[General] inertia
Albrecht Giese
genmail at a-giese.de
Fri Jun 10 06:53:26 PDT 2016
Hi Wolf,
why are you so sure that the photon is not a particle? A "normal"
particle like the electron can on the one hand be identified as a
corpuscle which has a position, a certain amount of energy, a momentum.
On the other hand it causes interference patterns behind a double slit
where it then looks like a wave.
What is different in case of the photon? It also causes an interference
pattern behind a double slit. And similar to the electron, it has an
amount of energy, it has a position, it has a momentum.
In case of the electron we can measure that it has a charge. In case of
the photon we do not see a charge, but the assumption that it has a pair
of opposite charges makes it very easy to understand why it interacts
with charges. Then it would be the same process like with e.g. an
electron. The reaction would be covered by known physics. If we on the
other hand assume that it has no charges inside, then we must think
about another process, an additional one, to explain the interaction. My
point is now: why invent something new and non-understood so far, if we
have an approach which already explains what happens. That is my
argument for charges inside a photon. And I do not see any conflict with
this assumption.
I remember from other discussions here that it was suspected that the
impression of a photon as a particle is a misinterpretation of the
functionality of a photon detector. (You call it a human creation). It
is the assumption that such detector collects energy from a wave, and
when there is a sufficient amount of energy collected, it causes a
"click". But there are other ways of measurement (also related to the
experiment of my PhD thesis). You can let an electron and a positron
react (="annihilate") and photons are created. Then you can use these
photons for pair production. In that case you get photons back which
reflect the energy and the momentum of the original photons. I think
that this shows clearly that there have been individual particles in the
photon state with well defined properties each including a well defined
position for a specific moment. Not some kind of a poorly defined wave
which is later on condensed to a particle or misinterpreted as a particle.
And what about EM-waves? Their existence is concluded from the formalism
of Maxwell. This mathematical formalism works very well in practise in
the use of electric engineer when they have to design an areal or a
transformer. But it has little to do with a physical understanding of
the underlying phenomena. One clearly wrong aspect of EM-waves and
Maxwell's formalism is the equivalence of electrical and magnetic
phenomena. It is known since Einstein (who has stated something correct
about this) that magnetism is only an apparent effect of the electric
field. It is a relativistic side effect when a field is viewed from a
certain perspective. It is somewhat similar to the Coriolis force, which
is as well not a new force but the known Newtonian force only viewed
from a certain perspective. Shall I give literature about it? (This is
even main stream, but neglected by many colleagues.)
So if a transmission antenna transmits energy, why not assume that in
this case photons are created which later accelerate the charges in a
receiving antenna?
And all this has very little to do with my specific particle model. It
is mostly main stream. But my model can make good use of it.
best
Albrecht
Am 09.06.2016 um 23:28 schrieb Wolfgang Baer:
> Albrecht:
>
> "And a photon is a particle, quite (but not completely) similar to the
> other particles."
>
> A photon is*not* a particle similar to other particles. At best it is
> a*quantum particle* that acts like a wave when traveling from one
> source to a sink and acts like a particle when interacting with matter.
> In neither interpretation does it carry a charge
> However I believe a quantum photon is nothing but a human creation
> i.e. a projection that was imposed on physics because the originators
> simply did not know about resonant absorbers which can extract energy
> from a large effective antenna area. This has essentially been
> verified in nano-technologies and should update our concept of atoms,
> but it takes a while.
>
> I see no reason to give up the old field idea which states that light,
> EM-waves
> transport the position and current of the source charge into space NOT
> the charge
>
>
> I think this gets back to our earlier discussion regarding all the
> assumptions you need to make for your model to work. It is in my
> opinion not that your model is wrong, but that it ends up being more
> complex than the explanations we already have, so what is the benefit?
>
>
> best
>
> wolf
>
>
> Dr. Wolfgang Baer Research Director Nascent Systems Inc. tel/fax
> 831-659-3120/0432 E-mail wolf at NascentInc.com
> On 6/9/2016 1:20 PM, Albrecht Giese wrote:
>>
>> Wolf,
>>
>> thank you for your smart considerations. And I think that (almost)
>> all can be reasonably answered with an appropriate particle model in
>> mind.
