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    <p>Hello Richard,</p>
    <p>I understand - and I agree with you - that it is not very
      practical to work on all open questions in physics at the same
      time; and to discuss everything in this forum in parallel. But I
      believe that there are some good rules to be followed in
      developing theories and models.</p>
    <p>You are working on your particle model since 30 years. This is
      very impressive and I see that you have had a lot of discussions
      to ensure your model. But regarding the rules about which you also
      have asked questions in the last time, there are still some points
      to discuss and to question.</p>
    <p>One point is the general limitation to the speed of light. That
      is a general and universal rule if we follow Einstein. But even
      independent of Einstein, if we follow a more broad understanding
      of relativity, we have dilation as an experimentally well proven
      fact. And dilation could not function as it does if there would be
      periodic processes in particles which are superluminal. </p>
    <p>The other rule - more like a compass - is the direction given by
      reductionism; which means that every observed process in physics
      can be seen in a way that it is deduced from a lower level with a
      simpler functionality and having less complex constituents.</p>
    <p>This was my motivation for my last comment to your model.<br>
    </p>
    <p>Albrecht<br>
    </p>
    <br>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 07.07.2018 um 00:43 schrieb
      <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite"
      cite="mid:2189E985-BE93-4270-8C7A-ACD94769C616@gmail.com">
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
      Hello Albrecht,
      <div class="">   There are so many open questions in physics to be
        solved, involving the relationship of mind to matter,
        materialism versus idealism, dark matter, dark energy, the
        origin of the universe, etc. I’m not very interested in using
        this discussion group “Nature of light and particles” for such
        open-ended discussions, and I prefer that it remain focused on
        the nature of light and particles. My goal is to increase my
        understanding of this topic and hopefully to correct and improve
        my ideas and hypotheses in this area. When creative people who
        have new ideas on this topic or good questions share, discuss,
        criticize and improve these ideas and find ways to test or apply
        them, this is what I consider progress. When unproductive or
        mistaken ideas are weeded out, that is also progress. My own
        ideas on this topic have definitely evolved over the last 30
        years since I started writing about them. See my book
        "Microvita: Cosmic Seeds of Life” published in 1988 at <a
          href="https://richardgauthier.academia.edu/research" class=""
          moz-do-not-send="true">https://richardgauthier.academia.edu/research</a> (number
        33), “Microvita: A new approach to matter, life and health”,
        “FTL Quantum models of the photon and the electron”, “A
        transluminal energy quantum model of the cosmic quantum”, etc. I
        have really enjoyed and benefited from discussions in this
        group.</div>
      <div class="">     Richard<br class="">
        <div><br class="">
          <blockquote type="cite" class="">
            <div class="">On Jul 5, 2018, at 7:26 AM, Albrecht Giese
              <<a href="mailto:phys@a-giese.de" class=""
                moz-do-not-send="true">phys@a-giese.de</a>> wrote:</div>
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                <p class="">Hello Richard,</p>
                <p class="">thank you for your answer. <br class="">
                </p>
                <p class="">Perhaps it would be better not to discuss
                  competing models but to refer to fundamental physical
                  laws and to discuss open questions which should be
                  solved.</p>
                <p class="">One of the constraints which I have used is
                  the relativistic dilation. If we do not follow
                  Einstein's mystification of space and time but look
                  for a physical cause, it is a known and accepted (by
                  many) fact that the assumption of a permanent motion
                  at c on the lowest level of matter explains dilation.
                  This way, however, excludes superluminal speed on the
                  lowest level of matter.</p>
                <p class="">Then the basic rule of reductionism is to
                  deduce known and observed physical phenomena from a
                  lower level, which is built by more basic and simple
                  elements. This excludes in my understanding a photon
                  as a basic constituent of an elementary particle,
                  because the photon has (at least) the same complexity
                  as for instance an electron. Both have a spin which
                  points to an internal structure. If  we see that an
                  electron has an internal structure and also the photon
                  has an internal structure, we should find more basic
                  elements which are candidates to contribute to the
                  structure of both, the photon and the electron.<br
                    class="">
                </p>
                <p class="">Another important task is in my view to find
                  a physical explanation for those physical quantities
                  and notions, which by the confession of quantum
                  mechanics are "non-understandable by the human brain".
