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<p>Hello Richard,</p>
<p>I understand - and I agree with you - that it is not very
practical to work on all open questions in physics at the same
time; and to discuss everything in this forum in parallel. But I
believe that there are some good rules to be followed in
developing theories and models.</p>
<p>You are working on your particle model since 30 years. This is
very impressive and I see that you have had a lot of discussions
to ensure your model. But regarding the rules about which you also
have asked questions in the last time, there are still some points
to discuss and to question.</p>
<p>One point is the general limitation to the speed of light. That
is a general and universal rule if we follow Einstein. But even
independent of Einstein, if we follow a more broad understanding
of relativity, we have dilation as an experimentally well proven
fact. And dilation could not function as it does if there would be
periodic processes in particles which are superluminal. </p>
<p>The other rule - more like a compass - is the direction given by
reductionism; which means that every observed process in physics
can be seen in a way that it is deduced from a lower level with a
simpler functionality and having less complex constituents.</p>
<p>This was my motivation for my last comment to your model.<br>
</p>
<p>Albrecht<br>
</p>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 07.07.2018 um 00:43 schrieb
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:2189E985-BE93-4270-8C7A-ACD94769C616@gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
Hello Albrecht,
<div class=""> There are so many open questions in physics to be
solved, involving the relationship of mind to matter,
materialism versus idealism, dark matter, dark energy, the
origin of the universe, etc. I’m not very interested in using
this discussion group “Nature of light and particles” for such
open-ended discussions, and I prefer that it remain focused on
the nature of light and particles. My goal is to increase my
understanding of this topic and hopefully to correct and improve
my ideas and hypotheses in this area. When creative people who
have new ideas on this topic or good questions share, discuss,
criticize and improve these ideas and find ways to test or apply
them, this is what I consider progress. When unproductive or
mistaken ideas are weeded out, that is also progress. My own
ideas on this topic have definitely evolved over the last 30
years since I started writing about them. See my book
"Microvita: Cosmic Seeds of Life” published in 1988 at <a
href="https://richardgauthier.academia.edu/research" class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">https://richardgauthier.academia.edu/research</a> (number
33), “Microvita: A new approach to matter, life and health”,
“FTL Quantum models of the photon and the electron”, “A
transluminal energy quantum model of the cosmic quantum”, etc. I
have really enjoyed and benefited from discussions in this
group.</div>
<div class=""> Richard<br class="">
<div><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Jul 5, 2018, at 7:26 AM, Albrecht Giese
<<a href="mailto:phys@a-giese.de" class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">phys@a-giese.de</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
charset=utf-8" class="">
<div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="">
<p class="">Hello Richard,</p>
<p class="">thank you for your answer. <br class="">
</p>
<p class="">Perhaps it would be better not to discuss
competing models but to refer to fundamental physical
laws and to discuss open questions which should be
solved.</p>
<p class="">One of the constraints which I have used is
the relativistic dilation. If we do not follow
Einstein's mystification of space and time but look
for a physical cause, it is a known and accepted (by
many) fact that the assumption of a permanent motion
at c on the lowest level of matter explains dilation.
This way, however, excludes superluminal speed on the
lowest level of matter.</p>
<p class="">Then the basic rule of reductionism is to
deduce known and observed physical phenomena from a
lower level, which is built by more basic and simple
elements. This excludes in my understanding a photon
as a basic constituent of an elementary particle,
because the photon has (at least) the same complexity
as for instance an electron. Both have a spin which
points to an internal structure. If we see that an
electron has an internal structure and also the photon
has an internal structure, we should find more basic
elements which are candidates to contribute to the
structure of both, the photon and the electron.<br
class="">
</p>
<p class="">Another important task is in my view to find
a physical explanation for those physical quantities
and notions, which by the confession of quantum
mechanics are "non-understandable by the human brain".
That means as example: How is the spin physically
caused, how is the magnetic moment physically caused,
how is inertia (i.e. momentum and mass) physically
caused. <br class="">
</p>
<p class="">It is in my view a good and important goal
to find the physical causes for these phenomena. That
means for instance to create a model which is able to
explain these phenomena quantitatively without use of
physical statements which are nothing better than
postulates. <br class="">
</p>
<p class="">Could you agree that this is a good goal?</p>
<p class="">Albrecht<br class="">
</p>
<br class="">
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 05.07.2018 um 00:26
schrieb <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"
moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>:<br
class="">
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:0DA53C89-AE65-4624-8A21-FB2A18DD91F7@gmail.com"
class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
charset=utf-8" class="">
Hello Albrecht,
<div class=""> Thank you for your continuing efforts
to convince us about your electron model.