>>
>>
>> Am 09.06.2016 um 00:02 schrieb Wolfgang Baer:
>>>
>>> Albrecht and Richard:
>>>
>>> This is an interesting discussion and certainly the nature of
>>> inertia an interesting topic
>>>
>>> But if ' "Field" is a human abstraction to describe the effect of a
>>> charge onto another charge.'
>>>
>>> Then the charges are located at the absorber and emitter , the
>>> photon is a structure of disturbance that propagates from one charge
>>> to the other.
>>>
>> Yes, the first point is the obvious consequence. The emitter and the
>> absorber has to contain charges. Any problems with this fact? And a
>> photon is a particle, quite (but not completely) similar to the other
>> particles. Why a structure of disturbance? It is much more a mostly
>> ordered structure.
>>>
>>> How do you possibly get to the "if a photon has a field" ?
>>>
>> Every particle has a field. This field on the one hand keeps the
>> constituents inside together. And the field on the other hand effects
>> the world outside the particle.
>>>
>>> If I eat a lot of garlic and walk into a closed room containing you.
>>> Then when I say "hello" I am emitting a field of garlic smelling
>>> particles and lucky you would pick up the smell by absorbing those
>>> particles. You would then say that the garlic smell is contained in
>>> the particles which make up the field of particles. Which is
>>> Albrecht's view of photons - they are carriers of hidden properties.
>>>
>> Photons are indeed carriers of properties, but why hidden? The
>> photons carry charges and, as they have inertia, they carry momentum
>> and energy. What is funny or weird about this? - In your picture the
>> garlic smell corresponds to the exchange particles in the case of
>> charges and elementary particles. It is a quite good picture with the
>> restriction that the exchange particles assumed by QM (and also by my
>> model) are not very similar to the molecules emitted by a piece of
>> garlic.
>>>
>>> However the sound I make when saying "hello" is a pressure
>>> disturbance producing a pressure field in the media NOT a particle
>>> field. THere is no garlic property attached to the pressure wave
>>> picked up by my ear.
>>>
>> Here you refer to the other kind of a wave which is a disturbance of
>> a medium. This is in contrast to the field waves of charges for which
>> we do not assume something like an aether (at least main stream
>> physics, since a material aether was abandoned, not by all but by
>> most physicists).
>>>
>>> So you are arguing over the fundamental nature of a photon. Is it a
>>> particle that can carry hidden properties from one place to another.
>>> Have not Bell's theorem experiments discounted this possibility?
>>>
>> Yes, I see a photon as a particle, which has properties. But again:
>> why hidden? What is hidden here? - Have you noticed that at the LHC
>> of CERN both big detectors have found indications of a new particle
>> which maybe a configuration of two photons? Will be wondering what it
>> will be at the end.
>>
>> The Bell's theorem experiments are a somewhat different story and
>> situation. In the experiment of Aspect there are two photons moving
>> in opposite directions, but being coupled in some way where this
>> coupling is not limited by the speed of light. How this can happen is
>> still a secret. QM handles this situation by an equation which covers
>> both photons at the same time and which ignores the limitation to c.
>> That is a formal way but of course not at all a physical explanation.
>> (Does QM ever give us physical explanations?)
>>
>> The weak point of this problems and of these experiments is that this
>> funny coupling over distance is not visible at a single event but
>> only at collection of events, which means that it is the result of
>> some statistical evaluations. There are fortunately experiments in
>> physics which are more direct and so better understandable for our
>> imagination than this experiment.
>>> best
>>>
>>> wolf
>>>
>> Best also to you and to all
>>
>> Albrecht
>>>
>>>
>>> Dr. Wolfgang Baer
>>> Research Director
>>> Nascent Systems Inc.
>>> tel/fax 831-659-3120/0432
>>> E-mailwolf at NascentInc.com
>>> On 6/8/2016 1:34 PM, Albrecht Giese wrote:
>>>>
>>>> Hello Richard,
>>>>
>>>> thank you for your response. - My comments again in the text below.
>>>>
>>>> Am 04.06.2016 um 20:20 schrieb Richard Gauthier:
>>>>> Hello Albrecht,
>>>>>
>>>>> I understand your deductive logic for thinking that photons are
>>>>> composite, but I think your beginning premise "electric charges
>>>>> can only interact with other electric charges” is faulty. And
>>>>> although your second premise “electrons can interact with photons”
>>>>> is correct, your conclusion "a photon must contain electric
>>>>> charges” is therefore, like your first premise, also faulty.
