[General] Position
Nick Green
nick_green at blueyonder.co.uk
Wed Apr 22 18:11:05 PDT 2015
Yes indeed. Closure producing a coherence with a hard carapace or shell
as we can say these days in Cybernetics.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Pask#Interactions_of_Actors_Theory
At equilibrium total rising edge amplitudes would equal total falling
edge amplitudes. Emission or absorption of photons would produce
self-correcting (the cybernetic core idea) phase shifts in coherences
that manage to persist else decoherence or decay- Newton's Third law no
longer applies to them, the carapace is not hard. Refraction can produce
closure (as in pair production) but tunnelling might be required to
account for the production of the first components of a refracting
medium if a strictly evolutionary approach is taken.
Herbert Frohlich FRS did some early work on this kind of thing but in
biological systems.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Fr%C3%B6hlich
He says after his work in dielectrics the 10^5 volts per cm found in Bio
systems drew him into this field. Rather higher field strengths are
found in atoms that refract.
Best
N.
On 22/04/2015 06:16, John Williamson wrote:
> Yes, that is right. Light in a box has rest mass (see o.a. Martins
> "light is heavy" paper).
>
> There is, however, a bit missing. Whatever is confining the photon.
> Light does not usually go round and round in circles. It is, as I keep
> saying, an understanding of the "box" - the confinement mechanism -
> that we need to get to.
>
> Regards, John.
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> *From:* General
> [general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org]
> on behalf of Richard Gauthier [richgauthier at gmail.com]
> *Sent:* Tuesday, April 21, 2015 6:29 AM
> *To:* Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion
> *Subject:* Re: [General] Position
>
> Hello John,
> The circulating charged photon (constituting an electron) DOES have
> a rest mass — it’s the rest mass of the electron. So the helically
> circulating photon of spin 1/2 hbar that “is” the electron has a
> charge -e and a rest mass (or mass in more modern usage) of
> 0.511Mev/c^2 . When the helically circulating photon has a forward
> (longitudinal) velocity v (the velocity of the electron) it has energy
> E=gamma mc^2 (the electron’s energy) = hf, longitudinal momentum
> p=gamma mv (the relativistic momentum of the moving electron, and
> total circulating momentum Ptotal= gamma mc along its helical
> trajectory. The transverse component of the circulating photon’s total
> momentum is mc and this is an invariant of the charged photon’s motion
> for any speed v < c of the electron (v being the forward speed of the
> helically circulating charged photon.)
> There is some confusion in thinking about the rest mass of a
> circulating photon (ref the professor from SLAC). It seems that she
> thought that the rest mass is moving at the speed of light within the
> electron in my model, but that is not the case. For a resting electron
> (circulating charged photon) the transverse momentum mc of the charged
> photon is circulating at light speed, but that’s OK for a photon. The
> circulating photon’s total energy (for a resting electron) IS the rest
> mass of the electron, but that mass moves with a velocity v when the
> circulating photon moves forward longitudinally with velocity v.
> Richard
>
>> On Apr 19, 2015, at 5:03 PM, John Williamson
>> <John.Williamson at glasgow.ac.uk
>> <mailto:John.Williamson at glasgow.ac.uk>> wrote:
>>
>> HI Richard,
>>
>> Ok ... I see what level she was coming in at then ....
>>
>> Yes, as I said before and as Martin explained in some length.
>> Briefly, charges, have masses associated with them. This is true
>> theoretically, but more importantly there are no rest-massless
>> charged particles experimentally. Masses aquire a gamma of infinity
>> as they approach the speed of light. It does not matter that this is
>> not in the direction of motion as this is true also for a
>> "stationary" electron with lightspeed rotation. The corollary is
>> that: if your definition for a photon is that it is rest-massless
>> then it cannot, itself, be charged.
>>
>> One can have a "charged photon", of course, (like the Z boson) but it
>> then has rest mass and will get to an infinite gamma as one
>> approaches the speed of light.
>>
>> Regards, John.