                  That means as example: How is the spin physically
                  caused, how is the magnetic moment physically caused,
                  how is inertia (i.e. momentum and mass) physically
                  caused. <br class="">
                </p>
                <p class="">It is in my view a good and important goal
                  to find the physical causes for these phenomena. That
                  means for instance to create a model which is able to
                  explain these phenomena quantitatively without use of
                  physical statements which are nothing better than
                  postulates. <br class="">
                </p>
                <p class="">Could you agree that this is a good goal?</p>
                <p class="">Albrecht<br class="">
                </p>
                <br class="">
                <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 05.07.2018 um 00:26
                  schrieb <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
                    href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"
                    moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>:<br
                    class="">
                </div>
                <blockquote type="cite"
                  cite="mid:0DA53C89-AE65-4624-8A21-FB2A18DD91F7@gmail.com"
                  class="">
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                  Hello Albrecht,
                  <div class="">   Thank you for your continuing efforts
                    to convince us about your electron model.
                    Persistence is a good thing, up to a point. You
                    never know when your model might be proved correct.
                    The superluminal double-helix photon model and its
                    associated superluminal single-helix electron model
                    are definitely not as simple as your electron model
                    consisting of two mutually-circulating massless
                    particles. But Einstein once said that a theory
                    should be as simple as possible, but not simpler. I
                    don’t believe you’ve ever shown how your electron
                    model (and an associated positron model) could arise
                    from a single photon in electron-positron pair
                    production. And as far as I recall, you don’t have a
                    photon model consistent with your electron model. So
                    I’m far from convinced that your approach is the
                    correct one.</div>
                  <div class="">     Richard<br class="">
                    <div class=""><br class="">
                      <blockquote type="cite" class="">
                        <div class="">On Jul 3, 2018, at 3:12 AM,
                          Albrecht Giese <<a
                            href="mailto:phys@a-giese.de" class=""
                            moz-do-not-send="true">phys@a-giese.de</a>>
                          wrote:</div>
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                            <p class="">Hello Richard,</p>
                            <p class="">I also want to give a short
                              comment to your description, even though
                              you already know most of my position about
                              it.</p>
                            <p class="">Your electron model has
                              superluminal sub-parts in it. This is a
                              big challenge to all what we believe in
                              physics. You have asked whether Einstein
                              made statements about speed limitations of
                              any motion inside a particle. This latter
                              point can to my knowledge easily be
                              answered. Einstein's opinion was that the
                              limitation to c is a property of
                              space-time as he understood it. So,
                              Einstein would to my knowledge not accept
                              any superluminal speed inside an electron.</p>
                            <p class="">But why so special? I have shown
                              here an electron model (which also
                              functions as a general particle model)
                              which does not need superluminal speed. On
                              the contrary, in this model the internal
                              speed is constantly c; which explains the
                              relativistic dilation in a physical way
                              (i.e. no need to assume specifics about
                              space, time, or space-time). This model
                              also explains the magnetic moment very
                              precisely in a classical way, also the
                              constancy of spin for all particles. And
                              it explains inertia in a classical way,
                              also with very precise results,
                              additionally covering the relativistic
                              behaviour of mass and mass-energy. <br
                                class="">
                            </p>
                            <p class="">So, my question:why so
                              complicated? The simple model has all what
                              we need.</p>
                            <p class="">Best<br class="">
                              Albrecht<br class="">
                            </p>
                            <br class="">
                            <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 01.07.2018
                              um 01:05 schrieb <a
                                class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
                                href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"
                                moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>:<br
                                class="">
                            </div>
                            <blockquote type="cite"
                              cite="mid:EFD456A3-1DF6-4C5D-8ACA-FB02A67F04FA@gmail.com"
                              class="">
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                              Hello David, John and all,
                              <div class=""><br class="">
                                <div class="">   I’ve uploaded the
                                  internally superluminal electron
                                  model’s equations to <a
href="https://www.academia.edu/36949016/Is_the_electron_a_superluminal_half-photon_with_toroidal_topology"
                                    class="" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.academia.edu/36949016/Is_the_electron_a_superluminal_half-photon_with_toroidal_topology</a> for
                                  your future reference. I think the
                                  title is kind of “catchy”, while
                                  acknowledging two pioneers in the
                                  field. The double-helix photon model
                                  is at <a
href="https://www.academia.edu/36771264/Entangled_Double-Helix_Superluminal_Photon_Model_Defined_by_Fine_Structure_Constant_Has_Inertial_Mass_M_E_c_2"
                                    class="" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.academia.edu/36771264/Entangled_Double-Helix_Superluminal_Photon_Model_Defined_by_Fine_Structure_Constant_Has_Inertial_Mass_M_E_c_2</a> .