>>>>> Electric charges can interact with electric fields which are not
>>>>> electric charges.
>>>> What is a field? "Field" is a human abstraction to describe the
>>>> effect of a charge onto another charge. If we notice that at a
>>>> specific position in the space is a force acting on a charge, we
>>>> call this phenomenon a "field". What else is a field? It is the
>>>> effect of a charge at a certain distance, nothing else. - So, the
>>>> natural consequence is that if a photon has a field, which means
>>>> that it has an interaction with a charge, it must contain a charge.
>>>> Or, what else can the notion of a "field" mean?
>>>>> For example, an electron is accelerated to radiate a photon. The
>>>>> electron then annihilates with a positron to produce two photons.
>>>>> So there are no more electric charges, and only photons remain.
>>>> I think that this is a quite easy situation. If an electron
>>>> "annihilates" with a positron then both charges unify to build the
>>>> photon. - The situation with an accelerated electron is a bit
>>>> different. If there is enough energy, then obviously a pair of a
>>>> positive and a negative charge can be built. This generation of
>>>> pairs of charges also takes place at particle collisions in an
>>>> accelerator or a storage ring (like the LHC). At each collision a
>>>> lot of new particles is generated, most of which are charged, so a
>>>> lot of new pairs of charge is generated.
>>>>>
>>>>> Your second explanation also is faulty. No one knows the
>>>>> composition of a photon. A photon may consist of a single particle
>>>>> with a helical spatio-temporal movement. For example, my model of
>>>>> a spin-1 photon is that a photon is composed of a single
>>>>> transluminal energy quantum (TEQ) moving helically at speed c
>>>>> sqrt(2) but having a longitudinal speed of c. It has energy E=hf.
>>>>> It has the photon’s momentum p=h/lambda and it has spin 1 hbar.
>>>> TEQ? What is energy? In my understanding (which is generally
>>>> critical about QM) energy is a property of an object, like speed or
>>>> momentum or spin are properties of an object. You cannot have a
>>>> piece of velocity somewhere, similarly you cannot have a piece of
>>>> energy, without having an object which carries this. - I know that
>>>> in QM energy is something by itself, but just this is a core point
>>>> of the weirdness of QM in my understanding. And, what is an object?
>>>> In my understanding candidates for objects are charges, like the
>>>> electrical charge or the charge of the strong force. A
>>>> configuration of such charges can build a higher order object. Do
>>>> we really need more?
>>>>> Its forward helical angle is 45 degrees for all different energies
>>>>> of photons. Now I think that this TEQ generates speed-of-light
>>>>> quantum Huygens wavelets which predict where it will be found in
>>>>> the future, and which allow the photon to display reflection,
>>>>> refraction, diffraction, and interference and to go through double
>>>>> slits as a quantum wave pattern, and yet be detected as a single
>>>>> localized particle on the other side.
>>>> What is a wavelet? Not so familiar for me. But phenomena like
>>>> reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference can be
>>>> explained by the superposition of oscillating fields which are the
>>>> extended influences of moving charges. A particle model like the
>>>> one which I have proposed with mass-less constituents can perfectly
>>>> explain these phenomena like reflection, diffraction and
>>>> interference and also the fact that behind a double slit there is
>>>> still a particle present. This particle existed the entire time, so
>>>> as it was assumed by de Broglie when he introduced the pilot wave.
>>>> I think that it is really not necessary to assume all the further
>>>> properties of nature (like a Huygens wavelet), the situation seems
>>>> to be much easier. And why should we make it more complicated than
>>>> necessary?