>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>> *From:*General
>> [general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
>> <mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>]
>> on behalf of Richard Gauthier [richgauthier at gmail.com
>> <mailto:richgauthier at gmail.com>]
>> *Sent:*Sunday, April 19, 2015 7:19 AM
>> *To:*Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion
>> *Subject:*Re: [General] Position
>>
>> John W. and others,
>> The physics professor who moderated my APS session thought she
>> has spotted a flaw in my model, which refers to the velocity c of the
>> circulating charged photon which is a model for the electron. She
>> assumed that this c was the velocity which would go into the
>> calculation of gamma in my model, leading to an absurd result. But
>> this is not at all the case. It is the longitudinal velocity v < c
>> of the helically-circulating charged photon that corresponds to the
>> measured electron’s velocity, and it is this longitudinal velocity v
>> which goes into calculating gamma. She didn’t mention anything more
>> complicated in her criticism like gauge problems or Yang-Mills
>> theories. Is there any accepted physical theory that would claim that
>> a circulating charged photon with spin 1/2 hbar cannot exist and so
>> cannot be an electron? I would be surprised if this is the case.
>> Richard
>>
>>> On Apr 17, 2015, at 9:12 PM, John Williamson
>>> <John.Williamson at glasgow.ac.uk
>>> <mailto:John.Williamson at glasgow.ac.uk>> wrote:
>>>
>>> David,
>>>
>>> Wonderful!
>>>
>>> I'm delighted that you pick this up and help bring the debate to
>>> proper level.
>>>
>>> You are absolutely right. Especially in view of gauge theories
>>> no-one has yet been able to "fix" the issue of charge. This is
>>> related to the problem of covariance of solutions and of the
>>> "desert" to which the quantum field theory community refers. I was
>>> at a recent conference with Roger Penrose, and Basil Hiley and Chris
>>> Isham (amongst many other notables). The closing talk - given by
>>> Deser - gave an overview of attempts to tackle this - showing that
>>> all had been been - so far - in vain. The main dig was at Isham,
>>> with Deser claiming that he had personally knocked down all his
>>> attempts. My impression is that the two are clearly fast friends and
>>> this was an ongoing conversation.
>>>
>>> I will copy this to some of the above, but in the background or as a
>>> forward, as some of these guys get quite enough spam as it is.
>>>
>>> My own view is that part of the problem lies in that "gauge
>>> theories" - magnificent as they are and complicated as they can get
>>> have a fatal flaw not understood by many - the idea that there
>>> should exist a full gauge freedom. This blows the minds of even the
>>> best as they try to puzzle through it.
>>>
>>> Let me go through some of the below in turn with reference to
>>> experiment where I know anything about it. I may try to more after I
>>> follow up some of the links with which I am unfamiliar. I'll go in blue.
>>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>> *From:*General
>>> [general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
>>> <mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>]
>>> on behalf of David Mathes [davidmathes8 at yahoo.com
>>> <mailto:davidmathes8 at yahoo.com>]
>>> *Sent:*Friday, April 17, 2015 6:36 PM
>>> *To:*Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion
>>> *Cc:*Nick Bailey; Anthony Booth; Manohar .; Kyran Williamson; Ariane
>>> Mandray
>>> *Subject:*Re: [General] Position
>>>
>>> John
>>>
>>> Especially in view of gauge theory, I'm not sure how to "fix" the
>>> issue of charge.
>>>
>>> So I've been muddling around ideas regarding charge:
>>>
>>> 1. No other charged particle is permitted within the electron. This
>>> statement seems obvious. Proving this may prove quite challenging.
>>> For some, this suggests no other mass. For others, this suggests no
>>> other quarks, and in doing so we are back to the issue of the
>>> negative vacuum within electron space.
>>>
>>> No solution here. The leptons in general and the electron in
>>> particular appear "structureless" in high energy
>>> collisionexperiments. There is no simpler charged object within them
>>> - at leastup tothe level of current experimental capability.If such
>>> a thing was discovered, it wouldanywayjust shift the charge puzzle
>>> to a deeper level.
>>>
>>> 2. In any model circulating photon or quanta, charge is the result
>>> of transverse fields and may be an indirect result.
>>> First note that all models need to continuously conserve momentum.
>>>
>>> At least ... it would be good if the constituent was also local,
>>> continuous and properly relativistic as well.