                                  I think of the double-helix photon
                                  model and the electron model as a kind
                                  of package of models which I hope will
                                  be self-consistent, presumably like
                                  John’s models of the electron and the
                                  photon in his new paper.</div>
                                <div class=""><br class="">
                                </div>
                                <div class="">   Dirac insisted in his
                                  Nobel Prize lecture that electrons
                                  really travel at c (the eigenvalues
                                  for electron velocity come out +c and
                                  -c from the Dirac equation) but
                                  apparently travel at less than c due
                                  to their small amplitude and high
                                  frequency of internal vibration (at
                                  the zitterbewegung frequency
                                  f=2mc^2/h). But I wonder if anyone
                                  really believed him. Though the
                                  double-helix photon model is
                                  internally superluminal, it travels
                                  longitudinally at c, and its
                                  calculated inertial mass E/c^2 also
                                  travels forward at c. No problems with
                                  faster-than-light here. The photon
                                  model's invariant mass is zero, like
                                  the actual photon’s invariant mass.)
                                  The electron model, though internally
                                  superluminal, travels forward
                                  (longitudinally) always with an
                                  average velocity less than c.</div>
                                <div class=""><br class="">
                                </div>
                                <div class="">   So  the superluminality
                                  of an energy quantum composing a
                                  particle may not be such a problem as
                                  some make it out to be. I don’t know
                                  that Einstein ever put any
                                  “restrictions” on theoretical internal
                                  velocities within a moving particle,
                                  whether a photon or a particle with
                                  mass. The unwillingness of Lorentz and
                                  other physicists to explain an
                                  electron’s spin and magnetic moment by
                                  internal faster-than-light motion
                                  because of Einstein’s restriction,
                                  caused leading physicists to finally
                                  say that an electron is point like and
                                  its spin is “intrinsic”, ie
                                  unexplainable.</div>
                                <div class=""><br class="">
                                </div>
                                <div class="">      Richard</div>
                                <div class=""><br class="">
                                </div>
                                <div class="">
                                  <div class="">
                                    <blockquote type="cite" class="">
                                      <div class="">On Jun 29, 2018, at
                                        5:35 AM, <a
                                          href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"
                                          class=""
                                          moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>
                                        wrote:</div>
                                      <br
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                                          <div style="font-size: 14px;"
                                            class="">Hello all,</div>
                                          <div style="font-size: 14px;"
                                            class="">   Here are the
                                            equations for the
                                            superluminal half-photon
                                            electron model. I am using
                                            the program Graphing
                                            Calculator at <a
                                              href="https://www.pacifict.com/"
                                              class=""
                                              moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.pacifict.com</a> to
                                            graph them.</div>
                                          <div style="font-size: 14px;"
                                            class="">Clearly the
                                            equations themselves are not
                                            copyrighted. Oreste, what do
                                            you think?</div>
                                          <div style="font-size: 14px;"
                                            class="">            Richard</div>
                                          <div class=""><br class="">
                                          </div>
                                          <span
                                            id="cid:14877496-F667-44F0-9FF5-59F39CBCF99D@attlocal.net"
                                            class=""><PastedGraphic-3.tiff></span><br
                                            class="">
                                          <div class=""><br class="">
                                            <blockquote type="cite"
                                              class="">
                                              <div class="">On Jun 27,
                                                2018, at 11:08 PM, John
                                                Williamson <<a
                                                  href="mailto:John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk"
                                                  class=""
                                                  moz-do-not-send="true">John.Williamson@glasgow.ac.uk</a>>
                                                wrote:</div>
                                              <br
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                                                <div style="font-style:
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                                                  <div style="direction:
                                                    ltr; font-family:
                                                    Tahoma; font-size:
                                                    10pt;" class="">Here
                                                    you go David, a few
                                                    answers ...<br
                                                      class="">
                                                    <hr tabindex="-1"
                                                      class="">
                                                    <div
                                                      id="divRpF752793"
                                                      style="direction:
                                                      ltr;" class=""><font
                                                        class=""
                                                        size="2"
                                                        face="Tahoma"><b
                                                          class="">From:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>General [<a
href="mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org"
                                                          class=""
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true">general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk@lists.natureoflightandparticles.org</a>]
                                                        on behalf of<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
                                                          href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"
                                                          class=""
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[<a
                                                          href="mailto:davidmathes8@yahoo.com"
                                                          class=""
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true">davidmathes8@yahoo.com</a>]<br
                                                          class="">
                                                        <b class="">Sent:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thursday, June 28, 2018 3:19 AM<br
                                                          class="">
                                                        <b class="">To:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nature of Light and Particles -
                                                        General
                                                        Discussion<br