>>>>>
>>>>> Richard
>>>> Albrecht
>>>>>
>>>>>> On Jun 4, 2016, at 7:41 AM, Albrecht Giese <genmail at a-giese.de
>>>>>> <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de>> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Hello Richard,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the experimental evidence that a photon must be a composite
>>>>>> object happens e.g. in every radio exchange. The photon interacts
>>>>>> with electric charges, this is only possible if one assumes that
>>>>>> the photon has electric charge. Now, as it is electrically
>>>>>> neutral as a whole, there must be a balance of positive and
>>>>>> negative electric charge(s). Those have to have some separation
>>>>>> as otherwise they could not react with an outside charge. This is
>>>>>> one of the indications that a photon has to be composite.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The other way to understand the photon is the way of quantum
>>>>>> mechanics. In the view of QM the photon is merely a quantum of
>>>>>> energy. Any further understanding of it is - by the view of QM -
>>>>>> not possible. To treat a photon physically and quantitatively
>>>>>> requires the use of the QM formalism, however, (as usual at QM)
>>>>>> without a direct understanding. - This is the position of QM
>>>>>> which is formally allows for a point-like photon. But I think
>>>>>> that no one in our group is willing to follow QM in this respect.
>>>>>> All efforts undertaken here come from the desire to have a
>>>>>> physical understanding. And this includes necessarily (in my
>>>>>> view) that the photon is composite.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Albrecht
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Am 03.06.2016 um 00:53 schrieb Richard Gauthier:
>>>>>>> Hello Albrecht,
>>>>>>> My electron model is built of a single circulating spin-1/2
>>>>>>> charged photon. It is not built “by photons”. I know of no
>>>>>>> experimental evidence that a photon is a composite particle as
>>>>>>> you claim. Please cite any accepted experimental evidence that a
>>>>>>> photon is a composite particle. Thanks.
>>>>>>> Richard
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> On Jun 2, 2016, at 1:37 PM, Albrecht Giese <genmail at a-giese.de>
>>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Hello Richard,
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Zero evidence for a composite particle? I think that the
>>>>>>>> evidence for a composite particle model is very obvious:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> - The model explains the mass and the momentum of a particle
>>>>>>>> with NO new parameters, from the scratch
>>>>>>>> - The model explains the magnetic moment of a particle
>>>>>>>> classically with no new parameters
>>>>>>>> - The model explains the constancy of the spin classically
>>>>>>>> - The model explains the equation E = h*f classically (was
>>>>>>>> never deduced before)
>>>>>>>> - The model explains the relativistic increase of mass and the
>>>>>>>> mass-energy relation E=m*c^2 independent of Einstein's
>>>>>>>> space-time ideas.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> And what is the evidence that the electron is NOT a composite
>>>>>>>> particle? Your electron model is built by photons, where the
>>>>>>>> photon is also a composite particle. So, what?
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> I do not know any other particle models with this ability. Do
>>>>>>>> you? Such properties are taken as a good evidence in physics.
>>>>>>>> Or why do main stream physics trust in the existence of an
>>>>>>>> up-quark and a down-quark? For both there was no direct
>>>>>>>> evidence in any experiment. The reason to accept their
>>>>>>>> existence is the fact that this assumption makes some other
>>>>>>>> facts understandable. - The model of a composite particle is in
>>>>>>>> no way weaker.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Albrecht
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Am 31.05.2016 um 20:19 schrieb Richard Gauthier:
>>>>>>>>> Hello Albrecht and all,
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Since there is zero experimental evidence that the electron
>>>>>>>>> is a composite particle, I will no longer comment on
>>>>>>>>> Albrecht's electron model, which postulates as a principal
>>>>>>>>> feature that the electron is a composite particle, unless new
>>>>>>>>> experimental evidence is found that the electron is a
>>>>>>>>> composite particle after all.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Galileo’s and Newton's “law of inertia" is clearly an
>>>>>>>>> expression of conservation of momentum of objects or “bodies”
>>>>>>>>> in the absence of an imposed external net force. It
>>>>>>>>> revolutionized mechanics because Aristotle had taught otherwise.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> If a resting electron is a circulating light-speed
>>>>>>>>> electrically charged photon with circulating momentum Eo/c,
>>>>>>>>> then an external force F on the electron equals the additional
>>>>>>>>> rate of change of momentum dp/dt of the circulating charged