>>>
>>> a) Photon-in-the electron model requires containment, curvature and
>>> closed path. All models should be able to be modeled with a vector
>>> field even in 4D. 5D is a bit more difficult with essentially a 5x5
>>> matrix.
>>>
>>> Agreed whole-heartedledly. Confinement and its mechanism are the key
>>> here. I have been puzzling for a long time about the mechanism for
>>> confinement. As Martin noted, we were lucky enough to work with
>>> Casimir himself in the early days - looking for a possibility of
>>> using the Casimir force for electron confinement for our electron as
>>> a localised photon model. Our conclusion was that a spherical
>>> (bubble) cavity did not work, but that a toroidal cavity might. My
>>> present view, however, is that the Casimir force is, if it exists
>>> separately from the van der Waals force at all (which I think is not
>>> yet proven experimentally), is not sufficient to the task in hand.
>>> Anything confining the photon needs to be more potent than this. I
>>> now have such a force, as outlined in the paper presented at FFP14
>>> which I circulated earlier - based on the scalar mass-energy termI
>>> introducein the new theory of electromagnetism. I do not think that
>>> this is the whole story yet, but hope to develop thatthis year in
>>> and for the conference. Bottom line is - confinement is the key to
>>> charge and the understanding of charge needs the understanding of
>>> photon confinement.
>>>
>>> b) Quanta-in-the-electron model suggests a transformation of
>>> photon-to-quanta,
>>>
>>> This is manifestly true from experiment. Photons transform to
>>> particles and vice-versa. The key here, and the argument in the WvdM
>>> model a couple of decades ago, is that the photon transverse field
>>> becomes configured topologically so that it becomes radial. This is,
>>> for us, the origin of charge.In doing this, the configuration
>>> becomes,necessarily, double-looped. This is,for us,the origin of the
>>> creation of fermions from bosons.
>>>
>>> and in doing so, the quanta may be charged or not.
>>>
>>> No.To be covariant it must absolutely NOT be charged. Charge must
>>> arise from the uncharged - as in experiment. This is the key problem
>>> unresolved in Richards model, Dirac's relativistic quantum mechanics
>>> (he was aware of this and tried later to fix it) and in all the
>>> present QFT's within the standard model (as far as I am aware).
>>>
>>> c) Nested model combines a and b to create a 3 level nest
>>> quanta/photon/electron model. Assumes the quanta has not structure
>>> internally.
>>>
>>> In my view as at present - again no. The quantum must, and should,
>>> have an internal structure. This is another fun puzzle. My answer to
>>> this is to base the internal structure of the photon on the
>>> underlying relativistic nature of 4-spacetime. This is the theme of
>>> the paper I am considering dropping from the conference in favour of
>>> one answering Chip's problem of causality in the transactional
>>> interpretation of exchange events. I may re-consider this.
>>>
>>> d) N-nested layer theory where the 4th level of nesting is the
>>> structure within the quanta...one could go further and perhaps
>>> eventually bump into strings at some point but the lack of
>>> experimental tools to probe at this level, and the minimal evidence
>>> of the quanta, puts N-nested theory of elementary particles in the
>>> highly speculative category
>>>
>>> My personal view at present is that string theory has a lot of very
>>> nice maths, but is manifestly (and often by design) completely
>>> unrelated to and untested by any present experiment. Hence its
>>> survival as a candidate theory so far.
>>>
>>> e) SWAG - the spindle contains another sub-elementary particle -
>>> perhaps the magnetic monopole??? Fantasy that may be a possibility
>>> but is a bit more complex than proposed theories.
>>>
>>> The electron monopole model implies - by duality - a magnetic
>>> monopole model. As argued in our 1997 paper the reason for its
>>> non-existence is that the electric monopole is of the same nature -
>>> but at a far lower energy. This is related, for me, to the
>>> underlying nature of the weak force. It is just the dual of the EM
>>> force.
>>>
>>> 3. The wake of the quanta or photon which emits a continuously
>>> expanding field. Think of the wake of a boat...not only is there a
>>> primary wake but secondary and beyond wakes. At the speed of light
>>> in vacuo, the wake is almost transverse to the quanta/photon. (ref:
>>> Froning and others) We have already seen other complex wake signatures
>>>
>>> This is beyond me. Can't wait to look it up. Do you have some more
>>> detailed references?