                                                          class="">
                                                        <b class="">Cc:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Oreste Caroppo; martin Mark van
                                                        der<br class="">
                                                        <b class="">Subject:</b><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [General] Superluminal
                                                        electron model<br
                                                          class="">
                                                      </font><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">Richard,</div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">A few
                                                      questions...</div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">0. How
                                                      many electron
                                                      models are there
                                                      now? Is there a
                                                      diagram or mapping
                                                      showing how all
                                                      the zitterbewegung
                                                      models are
                                                      related?</div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">Mu:
                                                      Lots!<br class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">1.
                                                      Within your model,
                                                      does the new
                                                      electron embody
                                                      the Majorna
                                                      characteristic
                                                      that the particle
                                                      is it's own
                                                      antiparticle, in
                                                      particular, does
                                                      it explain how
                                                      both matter and
                                                      antimatter are
                                                      within it? <span
                                                        class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">No -
                                                      the electron is
                                                      not, and has never
                                                      been, its own
                                                      antiparticle. That
                                                      is the positron.<br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">2.
                                                       Can the new
                                                      electron be
                                                      described using
                                                      the mathematical
                                                      formalism of
                                                      Dirac, Majorna and
                                                      Weyl?</div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">No,
                                                      Dirac is strictly
                                                      (and famously)
                                                      lightspeed. Hence
                                                      the
                                                      "zitterbewegung"
                                                      at all.<br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">3.
                                                       What is the
                                                      mechanism for
                                                      creating a local
                                                      FTL environment to
                                                      permit FTL photons
                                                      or quanta?</div>
                                                    <div class=""><span
                                                        class="">
                                                        <div class="">Superluminal
                                                          wave
                                                          velocities
                                                          within the
                                                          electron
                                                          "shell" are
                                                          possible using
                                                          the definition
                                                          of </div>
                                                        <div class="">c
                                                          =
                                                          SQRT(permittivity
                                                          *
                                                          permittivity)
                                                          by simply
                                                          decreasing
                                                          either
                                                          permittivity
                                                          or
                                                          permeability...or
                                                          both.</div>
                                                        <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                        </div>
                                                        <div class="">NRI
                                                          papers have
                                                          been
                                                          fashionable,
                                                          but I do not
                                                          think Richard
                                                          uses them<br
                                                          class="">
                                                        </div>
                                                        <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                        </div>
                                                      </span></div>
                                                    <div class="">4.
                                                       How does this new
                                                      electron model -
                                                      or any other
                                                      electron model for
                                                      that matter -
                                                      sustain a shell
                                                      barrier?</div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">Why
                                                      would it need to?
                                                      If one proposes a
                                                      shell that is
                                                      simply another
                                                      thing one has to
                                                      explain. Electrons
                                                      are necessarily
                                                      "boxless" or how
                                                      would they
                                                      inter-act?<br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class=""> </div>
                                                    <div class="">5. Are
                                                      the superluminal
                                                      versions of other
                                                      electron models?
                                                      That is, how
                                                      widespread is this
                                                      conjecture?</div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">Yes -
                                                      Superluminal
                                                      charge though, is,
                                                      I think this is
                                                      the major weakness
                                                      of Richards model,
                                                      as it messes up
                                                      mass in
                                                      relativity. Not
                                                      good!<br class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">6.
                                                      Does the new
                                                      electron model
                                                       explain charge?