Persistence is a good thing, up to a point. You
never know when your model might be proved correct.
The superluminal double-helix photon model and its
associated superluminal single-helix electron model
are definitely not as simple as your electron model
consisting of two mutually-circulating massless
particles. But Einstein once said that a theory
should be as simple as possible, but not simpler. I
don’t believe you’ve ever shown how your electron
model (and an associated positron model) could arise
from a single photon in electron-positron pair
production. And as far as I recall, you don’t have a
photon model consistent with your electron model. So
I’m far from convinced that your approach is the
correct one.</div>
<div class=""> Richard<br class="">
<div class=""><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Jul 3, 2018, at 3:12 AM,
Albrecht Giese <<a
href="mailto:phys@a-giese.de" class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">phys@a-giese.de</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=utf-8" class="">
<div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="">
<p class="">Hello Richard,</p>
<p class="">I also want to give a short
comment to your description, even though
you already know most of my position about
it.</p>
<p class="">Your electron model has
superluminal sub-parts in it. This is a
big challenge to all what we believe in
physics. You have asked whether Einstein
made statements about speed limitations of
any motion inside a particle. This latter
point can to my knowledge easily be
answered. Einstein's opinion was that the
limitation to c is a property of
space-time as he understood it. So,
Einstein would to my knowledge not accept
any superluminal speed inside an electron.</p>
<p class="">But why so special? I have shown
here an electron model (which also
functions as a general particle model)
which does not need superluminal speed. On
the contrary, in this model the internal
speed is constantly c; which explains the
relativistic dilation in a physical way
(i.e. no need to assume specifics about
space, time, or space-time). This model
also explains the magnetic moment very
precisely in a classical way, also the
constancy of spin for all particles. And
it explains inertia in a classical way,
also with very precise results,
additionally covering the relativistic
behaviour of mass and mass-energy. <br
class="">
</p>
<p class="">So, my question:why so
complicated? The simple model has all what
we need.</p>
<p class="">Best<br class="">
Albrecht<br class="">
</p>
<br class="">
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 01.07.2018
um 01:05 schrieb <a
class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"
moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>:<br
class="">
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:EFD456A3-1DF6-4C5D-8ACA-FB02A67F04FA@gmail.com"
class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=utf-8"
class="">
Hello David, John and all,
<div class=""><br class="">
<div class=""> I’ve uploaded the
internally superluminal electron
model’s equations to <a
href="https://www.academia.edu/36949016/Is_the_electron_a_superluminal_half-photon_with_toroidal_topology"
class="" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.academia.edu/36949016/Is_the_electron_a_superluminal_half-photon_with_toroidal_topology</a> for
your future reference. I think the
title is kind of “catchy”, while
acknowledging two pioneers in the
field. The double-helix photon model
is at <a
href="https://www.academia.edu/36771264/Entangled_Double-Helix_Superluminal_Photon_Model_Defined_by_Fine_Structure_Constant_Has_Inertial_Mass_M_E_c_2"
class="" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.academia.edu/36771264/Entangled_Double-Helix_Superluminal_Photon_Model_Defined_by_Fine_Structure_Constant_Has_Inertial_Mass_M_E_c_2</a> .
I think of the double-helix photon
model and the electron model as a kind
of package of models which I hope will
be self-consistent, presumably like
John’s models of the electron and the
photon in his new paper.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> Dirac insisted in his
Nobel Prize lecture that electrons
really travel at c (the eigenvalues
for electron velocity come out +c and
-c from the Dirac equation) but
apparently travel at less than c due
to their small amplitude and high
frequency of internal vibration (at
the zitterbewegung frequency
f=2mc^2/h). But I wonder if anyone
really believed him. Though the
double-helix photon model is
internally superluminal, it travels
longitudinally at c, and its
calculated inertial mass E/c^2 also
travels forward at c. No problems with
faster-than-light here. The photon
model's invariant mass is zero, like
the actual photon’s invariant mass.)