>>>
>>> 4. Conditioning of the photon beyond just containment and curvature
>>> - Suggestions vary...SU(n), ribbon like photon, photon interacting
>>> with path, CPT violating photon, phat photon, football of
>>> frequencies of quanta for photon,
>>>
>>> I think it is wrong to put complex structure in a-priori. Such
>>> things as SU(n) should flow out of a model, not be put into it.
>>>
>>> 6. Modification of SRT/GRT - Probably won't work given the 100 or so
>>> theories that have attempted to assault GRT as premier.
>>> So far, the best that can be done is to linearize GRT using
>>> Hoyle-Narkilar (see Lance Williams, Fearn, Miloni,etc)
>>>
>>> I think SRT and GRT are both very nearly correct. Any proper theory
>>> must, at least, reduce to these in proper limits. SRT, for me, is
>>> absolutely so. GRT is a quite simple theory at present. Here there
>>> is more room for manoeuvre and this could be fun. I think the first
>>> step may be to replace the scalar curvature in GRT at present with a
>>> pseudoscalar curvature. This is, in itself, quite a big job. Any GRT
>>> experts in the group who would like to give it a go?
>>>
>>> 7. TOEs - Weyl, (Williams)Heim, extended Heim, E8, Quantum Gravity
>>> (cGh), loop quantum gravity...TOE is waiting on the photon and
>>> electron folks to figure out the right direction to take the next steps.
>>>
>>> Too true. One needs a proper theory of the photon and electron at
>>> least. Lets get on with it!
>>>
>>> 8. FTL approaches where GRT is preserved as a subset...may require
>>> negative vacuum, energy density conditioning or other "new and
>>> improved" approaches
>>>
>>> I think FTL is ok, provided it preserves the proper (in the
>>> relativistic sense) nature of the underlying absolute relativity.
>>>
>>> Finally, an issue that impedes further progress may be inertial
>>> frames and frames of reference. Millis has for almost two decades
>>> been examining the issue. Here is a recent presentation (2014) on
>>> inertial frames.
>>> http://aspw.jpl.nasa.gov/files/ASPW2014%20PRESENTATIONS/WEDNESDAY/Breakthrough%20Prop/Millis.pdf
>>>
>>> See also 2013
>>> http://www.globalsciencecollaboration.org/public/site/PDFS/time%20distance/Millis%20M.%20Warp%20Drives%20%26%20Wormholes.pdf
>>>
>>> Millis (2011) summarizes the Davis/Millis tome on "Frontiers in
>>> Propulsion Science" (2009). Perhaps we need to collectively develop
>>> a vetting process specifically for the electron model similar to
>>> what Millis has done in Figure 1.
>>> http://arxiv.org/abs/1101.1063
>>>
>>> Cannot wait to have a look at these. Next job!
>>>
>>> David
>>>
>>> Regards to all.
>>>
>>> John W.
>>>
>>>
>>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>> *From:*John Williamson <John.Williamson at glasgow.ac.uk
>>> <mailto:John.Williamson at glasgow.ac.uk>>
>>> *To:*Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion
>>> <general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
>>> <mailto:general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>>
>>> *Cc:*Manohar . <manohar_berlin at hotmail.com
>>> <mailto:manohar_berlin at hotmail.com>>; Nick Bailey
>>> <nick at bailey-family.org.uk <mailto:nick at bailey-family.org.uk>>;
>>> Anthony Booth <abooth at ieee.org <mailto:abooth at ieee.org>>; Ariane
>>> Mandray <ariane.mandray at wanadoo.fr
>>> <mailto:ariane.mandray at wanadoo.fr>>; Kyran Williamson
>>> <kyran_williamson at hotmail.com <mailto:kyran_williamson at hotmail.com>>
>>> *Sent:*Friday, April 17, 2015 9:21 AM
>>> *Subject:*Re: [General] Position
>>>
>>> Hiya Richard and everyone,
>>>
>>> I'm afraid the professor may have a point. This is related to
>>> what I was saying in an earlier email about the nature of charge
>>> and the relationship to gauge and to mass. Do you remember what
>>> she asked exactly?