>>>>>>>>> photon corresponding to that external force: F=dp/dt , beyond
>>>>>>>>> the constant rate of change of momentum of the circulating
>>>>>>>>> charged photon. The ratio of this applied force F (for example
>>>>>>>>> due to an applied electric field) to the circulating charged
>>>>>>>>> photon’s additional acceleration “a" is called the electron's
>>>>>>>>> inertial mass and is defined by F=ma or m=F/a . There is no
>>>>>>>>> separate mass-stuff or inertia-stuff to be accelerated in a
>>>>>>>>> particle. There is only the circulating momentum Eo/c of the
>>>>>>>>> circling speed-of-light particle with rest energy Eo , that is
>>>>>>>>> being additionally accelerated by the applied force F. Since
>>>>>>>>> the value m = Eo/c^2 of a resting particle (derived from the
>>>>>>>>> rate of change of the circulating momentum Eo/c as compared to
>>>>>>>>> its centripetal acceleration) is the same value in different
>>>>>>>>> reference frames, it is called the particle’s invariant mass
>>>>>>>>> m, but this invariant mass m is still derived from the resting
>>>>>>>>> particle’s internally circulating momentum Eo/c . If the
>>>>>>>>> electron is moving relativistically at v < c, it has an
>>>>>>>>> additional linear momentum p=gamma mv, which when added
>>>>>>>>> vectorially to the transverse circulating momentum Eo/c gives
>>>>>>>>> by the Pythagorean theorem a total circulating vector momentum
>>>>>>>>> P=gamma Eo/c = gamma mc=E/c where E is the electron’s total
>>>>>>>>> energy E=gamma mc^2. This is the origin of the electron’s
>>>>>>>>> relativistic energy-momentum equation E^2 = p^2 c^2 + m^2 c^4
>>>>>>>>> which is just another way to write the Pythagorean momentum
>>>>>>>>> vector relationship above: P^2 = p^2 + (Eo/c)^2 .
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> In my understanding, the Higgs field gives a non-zero
>>>>>>>>> invariant mass (without being able to predict the magnitude of
>>>>>>>>> that mass) to certain particles according to the relativistic
>>>>>>>>> energy-momentum equation, so that any particle moving at v <
>>>>>>>>> c in a Higgs field has invariant mass m > 0. But the inertia
>>>>>>>>> of that invariant mass m is not explained by the action of the
>>>>>>>>> Higgs field, in my understanding.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> To try to theoretically explain why a photon has momentum p
>>>>>>>>> = hf/c and energy E=hf is a separate topic beyond trying to
>>>>>>>>> explain why a particle has inertial mass, or resistance to
>>>>>>>>> acceleration by an applied force.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Richard
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> On May 30, 2016, at 1:04 PM, Albrecht Giese
>>>>>>>>>> <genmail at a-giese.de> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Hello Richard,
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> your new paper has again a lot of nice mathematics. However,
>>>>>>>>>> it again does not answer the question of inertia. As earlier,
>>>>>>>>>> you relate the inertial mass of an electron to the mass of
>>>>>>>>>> the circling photon which builds in your understanding the
>>>>>>>>>> electron. Then the mass and the momentum of the electron is
>>>>>>>>>> calculated from the mass and momentum of the photon.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Such calculation is of course possible if one follows this
>>>>>>>>>> picture of an electron. However, it does not answer the
>>>>>>>>>> question of what the cause of inertia and momentum of the
>>>>>>>>>> photon is. You take this as an 'a priory' fact. But this is
>>>>>>>>>> not our present state of understanding. Physics are able to
>>>>>>>>>> go deeper.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> You write in your paper: "The fact is that the inertial
>>>>>>>>>> property of the mass of elementary particles is not
>>>>>>>>>> understood". How can you write this? Main stream physics have
>>>>>>>>>> the Higgs model which is assumed to describe the mass of
>>>>>>>>>> elementary particles. And I have presented a model which uses
>>>>>>>>>> the fact that any extended object inevitably has inertia. The
>>>>>>>>>> reason is, as you know, that the fields of the constituents
>>>>>>>>>> of an extended object propagate with the finite speed of
>>>>>>>>>> light. If the extension of an elementary particle is taken
>>>>>>>>>> from its magnetic moment, this model provides very precisely
>>>>>>>>>> the mass, the momentum, and a lot of other parameters and
>>>>>>>>>> properties of a particle.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> If you intend to explain the mass of an electron by the mass
>>>>>>>>>> of a photon, you should have an appropriate explanation of
>>>>>>>>>> the mass and other parameters of a photon. Otherwise I do not
>>>>>>>>>> see any real progress in the considerations of your paper.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Albrecht
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Am 30.05.2016 um 07:40 schrieb Richard Gauthier:
>>>>>>>>>>> Hello Vladimir,
>>>>>>>>>>> Thanks. That could be an explanation. But I’m hoping I
>>>>>>>>>>> can find a simpler explanation, if possible.