The electron model, though internally
superluminal, travels forward
(longitudinally) always with an
average velocity less than c.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> So the superluminality
of an energy quantum composing a
particle may not be such a problem as
some make it out to be. I don’t know
that Einstein ever put any
“restrictions” on theoretical internal
velocities within a moving particle,
whether a photon or a particle with
mass. The unwillingness of Lorentz and
other physicists to explain an
electron’s spin and magnetic moment by
internal faster-than-light motion
because of Einstein’s restriction,
caused leading physicists to finally
say that an electron is point like and
its spin is “intrinsic”, ie
unexplainable.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> Richard</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Jun 29, 2018, at
5:35 AM, <a
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"
class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>
wrote:</div>
<br
class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html;
charset=utf-8" class="">
<div style="word-wrap:
break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode:
space; line-break:
after-white-space;" class="">
<div style="font-size: 14px;"
class="">Hello all,</div>
<div style="font-size: 14px;"
class=""> Here are the
equations for the
superluminal half-photon
electron model. I am using
the program Graphing
Calculator at <a
href="https://www.pacifict.com/"
class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.pacifict.com</a> to
graph them.</div>
<div style="font-size: 14px;"
class="">Clearly the
equations themselves are not
copyrighted. Oreste, what do
you think?</div>
<div style="font-size: 14px;"
class=""> Richard</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<span
id="cid:14877496-F667-44F0-9FF5-59F39CBCF99D@attlocal.net"
class=""><PastedGraphic-3.tiff></span><br
class="">
<div class=""><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite"
class="">
<div class="">On Jun 27,
2018, at 11:08 PM, John
Williamson <<a
href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk"
class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br
class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div style="font-style:
normal;
font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight:
normal;
letter-spacing:
normal; text-align:
start; text-indent:
0px; text-transform:
none; white-space:
normal; word-spacing:
0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width:
0px; direction: ltr;
font-family: Tahoma;
font-size: 10pt;"
class="">
<div style="direction:
ltr; font-family:
Tahoma; font-size:
10pt;" class="">Here
you go David, a few
answers ...<br
class="">
<hr tabindex="-1"
class="">
<div
id="divRpF752793"
style="direction:
ltr;" class=""><font
class=""
size="2"
face="Tahoma"><b
class="">From:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a
href="mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"
class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
on behalf of<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"
class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[<a
href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"
class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a>]<br
class="">
<b class="">Sent:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thursday, June 28, 2018 3:19 AM<br
class="">
<b class="">To:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles -
General
Discussion<br
class="">
<b class="">Cc:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Oreste Caroppo; martin Mark van
der<br class="">
<b class="">Subject:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Superluminal
electron model<br
class="">
</font><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">Richard,</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">A few
questions...</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">0. How
many electron
models are there
now? Is there a
diagram or mapping
showing how all
the zitterbewegung
models are
related?</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">Mu:
Lots!<br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">1.
Within your model,
does the new
electron embody
the Majorna
characteristic
that the particle
is it's own
antiparticle, in
particular, does
it explain how
both matter and
antimatter are
within it? <span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">No -
the electron is
not, and has never
been, its own
antiparticle. That
is the positron.<br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">2.
Can the new
electron be
described using
the mathematical
formalism of
Dirac, Majorna and
Weyl?</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">No,
Dirac is strictly
(and famously)
lightspeed. Hence
the
"zitterbewegung"
at all.<br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">3.
What is the
mechanism for
creating a local
FTL environment to
permit FTL photons
or quanta?</div>
<div class=""><span
class="">
<div class="">Superluminal
wave
velocities
within the
electron
"shell" are
possible using
the definition
of </div>
<div class="">c
=
SQRT(permittivity
*
permittivity)
by simply
decreasing
either
permittivity
or
permeability...or
both.</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">NRI
papers have
been
fashionable,
but I do not
think Richard
uses them<br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
</span></div>
<div class="">4.
How does this new
electron model -
or any other
electron model for
that matter -
sustain a shell
barrier?</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">Why
would it need to?
If one proposes a
shell that is
simply another
thing one has to
explain. Electrons
are necessarily
"boxless" or how
would they
inter-act?<br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""> </div>
<div class="">5. Are
the superluminal
versions of other
electron models?
That is, how
widespread is this
conjecture?</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">Yes -
Superluminal
charge though, is,
I think this is
the major weakness
of Richards model,
as it messes up
mass in
relativity. Not
good!<br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">6.
Does the new
electron model
explain charge?
That is, is charge
considered
invariant within
the "shell"?</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">Charge
invariance is
inconsistent with
FTL - as outlined
above.<br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">7. </div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<span class="">
<div class="">IMHO,
this new
electron model
looks like a
Majorna
particle. In
fact, there
seems to be a
mapping between
Dirac, Majorna
and Weyl (DMW)
particles to the
ring toroid,
horn toroid and
the spindle
toroid. One
could take this
one step further
which would link
the math of DMW
to the geometry
of circulating
photons or
quanta with
variations
including
subliminal
models and
superluminal
models. And
there are
various electron
models, notably
Williamson/van
der Mark, that
address charge.</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">8.