>>>
>>> To have a "charge" you need to go to a Coulomb-type gauge,
>>> related to the charge in that specific frame. This charge has a
>>> (radial) field associated with it in this frame which, itself,
>>> has an energy density (and since it is pinned to that frame a
>>> rest-mass density). You are positing an oscillation backwards
>>> and forwards at lightspeed (or greater) of this charge. This,
>>> neccessarily, takes one past infinite gamma. If one then wishes
>>> to keep special relativity, this is not physically possible. To
>>> be fair, as I said before, this problem is also there in the
>>> Dirac model.
>>>
>>> This has a big problem with all Yang-Mills type theories (pretty
>>> much all of QFT then) and is a well-known problem in HEP and
>>> field theory circles. This problem has remained intractable for
>>> more than half a century since no one had managed (anyone know
>>> any different?), until my 2014 paper, to write down a covariant
>>> wavefunction for the photon, with which to construct an
>>> everywhere lightspeed solution without this problem.
>>>
>>> At a simpler level one needs a model, such as the old WvdM
>>> model, where the photon remains rest-massles and chargeless -
>>> and charge the arises from the re-configuration of the field
>>> inside a double-loop topology. The ac photon field is then
>>> "rectified" in Andrews parlance, to be outward or inwards
>>> directed by virtue of the confinement mechanism (postulated in
>>> that paper- ascribed to the new "pivot" term in my new theory).
>>> There is no internal charge. Charge emerges as a consequence of
>>> the kind of confinement.
>>>
>>> Don't worry too much ... these are known problems and I (think
>>> I) know how to fix them.
>>>
>>> Regards, John W.
>>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>>
>>>
>>> *From:*General
>>> [general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
>>> <mailto:general-bounces+john.williamson=glasgow.ac.uk at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>]
>>> on behalf of Richard Gauthier [richgauthier at gmail.com
>>> <mailto:richgauthier at gmail.com>]
>>> *Sent:*Friday, April 17, 2015 4:47 PM
>>> *To:*Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion
>>> *Subject:*Re: [General] Position
>>>
>>> Chandra, Andrew and others,
>>> My presentation at APS in Baltimore on Tuesday went well in
>>> that in 10 minutes I presented the material as planned. The
>>> session had about 10 attendees, and was moderated by a professor
>>> of theoretical high energy physics from SLAC (This was very
>>> good). My powerpoint for the session is attached below.
>>> The moderator asked a question indicating that she had
>>> misunderstood (perhaps because of the way I expressed it) a main
>>> idea in my electron model. She thought that because I proposed
>>> that the electron is a circulating charged photon, that this
>>> implies that gamma for the electron model is infinite, making
>>> the model absurd. But in the model, while the circulating
>>> charged photon’s velocity is c along its helical path, it is the
>>> charged photon's longitudinal component velocity v that
>>> corresponds to v of the electron. The experimentally measured
>>> velocity v of the electron is always less than c, so gamma in
>>> the model is normal and not infinite. I didn’t have time to
>>> clarify this to her after my talk so I will try to do so by
>>> email. I hope no one in this group has the professor’s
>>> misunderstanding of my model on this point.
>>> Richard
>>>
>>>> On Apr 16, 2015, at 10:54 PM, Richard Gauthier
>>>> <richgauthier at gmail.com <mailto:richgauthier at gmail.com>> wrote:
>>>>
>>>> Andrew,
>>>> Thanks for your questions.
>>>>
>>>> 1 As far as I know, a light beam of normal (uncharged, spin 1
>>>> hbar) photons is not bent in a strong electric or magnetic
>>>> field. The proposed circulating charged photon (spin 1/2 hbar
>>>> and charge -e for an electron) that models an electron would of
>>>> course bend in both an electric field and a magnetic field
>>>> (unless the electric and magnetic forces cancelled each other).
>>>>
>>>> 2. As far as I know, mass is always associated with a charged
>>>> particle. In the case of a circulating charged photon, its mass
>>>> is the energy that the circulating charged photon has when its
>>>> longitudinal velocity (called the electron’s velocity) is at or
>>>> near zero, i.e. m=Erest/c^2= 0.511 Mev/c^2 .
