class="">
Hello David, John and all,
<div class=""><br class="">
<div class=""> I’ve uploaded the internally
superluminal electron model’s equations to <a
href="https://www.academia.edu/36949016/Is_the_electron_a_superluminal_half-photon_with_toroidal_topology"
class="" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.academia.edu/36949016/Is_the_electron_a_superluminal_half-photon_with_toroidal_topology</a> for
your future reference. I think the title is kind
of “catchy”, while acknowledging two pioneers in
the field. The double-helix photon model is at <a
href="https://www.academia.edu/36771264/Entangled_Double-Helix_Superluminal_Photon_Model_Defined_by_Fine_Structure_Constant_Has_Inertial_Mass_M_E_c_2"
class="" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.academia.edu/36771264/Entangled_Double-Helix_Superluminal_Photon_Model_Defined_by_Fine_Structure_Constant_Has_Inertial_Mass_M_E_c_2</a> .
I think of the double-helix photon model and the
electron model as a kind of package of models
which I hope will be self-consistent, presumably
like John’s models of the electron and the photon
in his new paper.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> Dirac insisted in his Nobel Prize
lecture that electrons really travel at c (the
eigenvalues for electron velocity come out +c and
-c from the Dirac equation) but apparently travel
at less than c due to their small amplitude and
high frequency of internal vibration (at the
zitterbewegung frequency f=2mc^2/h). But I wonder
if anyone really believed him. Though the
double-helix photon model is internally
superluminal, it travels longitudinally at c, and
its calculated inertial mass E/c^2 also travels
forward at c. No problems with faster-than-light
here. The photon model's invariant mass is zero,
like the actual photon’s invariant mass.) The
electron model, though internally superluminal,
travels forward (longitudinally) always with an
average velocity less than c.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> So the superluminality of an
energy quantum composing a particle may not be
such a problem as some make it out to be. I don’t
know that Einstein ever put any “restrictions” on
theoretical internal velocities within a moving
particle, whether a photon or a particle with
mass. The unwillingness of Lorentz and other
physicists to explain an electron’s spin and
magnetic moment by internal faster-than-light
motion because of Einstein’s restriction, caused
leading physicists to finally say that an electron
is point like and its spin is “intrinsic”, ie
unexplainable.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> Richard</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Jun 29, 2018, at 5:35 AM, <a
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"
class="" moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>
wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=utf-8"
class="">
<div style="word-wrap: break-word;
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break:
after-white-space;" class="">
<div style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Hello
all,</div>
<div style="font-size: 14px;" class="">
Here are the equations for the
superluminal half-photon electron model.
I am using the program Graphing
Calculator at <a
href="https://www.pacifict.com/"
class="" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.pacifict.com</a> to
graph them.</div>
<div style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Clearly
the equations themselves are not
copyrighted. Oreste, what do you think?</div>
<div style="font-size: 14px;" class="">
Richard</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<span
id="cid:14877496-F667-44F0-9FF5-59F39CBCF99D@attlocal.net"
class=""><PastedGraphic-3.tiff></span><br
class="">
<div class=""><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Jun 27, 2018, at
11:08 PM, John Williamson <<a
href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk"
class="" moz-do-not-send="true">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div style="font-style: normal;
font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: normal;
text-align: start; text-indent:
0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; word-spacing:
0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:
0px; direction: ltr; font-family:
Tahoma; font-size: 10pt;" class="">
<div style="direction: ltr;
font-family: Tahoma; font-size:
10pt;" class="">Here you go
David, a few answers ...<br
class="">
<hr tabindex="-1" class="">
<div id="divRpF752793"
style="direction: ltr;"
class=""><font class=""
size="2" face="Tahoma"><b
class="">From:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General
[<a
href="mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"
class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
on behalf of<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com" class="" moz-do-not-send="true">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[<a
href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"
class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a>]<br
class="">
<b class="">Sent:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thursday,
June 28, 2018 3:19 AM<br
class="">
<b class="">To:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature
of Light and Particles -
General Discussion<br
class="">
<b class="">Cc:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Oreste
Caroppo; martin Mark van der<br
class="">
<b class="">Subject:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Superluminal
electron model<br class="">
</font><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Richard,</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">A few questions...</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">0. How many
electron models are there now?