Does this model
address
stochastic
electrodynamics
where <span
style="color:
rgb(34, 34,
34);
font-family:
sans-serif;
font-size:
14px;"
class="">Zitterbewegung
is explained
as an
interaction of
a classical
particle? Does
this model fit
within </span><a
href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/collective-electrodynamics"
rel="nofollow"
class="enhancr_card_0221840877" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Collective
Electrodynamics</a> (Carver Meade)</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">No
.. Carver Meade
uses lightspeed.
Also he starts
from Plank's
constant as a
given, an uses
this as the
starting basis
(excellent!) for
much of the rest
of his thesis.<br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
</span><span
class="">
<div class="">9.
Does the new
electron model -
a zbw model -
have sufficient
linkage to the
confirmed
conjectures of
Dirac, Majorna
and Weyl
fermions?</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">Regards,
John.<br
class="">
</div>
<br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="direction:
ltr; font-family:
Tahoma; font-size:
10pt;" class=""><span
class=""></span><span
class=""></span>
<div
style="font-family:
"Times New
Roman";
font-size: 16px;"
class="">
<div class="">
<div
style="font-family:
"Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:
16px;"
class="">
<div
style="font-family:
"Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:
16px;"
class="">
<div class=""><span
class="">
<div class="">While
I like the
geometric
approach based
on
experimental
evidence,
linking the
matrix math of
Dirac, Majorna
and Weyl
particles to
zitterbewegung
models is
essential to
wider
acceptance. </div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">Notes:</div>
<div class="">Most
of the time,
we use Dirac
electrons
which up until
2015 were the
only confirmed
prediction.
The Weyl
fermion was
predicted in
1929 and
confirmed in
2015. The
Majorna
fermion was
predicted 1937
and confirmed
in 2017.</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">Notably,
zitterbewegung
was predicted
by
Schroedinger
in 1930 and
confirmed
using BEC in
2013.</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
</span></div>
<div class="">ref:</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><a
href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.1718" rel="nofollow"
class="enhancr_card_0779676588"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">[1006.1718] Dirac, Majorana and
Weyl fermions</a><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/525293e" rel="noopener noreferrer"
target="_blank" class="" moz-do-not-send="true">Condensed-matter
physics: Weyl
particles
discovered
(2015)</a><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><a
href="https://news.stanford.edu/2017/07/20/evidence-particle-antiparticle/"
rel="nofollow"
class="enhancr_card_1025704008" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Evidence
for a particle
that is its
own
antiparticle
(2017)|
Stanford News</a> <br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><a
href="https://www.sciencealert.com/this-new-proof-of-majorana-fermions-is-going-to-be-massive-for-quantum-devices"
rel="nofollow"
class="enhancr_card_0888238275" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">This
New Proof of
Majorana
Fermions Is
Going to Be
Massive For
Quantum
Devices</a><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
</div>
<div
id="ydp70006240yahoo_quoted_0448083737"
class="ydp70006240yahoo_quoted">
<div
style="font-family:
"Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:
13px; color:
rgb(38, 40,
42);" class="">
<div class="">On
Wednesday,
June 27, 2018,
5:50:16 PM
PDT,<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" class="" moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"
class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">
<div
id="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"
class="">
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">Hello
all,</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
I thought
some of you
might like to
see a new
electron
model,
composed of a
superluminal
spin-1/2
charged
half-photon. </div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
class="">
</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">In
the stationary
electron model
the
superluminal
energy quantum
moves along
the surface of
a horn torus,
with an
internal
frequency
equal to the
zitterbewegung
frequency
f=2mc^2/h. The
relativistic
electron model
contracts with
increasing
gamma. The
electron
model’s closed
helix's radius
is R=hbar/2mc
as in several
electron
models.</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
class="">
</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> I’ve
started
writing a
short paper
about the (new
electron)
model. The
working title:
“Is the
electron a
superluminal
half-photon
with toroidal
topology?” The
electron model
is formed from
one wavelength
of the helical
trajectory of
one of the two
half-photons
composing a
double-helix
photon
energetically
capable of
producing an
electron-positron
pair in e-p
pair
production,
i.e. with
photon energy
E=2mc^2 and
photon
frequency
equal to the
electron’s
zitterbewegung
frequency
f=2mc^2/h. The
helical radius
of this
half-photon is
R =
Lcompton/4pi =
hbar/2mc. The
circulating
superrluminal
particle is
actually a
point-like
particle. The
resting
electron
model's energy
Eo will be
one-half of
the
originating
photon’s
minimum energy
of 2mc^2, and
therefore
Eo=mc^2.</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
Comments or
questions?</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
Richard </div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
</div>
<div
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
</div>
</div>
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