[General] Position

[Andrew Meulenberg]

Richard,

I have begun to incorporate the various positions; but, I have a few
questions on your model:

   1. Have you ever found any evidence of a light beam bending in a strong
   electric or magnetic field? (I have speculated on every photon as being
   both fermionic and well as bosonic, so there could be a basis for the spin
   1/2 component.)
   2. Do you have any evidence for a charge not having mass?
   3. How is the charge spatially distributed within the photon?

Andrew
__________________________________-

Chandra, Andrew and others,
   Here's my current position paper on my charged photon model of the
electron, and the energy quantum, with an attached Word file of the same:


*Richard Gauthier's position on photon models of the electron, and the
transluminal energy quantum *



*Two types of non-pointlike electron models*



For those who have not accepted the ideal that the electron is pointlike
with intrinsic spin (as accepted in the standard model), two distinct loop
models with variations have been proposed. The first is a single-loop model
where the electron's charge or its mass or momentum or a photon or
photon-like object moves circularly at light-speed around a loop of
circumference one Compton wavelength h/mc and radius R1= hbar/mc. The
second is a double-loop model that has the charge or mass or momentum or a
photon or photon-like object moving at light-speed around a double loop
whose total length is also one Compton wavelength but whose radius is
R2=hbar/2mc .  Several models of the photon have been combined with these
basic or generic single or double-loop models to produce more elaborate
models of the electron.



One main advantage of the single-loop model is that the calculated
magnitude of the magnetic moment due to a circulating light-speed electron
charge is the Bohr magneton ehbar/2m (the experimental value of the
electron's magnetic moment is slightly more than this.) But the calculated
spin (z-component) of this model from the circulating momentum mc of the
photon of Compton wavelength h/mc is Sz=R1 x p = (hbar/mc) x mc = hbar
which is twice the spin of the electron. The experimental value of the spin
1/2 hbar of the electron has then to be found from some further hypothesis
about the single-loop electron model.



One main advantage of the double-loop model is that the calculated spin
(z-component) is Sz=R2 x p = (hbar/2mc) x mc = hbar/2 which is the correct
electron spin (z-component). But the magnitude of the magnetic moment of
this model is found to be 1/2 Bohr magneton. The experimental value of the
electron's magnetic moment (slightly more than 1 Bohr magneton) has then to
be calculated or approximated from some further hypothesis about the
double-loop model. The double-loop model also contains the zitterbewegung
frequency fzitt=(2mc^2)/h of the electron found from the Dirac equation.



Both the single-loop and double-loop models have generally been described
for a resting (v=0) electron. Some models have included motion v>0 of the
electron to try to account for the experimental value of the de Broglie
wavelength Ldb=h/(gamma m v) of a moving electron, and the experimental
value of the very small (around or less than 10^-18m) of relativistic
electrons found in high energy electron scattering experiments.



*Gauthier's charged photon model of the electron*



My approach has been to model the electron relativistically as a helically
circulating double-looping photon. The photon carries the electron's charge
and has spin 1/2 hbar, the same as that of an electron, rather than spin hbar
of an uncharged photon. By equating the moving electron's relativistic
energy E=gamma mc^2 with the photon's energy E=hf, the charged photon is
found to have frequency f=(gamma mc^2)/h and a wavelength L= h/(gamma mc).
While this frequency f was used by deBroglie to derive the electron's
deBroglie wavelength, the wavelength L=h/(gamma mc) of a hypothesized
photon corresponding to a relativistic electron has never previously been
reported or utilized to my knowledge, neither by de Broglie nor by others
(including other electron modelers.)



The charged photon in the above model has these three photon
characteristics: 1) its energy E=hf, 2) its momentum  p=h/L, 3) its speed
of light c=fL. In addition it has 4) the electron's charge, 5) a
light-speed helical motion and 6) a spin 1/2 hbar.  In addition the radius of
the helix for a resting electron (where the helix becomes a circle) is
hbar/2mc . When these first 3 characteristics and the resting electron
radius are combined with the helical motion of characteristic 5, a unique
helical trajectory (except for right or left turning) is found for the
charged photon model of the electron. Some of its characteristics are:



1)   Its radius for a resting electron is R2 = hbar/2mc

2)   The radius of  the charged photon's helical trajectory decreases with
increasing electron speed as R= R2/(gamma^2)

3)   The longitudinal component of the charged photon's helical speed c is
the speed v of the electron being modeled. The forward angle theta of the
circulating helix is given by cos (theta) = v/c.

4)   The electron's momentum p=gamma mv is the longitudinal component of
the circulating photon's momentum P=gamma mc.

5)   The pitch of the charged photon's helical trajectory is maximum for v=
c/sqrt(2) and gamma = sqrt(2), where theta = 45 degrees. The maximum
helical pitch here is pi Ro, and decreases towards zero as v->0 and as v->c.

6)   The longitudinal component of the charged photon's wave vector K
corresponding the circulating charged photon's relativistic wavelength
L=h/(gamma mc) generates the de Broglie wavelength of the electron h/(gamma
mv)

7)   The transverse component of the circulating photon's momentum is
ptrans=mc. At v=0, this transverse momentum when combined with the
circulating photon's helical radius hbar/2mc gives the electron's spin Sz=
+ or - hbar/2

8)   Since the electron has spin 1/2 hbar at highly relativistic velocities,
the spin of the circulating charged photon must also be 1/2 hbar, since in
the charged photon model of the electron it is the charged photon's spin at
highly relativistic velocities that gives the electron model its spin 1/2
hbar at these velocities. The contribution of the helical radius R of the
charged photon's axis to the electron model's spin Sz is R x mc = hbar/(2mc
gamma^2) x mc = hbar/(2gamma^2) which is hbar/2 when v=0 but decreases
towards zero at highly relativistic velocities. The charged photon's spin 1/2
hbar remains constant at highly relativistic velocities and therefore gives
the electron model its spin 1/2 hbar at these highly relativistic velocities.



An objection to the charged photon model that has been repeatedly raised is
that an electron has spin 1/2 hbar and is a fermion while a photon has spin 1
hbar and is a boson, so an electron cannot be a charged photon. But if a
circulating photon carrying the electron's charge has spin 1/2 hbar it is not
a boson but a fermion. In other words, photons may be of two types:
uncharged with spin 1 hbar  (boson) and charged with spin 1/2 hbar (fermion).



*Gauthier's transluminal energy quantum model of the photon and a spin 1/2
photon model*



A spin 1/2 hbar photon model is needed that satisfies this requirement of the
charged photon model of the electron. One such model is obtained by
modifying Gauthier's transluminal energy quantum model of the photon, which
has spin 1 hbar and is described in another publication ("Transluminal
energy quantum models of the photon and the electron"). Suffice it to say
here that when the transluminal energy quantum photon model's helical
radius of Lambda/2pi is changed to Lambda/4pi, the photon's spin is reduced
from hbar to hbar/2 and the photon obtained becomes a candidate for the
spin 1/2 hbar photon that is required for the charged photon model of the
electron.



The general concept of the transluminal energy quantum as a fundamental
quantum particle is that electrons and photons as well as other fundamental
particles may be composed of these energy quanta with different
characteristics that produce gluons, quarks, neutrinos, muons and tau
particles, W and Z particles and the Higgs boson, and possibly dark matter
particles as well. A quark may be a circulating charged gluon in a similar
way that an electron may be a circulating charged photon. This last
paragraph is meant to be suggestive of the possible power of the concept of
the transluminal energy quantum for structuring oscillating energy into
various physical particles with their characteristics, but more theoretical
as well as experimental research is needed here.


April 8, 2015
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