Is there a diagram or mapping
showing how all the
zitterbewegung models are
related?</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Mu: Lots!<br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">1. Within your
model, does the new electron
embody the Majorna
characteristic that the
particle is it's own
antiparticle, in particular,
does it explain how both
matter and antimatter are
within it? <span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">No - the electron
is not, and has never been,
its own antiparticle. That is
the positron.<br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">2. Can the new
electron be described using
the mathematical formalism of
Dirac, Majorna and Weyl?</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">No, Dirac is
strictly (and famously)
lightspeed. Hence the
"zitterbewegung" at all.<br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">3. What is the
mechanism for creating a local
FTL environment to permit FTL
photons or quanta?</div>
<div class=""><span class="">
<div class="">Superluminal
wave velocities within the
electron "shell" are
possible using the
definition of </div>
<div class="">c =
SQRT(permittivity *
permittivity) by simply
decreasing either
permittivity or
permeability...or both.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">NRI papers
have been fashionable, but
I do not think Richard
uses them<br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
</span></div>
<div class="">4. How does this
new electron model - or any
other electron model for that
matter - sustain a shell
barrier?</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Why would it need
to? If one proposes a shell
that is simply another thing
one has to explain. Electrons
are necessarily "boxless" or
how would they inter-act?<br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""> </div>
<div class="">5. Are the
superluminal versions of other
electron models? That is, how
widespread is this conjecture?</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Yes - Superluminal
charge though, is, I think
this is the major weakness of
Richards model, as it messes
up mass in relativity. Not
good!<br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">6. Does the new
electron model explain
charge? That is, is charge
considered invariant within
the "shell"?</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Charge invariance
is inconsistent with FTL - as
outlined above.<br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">7. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<span class="">
<div class="">IMHO, this new
electron model looks like a
Majorna particle. In fact,
there seems to be a mapping
between Dirac, Majorna and
Weyl (DMW) particles to the
ring toroid, horn toroid and
the spindle toroid. One
could take this one step
further which would link the
math of DMW to the geometry
of circulating photons or
quanta with variations
including subliminal models
and superluminal models. And
there are various electron
models, notably
Williamson/van der Mark,
that address charge.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">8. Does this
model address stochastic
electrodynamics where <span
style="color: rgb(34, 34,
34); font-family:
sans-serif; font-size:
14px;" class="">Zitterbewegung
is explained as an
interaction of a classical
particle? Does this model
fit within </span><a
href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/collective-electrodynamics"
rel="nofollow"
class="enhancr_card_0221840877"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">Collective
Electrodynamics</a> (Carver
Meade)</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">No .. Carver
Meade uses lightspeed. Also
he starts from Plank's
constant as a given, an uses
this as the starting basis
(excellent!) for much of the
rest of his thesis.<br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
</span><span class="">
<div class="">9. Does the new
electron model - a zbw model
- have sufficient linkage
to the confirmed conjectures
of Dirac, Majorna and Weyl
fermions?</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Regards, John.<br
class="">
</div>
<br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr;
font-family: Tahoma; font-size:
10pt;" class=""><span class=""></span><span
class=""></span>
<div style="font-family:
"Times New Roman";
font-size: 16px;" class="">
<div class="">
<div style="font-family:
"Helvetica
Neue", Helvetica,
Arial, sans-serif;
font-size: 16px;" class="">
<div style="font-family:
"Helvetica
Neue", Helvetica,
Arial, sans-serif;
font-size: 16px;"
class="">
<div class=""><span
class="">
<div class="">While
I like the
geometric approach
based on
experimental
evidence, linking
the matrix math of
Dirac, Majorna and
Weyl particles to
zitterbewegung
models is
essential to wider
acceptance. </div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">Notes:</div>
<div class="">Most
of the time, we
use Dirac
electrons which up
until 2015 were
the only confirmed
prediction. The
Weyl fermion was
predicted in 1929
and confirmed in
2015. The Majorna
fermion was
predicted 1937 and
confirmed in 2017.</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">Notably,
zitterbewegung was
predicted by
Schroedinger in
1930 and confirmed
using BEC in 2013.</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
</span></div>
<div class="">ref:</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><a
href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.1718"
rel="nofollow"
class="enhancr_card_0779676588"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">[1006.1718]
Dirac, Majorana and
Weyl fermions</a><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/525293e"
rel="noopener
noreferrer"
target="_blank"
class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">Condensed-matter
physics: Weyl
particles discovered
(2015)</a><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><a
href="https://news.stanford.edu/2017/07/20/evidence-particle-antiparticle/"
rel="nofollow"
class="enhancr_card_1025704008"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">Evidence
for a particle that
is its own
antiparticle (2017)|
Stanford News</a> <br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><a
href="https://www.sciencealert.com/this-new-proof-of-majorana-fermions-is-going-to-be-massive-for-quantum-devices"
rel="nofollow"
class="enhancr_card_0888238275"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">This
New Proof of
Majorana Fermions Is
Going to Be Massive
For Quantum Devices</a><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
</div>
<div
id="ydp70006240yahoo_quoted_0448083737"
class="ydp70006240yahoo_quoted">
<div style="font-family:
"Helvetica
Neue", Helvetica,
Arial, sans-serif;
font-size: 13px;
color: rgb(38, 40,
42);" class="">
<div class="">On
Wednesday, June 27,
2018, 5:50:16 PM
PDT,<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" class="" moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"
class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">
<div
id="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"
class="">
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">Hello
all,</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
I thought some
of you might
like to see a
new electron
model, composed
of a
superluminal
spin-1/2 charged
half-photon. </div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
class="">
</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">In
the stationary
electron model
the superluminal
energy quantum
moves along the
surface of a
horn torus, with
an internal
frequency equal
to the
zitterbewegung
frequency
f=2mc^2/h. The
relativistic
electron model
contracts with
increasing
gamma. The
electron model’s
closed helix's
radius is
R=hbar/2mc as in
several
electron
models.</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
class="">
</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> I’ve
started writing
a short paper
about the (new
electron) model.
The working
title: “Is the
electron a
superluminal
half-photon with
toroidal
topology?” The
electron model
is formed from
one wavelength
of the helical
trajectory of
one of the two
half-photons
composing a
double-helix
photon
energetically
capable of
producing an
electron-positron
pair in e-p pair
production, i.e.
with photon
energy E=2mc^2
and photon
frequency equal
to the
electron’s
zitterbewegung
frequency
f=2mc^2/h. The
helical radius
of this
half-photon is R
= Lcompton/4pi =
hbar/2mc. The
circulating
superrluminal
particle is
actually a
point-like
particle. The
resting electron
model's energy
Eo will be
one-half of the
originating
photon’s minimum
energy of 2mc^2,
and therefore
Eo=mc^2.</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
Comments or
questions?</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
Richard </div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
</div>
</div>
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