>>>>
>>>> 3. The circulating charged photon model of a relativistic
>>>> electron does not incorporate a specific model of the charged
>>>> photon, so different charged photon models could have different
>>>> charge distributions. I doubt that the transluminal energy
>>>> quantum associated with a photon or an electron in my models of
>>>> the photon and the electron is point-like since the
>>>> transluminal energy quantum for a photon or an electron can
>>>> pass through a double-slit like an extended wave. The charged
>>>> photon’s electric charge is associated with the helical
>>>> movement of the charged photon at light-speed along its helical
>>>> trajectory, while an uncharged spin 1 hbar photon travels
>>>> linearly at light-speed, unless either the electron or photon
>>>> is being diffracted by a slit or double slit for example in
>>>> which case their motions are not yet defined. In my
>>>> transluminal energy quantum model of the uncharged spin 1 hbar
>>>> photon, the photon is itself composed of a helically
>>>> circulating transluminal energy quantum, which is uncharged. In
>>>> the circulating-charged-photon model of a relativistic
>>>> electron, the circulating charged photon must have spin-1/2
>>>> hbar at least at relativistic velocities because the electron
>>>> has spin 1/2 hbar at relativistic velocities, as well as at
>>>> lower velocities .The energy quantum appears point like (or
>>>> very small) when a photon or electron is detected, in which
>>>> case we say that we detected a photon or an electron, when what
>>>> we actually detected is the photon's or electron’s transluminal
>>>> energy quantum. The variability of the position and momentum of
>>>> the helically-moving transluminal energy quantum in the photon
>>>> model exactly matches the minimum requirement of the Heisenberg
>>>> uncertainty principle: delta x times delta p = hbar/2 (as shown
>>>> in my "transluminal energy quantum models of the photon and the
>>>> electron” article.) Perhaps it is the variable motion of the
>>>> energy quantum generating a particle that requires the
>>>> Heisenberg uncertainty principle that applies to that particle.
>>>>
>>>> Richard
>>>>
>>>>> On Apr 16, 2015, at 12:34 PM, Andrew Meulenberg
>>>>> <mules333 at gmail.com <mailto:mules333 at gmail.com>> wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> Richard,
>>>>>
>>>>> I have begun to incorporate the various positions; but, I have
>>>>> a few questions on your model:
>>>>>
>>>>> 1. Have you ever found any evidence of a light beam bending
>>>>> in a strong electric or magnetic field? (I have speculated
>>>>> on every photon as being both fermionic and well as
>>>>> bosonic, so there could be a basis for the spin 1/2
>>>>> component.)
>>>>> 2. Do you have any evidence for a charge not having mass?
>>>>> 3. How is the charge spatially distributed within the photon?
>>>>>
>>>>> Andrew
>>>>> __________________________________-
>>>>>
>>>>> Chandra, Andrew and others,
>>>>> Here’s my current position paper on my charged photon model
>>>>> of the electron, and the energy quantum, with an attached Word
>>>>> file of the same:
>>>>> *Richard Gauthier’s position on photon models of the electron,
>>>>> and the transluminal energy quantum*
>>>>>
>>>>> *Two types of non-pointlike electron models*
>>>>> **
>>>>> For those who have not accepted the ideal that the electron is
>>>>> pointlike with intrinsic spin (as accepted in the standard
>>>>> model), two distinct loop models with variations have been
>>>>> proposed. The first is a single-loop model where the
>>>>> electron’s charge or its mass or momentum or a photon or
>>>>> photon-like object moves circularly at light-speed around a
>>>>> loop of circumference one Compton wavelength h/mc and radius
>>>>> R1= hbar/mc. The second is a double-loop model that has the
>>>>> charge or mass or momentum or a photon or photon-like object
>>>>> moving at light-speed around a double loop whose total length
>>>>> is also one Compton wavelength but whose radius is R2=hbar/2mc
>>>>> . Several models of the photon have been combined with these
>>>>> basic or generic single or double-loop models to produce more
>>>>> elaborate models of the electron.