                                                      That is, is charge
                                                      considered
                                                      invariant within
                                                      the "shell"?</div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">Charge
                                                      invariance is
                                                      inconsistent with
                                                      FTL - as outlined
                                                      above.<br class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div class="">7. </div>
                                                    <div class=""><br
                                                        class="">
                                                    </div>
                                                    <span class="">
                                                      <div class="">IMHO,
                                                        this new
                                                        electron model
                                                        looks like a
                                                        Majorna
                                                        particle. In
                                                        fact, there
                                                        seems to be a
                                                        mapping between
                                                        Dirac, Majorna
                                                        and Weyl (DMW)
                                                        particles to the
                                                        ring toroid,
                                                        horn toroid and
                                                        the spindle
                                                        toroid. One
                                                        could take this
                                                        one step further
                                                        which would link
                                                        the math of DMW
                                                        to the geometry
                                                        of circulating
                                                        photons or
                                                        quanta with
                                                        variations
                                                        including
                                                        subliminal
                                                        models and
                                                        superluminal
                                                        models. And
                                                        there are
                                                        various electron
                                                        models, notably
                                                        Williamson/van
                                                        der Mark, that
                                                        address charge.</div>
                                                      <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div class="">8.
                                                        Does this model
                                                        address
                                                        stochastic
                                                        electrodynamics
                                                        where <span
                                                          style="color:
                                                          rgb(34, 34,
                                                          34);
                                                          font-family:
                                                          sans-serif;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          14px;"
                                                          class="">Zitterbewegung
                                                          is explained
                                                          as an
                                                          interaction of
                                                          a classical
                                                          particle? Does
                                                          this model fit
                                                          within </span><a
href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/collective-electrodynamics"
                                                          rel="nofollow"
class="enhancr_card_0221840877" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Collective
Electrodynamics</a> (Carver Meade)</div>
                                                      <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div class="">No
                                                        .. Carver Meade
                                                        uses lightspeed.
                                                        Also he starts
                                                        from Plank's
                                                        constant as a
                                                        given, an uses
                                                        this as the
                                                        starting basis
                                                        (excellent!) for
                                                        much of the rest
                                                        of his thesis.<br
                                                          class="">
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                      </div>
                                                    </span><span
                                                      class="">
                                                      <div class="">9.
                                                        Does the new
                                                        electron model -
                                                        a zbw model -
                                                         have sufficient
                                                        linkage to the
                                                        confirmed
                                                        conjectures of
                                                        Dirac, Majorna
                                                        and Weyl
                                                        fermions?</div>
                                                      <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div class="">Regards,
                                                        John.<br
                                                          class="">
                                                      </div>
                                                      <br class="">
                                                    </span></div>
                                                  <div style="direction:
                                                    ltr; font-family:
                                                    Tahoma; font-size:
                                                    10pt;" class=""><span
                                                      class=""></span><span
                                                      class=""></span>
                                                    <div
                                                      style="font-family:
                                                      "Times New
                                                      Roman";
                                                      font-size: 16px;"
                                                      class="">
                                                      <div class="">
                                                        <div
                                                          style="font-family:
"Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:
                                                          16px;"
                                                          class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:
"Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:
                                                          16px;"
                                                          class="">
                                                          <div class=""><span
                                                          class="">
                                                          <div class="">While
                                                          I like the
                                                          geometric
                                                          approach based
                                                          on
                                                          experimental
                                                          evidence,
                                                          linking the
                                                          matrix math of
                                                          Dirac, Majorna
                                                          and Weyl
                                                          particles  to
                                                          zitterbewegung
                                                          models is
                                                          essential to
                                                          wider
                                                          acceptance. </div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">Notes:</div>
                                                          <div class="">Most
                                                          of the time,
                                                          we use Dirac
                                                          electrons
                                                          which up until
                                                          2015 were the
                                                          only confirmed
                                                          prediction.