>>>>>
>>>>> One main advantage of the single-loop model is that the
>>>>> calculated magnitude of the magnetic moment due to a
>>>>> circulating light-speed electron charge is the Bohr magneton
>>>>> ehbar/2m (the experimental value of the electron’s magnetic
>>>>> moment is slightly more than this.) But the calculated spin
>>>>> (z-component) of this model from the circulating momentum mc
>>>>> of the photon of Compton wavelength h/mc is Sz=R1 x p =
>>>>> (hbar/mc) x mc = hbar which is twice the spin of the electron.
>>>>> The experimental value of the spin ½ hbar of the electron has
>>>>> then to be found from some further hypothesis about the
>>>>> single-loop electron model.
>>>>>
>>>>> One main advantage of the double-loop model is that the
>>>>> calculated spin (z-component) is Sz=R2 x p = (hbar/2mc) x mc =
>>>>> hbar/2 which is the correct electron spin (z-component). But
>>>>> the magnitude of the magnetic moment of this model is found to
>>>>> be ½ Bohr magneton. The experimental value of the electron’s
>>>>> magnetic moment (slightly more than 1 Bohr magneton) has then
>>>>> to be calculated or approximated from some further hypothesis
>>>>> about the double-loop model. The double-loop model also
>>>>> contains the zitterbewegung frequency fzitt=(2mc^2)/h of the
>>>>> electron found from the Dirac equation.
>>>>>
>>>>> Both the single-loop and double-loop models have generally
>>>>> been described for a resting (v=0) electron. Some models have
>>>>> included motion v>0 of the electron to try to account for the
>>>>> experimental value of the de Broglie wavelength Ldb=h/(gamma m
>>>>> v) of a moving electron, and the experimental value of the
>>>>> very small (around or less than 10^-18m) of relativistic
>>>>> electrons found in high energy electron scattering experiments.
>>>>>
>>>>> *Gauthier’s charged photon model of the electron*
>>>>> **
>>>>> My approach has been to model the electron relativistically as
>>>>> a helically circulating double-looping photon. The photon
>>>>> carries the electron’s charge and has spin ½ hbar, the same as
>>>>> that of an electron, rather than spin hbar of an uncharged
>>>>> photon. By equating the moving electron’s relativistic energy
>>>>> E=gamma mc^2 with the photon’s energy E=hf, the charged photon
>>>>> is found to have frequency f=(gamma mc^2)/h and a wavelength
>>>>> L= h/(gamma mc). While this frequency f was used by deBroglie
>>>>> to derive the electron’s deBroglie wavelength, the wavelength
>>>>> L=h/(gamma mc) of a hypothesized photon corresponding to a
>>>>> relativistic electron has never previously been reported or
>>>>> utilized to my knowledge, neither by de Broglie nor by others
>>>>> (including other electron modelers.)
>>>>>
>>>>> The charged photon in the above model has these three photon
>>>>> characteristics: 1) its energy E=hf, 2) its momentum p=h/L, 3)
>>>>> its speed of light c=fL. In addition it has 4) the electron’s
>>>>> charge, 5) a light-speed helical motion and 6) a spin ½ hbar.
>>>>> In addition the radius of the helix for a resting electron
>>>>> (where the helix becomes a circle) is hbar/2mc . When these
>>>>> first 3 characteristics and the resting electron radius are
>>>>> combined with the helical motion of characteristic 5, a unique
>>>>> helical trajectory (except for right or left turning) is found
>>>>> for the charged photon model of the electron. Some of its
>>>>> characteristics are:
>>>>>
>>>>> 1)Its radius for a resting electron is R2 = hbar/2mc
>>>>> 2)The radius of the charged photon’s helical trajectory
>>>>> decreases with increasing electron speed as R= R2/(gamma^2)
>>>>> 3)The longitudinal component of the charged photon’s helical
>>>>> speed c is the speed v of the electron being modeled. The
>>>>> forward angle theta of the circulating helix is given by cos
>>>>> (theta) = v/c.
>>>>> 4)The electron’s momentum p=gamma mv is the longitudinal
>>>>> component of the circulating photon’s momentum P=gamma mc.