                                                          The Weyl
                                                          fermion was
                                                          predicted in
                                                          1929 and
                                                          confirmed in
                                                          2015. The
                                                          Majorna
                                                          fermion was
                                                          predicted 1937
                                                          and confirmed
                                                          in 2017.</div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">Notably,
                                                          zitterbewegung
                                                          was predicted
                                                          by
                                                          Schroedinger
                                                          in 1930 and
                                                          confirmed
                                                          using BEC in
                                                          2013.</div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          </span></div>
                                                          <div class="">ref:</div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><a
href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.1718" rel="nofollow"
                                                          class="enhancr_card_0779676588"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">[1006.1718] Dirac, Majorana and
                                                          Weyl fermions</a><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/525293e" rel="noopener noreferrer"
target="_blank" class="" moz-do-not-send="true">Condensed-matter
                                                          physics: Weyl
                                                          particles
                                                          discovered
                                                          (2015)</a><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><a
href="https://news.stanford.edu/2017/07/20/evidence-particle-antiparticle/"
                                                          rel="nofollow"
class="enhancr_card_1025704008" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Evidence
                                                          for a particle
                                                          that is its
                                                          own
                                                          antiparticle
                                                          (2017)|
                                                          Stanford News</a> <br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><a
href="https://www.sciencealert.com/this-new-proof-of-majorana-fermions-is-going-to-be-massive-for-quantum-devices"
                                                          rel="nofollow"
class="enhancr_card_0888238275" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">This
                                                          New Proof of
                                                          Majorana
                                                          Fermions Is
                                                          Going to Be
                                                          Massive For
                                                          Quantum
                                                          Devices</a><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          id="ydp70006240yahoo_quoted_0448083737"
class="ydp70006240yahoo_quoted">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:
"Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:
                                                          13px; color:
                                                          rgb(38, 40,
                                                          42);" class="">
                                                          <div class="">On
                                                          Wednesday,
                                                          June 27, 2018,
                                                          5:50:16 PM
                                                          PDT,<span
                                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com" class="" moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a
                                                          href="mailto:richgauthier@gmail.com"
                                                          class=""
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true">richgauthier@gmail.com</a>>
                                                          wrote:</div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          id="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"
                                                          class="">
                                                          <div
                                                          class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">Hello
                                                          all,</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> 
                                                           I thought
                                                          some of you
                                                          might like to
                                                          see a new
                                                          electron
                                                          model,
                                                          composed of a
                                                          superluminal
                                                          spin-1/2
                                                          charged
                                                          half-photon. </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">In
                                                          the stationary
                                                          electron model
                                                          the
                                                          superluminal
                                                          energy quantum
                                                          moves along
                                                          the surface of
                                                          a horn torus,
                                                          with an
                                                          internal
                                                          frequency
                                                          equal to the
                                                          zitterbewegung
                                                          frequency
                                                          f=2mc^2/h. The
                                                          relativistic
                                                          electron model
                                                          contracts with
                                                          increasing
                                                          gamma. The
                                                          electron
                                                          model’s closed
                                                          helix's radius
                                                          is R=hbar/2mc
                                                          as in several
                                                           electron
                                                          models.</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> I’ve
                                                          started
                                                          writing a
                                                          short paper
                                                          about the (new
                                                          electron)
                                                          model. The
                                                          working title:
                                                          “Is the
                                                          electron a
                                                          superluminal
                                                          half-photon
                                                          with toroidal
                                                          topology?” The
                                                          electron model
                                                          is formed from
                                                          one wavelength
                                                          of the helical
                                                          trajectory of
                                                          one of the two
                                                          half-photons
                                                          composing a
                                                          double-helix
                                                          photon
                                                          energetically
                                                          capable of
                                                          producing an
                                                          electron-positron
                                                          pair in e-p
                                                          pair
                                                          production,
                                                          i.e. with
                                                          photon energy
                                                          E=2mc^2 and
                                                          photon
                                                          frequency
                                                          equal to the
                                                          electron’s
                                                          zitterbewegung
                                                          frequency
                                                          f=2mc^2/h. The
                                                          helical radius
                                                          of this
                                                          half-photon is
                                                          R =
                                                          Lcompton/4pi =
                                                          hbar/2mc. The
                                                          circulating
                                                          superrluminal
                                                          particle is
                                                          actually a
                                                          point-like
                                                          particle. The
                                                          resting
                                                          electron
                                                          model's energy
                                                          Eo will be
                                                          one-half of
                                                          the
                                                          originating
                                                          photon’s
                                                          minimum energy
                                                          of 2mc^2, and
                                                          therefore
                                                          Eo=mc^2.</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> 
                                                           Comments or
                                                          questions?</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"> 
                                                                Richard </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444"><br
class="ydp70006240yiv1559197444">
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
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