>>>>> 5)The pitch of the charged photon’s helical trajectory is
>>>>> maximum for v= c/sqrt(2) and gamma = sqrt(2), where theta = 45
>>>>> degrees. The maximum helical pitch here is pi Ro, and
>>>>> decreases towards zero as v->0 and as v->c.
>>>>> 6)The longitudinal component of the charged photon’s wave
>>>>> vector K corresponding the circulating charged photon’s
>>>>> relativistic wavelength L=h/(gamma mc) generates the de
>>>>> Broglie wavelength of the electron h/(gamma mv)
>>>>> 7)The transverse component of the circulating photon’s
>>>>> momentum is ptrans=mc. At v=0, this transverse momentum when
>>>>> combined with the circulating photon’s helical radius hbar/2mc
>>>>> gives the electron’s spin Sz= + or – hbar/2
>>>>> 8)Since the electron has spin ½ hbar at highly relativistic
>>>>> velocities, the spin of the circulating charged photon must
>>>>> also be ½ hbar, since in the charged photon model of the
>>>>> electron it is the charged photon’s spin at highly
>>>>> relativistic velocities that gives the electron model its spin
>>>>> ½ hbar at these velocities. The contribution of the helical
>>>>> radius R of the charged photon’s axis to the electron model’s
>>>>> spin Sz is R x mc = hbar/(2mc gamma^2) x mc = hbar/(2gamma^2)
>>>>> which is hbar/2 when v=0 but decreases towards zero at highly
>>>>> relativistic velocities. The charged photon’s spin ½ hbar
>>>>> remains constant at highly relativistic velocities and
>>>>> therefore gives the electron model its spin ½ hbar at these
>>>>> highly relativistic velocities.
>>>>>
>>>>> An objection to the charged photon model that has been
>>>>> repeatedly raised is that an electron has spin ½ hbar and is a
>>>>> fermion while a photon has spin 1 hbar and is a boson, so an
>>>>> electron cannot be a charged photon. But if a circulating
>>>>> photon carrying the electron’s charge has spin ½ hbar it is
>>>>> not a boson but a fermion. In other words, photons may be of
>>>>> two types: uncharged with spin 1 hbar (boson) and charged with
>>>>> spin ½ hbar (fermion).
>>>>>
>>>>> *Gauthier’s transluminal energy quantum model of the photon
>>>>> and a spin ½ photon model*
>>>>> **
>>>>> A spin ½ hbar photon model is needed that satisfies this
>>>>> requirement of the charged photon model of the electron. One
>>>>> such model is obtained by modifying Gauthier’s transluminal
>>>>> energy quantum model of the photon, which has spin 1 hbar and
>>>>> is described in another publication (“Transluminal energy
>>>>> quantum models of the photon and the electron”). Suffice it to
>>>>> say here that when the transluminal energy quantum photon
>>>>> model’s helical radius of Lambda/2pi is changed to Lambda/4pi,
>>>>> the photon’s spin is reduced from hbar to hbar/2 and the
>>>>> photon obtained becomes a candidate for the spin ½ hbar photon
>>>>> that is required for the charged photon model of the electron.
>>>>>
>>>>> The general concept of the transluminal energy quantum as a
>>>>> fundamental quantum particle is that electrons and photons as
>>>>> well as other fundamental particles may be composed of these
>>>>> energy quanta with different characteristics that produce
>>>>> gluons, quarks, neutrinos, muons and tau particles, W and Z
>>>>> particles and the Higgs boson, and possibly dark matter
>>>>> particles as well. A quark may be a circulating charged gluon
>>>>> in a similar way that an electron may be a circulating charged
>>>>> photon. This last paragraph is meant to be suggestive of the
>>>>> possible power of the concept of the transluminal energy
>>>>> quantum for structuring oscillating energy into various
>>>>> physical particles with their characteristics, but more
>>>>> theoretical as well as experimental research is needed here.
>>>>>
>>>>> April 8, 2015
>>>>> _______________________________________________
>>>>> If you no longer wish to receive communication from the Nature
>>>>> of Light and Particles General Discussion List
>>>>> atrichgauthier at gmail.com <mailto:richgauthier at gmail.com>
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>>>>
>>>
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