>>>>>>>>>>> Richard
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> On May 29, 2016, at 7:29 PM, Vladimir Tamari
>>>>>>>>>>>> <vladimirtamari at hotmail.com> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Richard,
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> without going into the details of your model, you mentioned:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> "It may be that vector momentum is just not conserved
>>>>>>>>>>>> within fundamental particles even though it is conserved
>>>>>>>>>>>> between two or more particles in their mutual interactions"
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> In cellular-automata schemes, such as myBeautiful Universe
>>>>>>>>>>>> <http://vladimirtamari.com/beautiful_univ_rev_oct_2011.pdf>,
>>>>>>>>>>>> a particle is made up of a pattern of spinning nodes in a
>>>>>>>>>>>> matrix. The same type of spinning nodes also form
>>>>>>>>>>>> thesurrounding magnetic, gravitational or electrostatic
>>>>>>>>>>>> field etc. Any changes in the angular momentum or the axis
>>>>>>>>>>>> of spin of the constituent nodes of a particle (or photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> wave) is transmitted as a domino effect adjusting the
>>>>>>>>>>>> angular momentum of surrounding nodes both internally and
>>>>>>>>>>>> externally. The domino effect is diffused unto infinity in
>>>>>>>>>>>> inverse-square fashion. Nothing is hidden or lost or
>>>>>>>>>>>> subject to uncertainty, and energy is always conserved.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> In your case by taking the photon and electron in isolation
>>>>>>>>>>>> conservation issues seem to be arising? Hope this helps.
>>>>>>>>>>>> Best wishes
>>>>>>>>>>>> Vladimir
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>>>> From: richgauthier at gmail.com
>>>>>>>>>>>> Date: Sat, 28 May 2016 17:31:33 -0700
>>>>>>>>>>>> To: general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
>>>>>>>>>>>> CC: jsarfatti at aol.com
>>>>>>>>>>>> Subject: Re: [General] inertia
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Hello all,
>>>>>>>>>>>> I’ve been thinking about the unexplained 0.424 Newtons
>>>>>>>>>>>> force acting on a circulating double-looped charged photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> to keep it in its trajectory. Any double-looping-photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron model should have this force acting on the
>>>>>>>>>>>> circling photon, such John and Martin’s model and Chip’s
>>>>>>>>>>>> model. The force doesn’t have an obvious source. It
>>>>>>>>>>>> continuously changes the direction of the circling momentum
>>>>>>>>>>>> without changing the resting energy of the photon. It may
>>>>>>>>>>>> be that vector momentum is just not conserved within
>>>>>>>>>>>> fundamental particles even though it is conserved between
>>>>>>>>>>>> two or more particles in their mutual interactions. I
>>>>>>>>>>>> believe that the Dirac equation solution for a free
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron hints at this internal non-conservation of
>>>>>>>>>>>> momentum also during zitterbewegung motion of the free
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron whose average velocity is v but whose eigenvalue
>>>>>>>>>>>> for speed is c. The position-momentum relations for the
>>>>>>>>>>>> double-looped photon model of the electron, as I recall,
>>>>>>>>>>>> are below or just at the the exact uncertainty expression
>>>>>>>>>>>> of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle: delta x times
>>>>>>>>>>>> delta p > 1/2 hbar , for position and momentum of an
>>>>>>>>>>>> object in a particular coordinate direction. So it might
>>>>>>>>>>>> not be possible to experimentally determine if linear
>>>>>>>>>>>> momentum is conserved or not within a particle. The
>>>>>>>>>>>> indirect evidence that there is such circulating momentum
>>>>>>>>>>>> in a particle is the inertial mass m=Eo/c^2 of the particle
>>>>>>>>>>>> as it is derived from the photon’s circulating momentum
>>>>>>>>>>>> p=Eo/c . If there is circling momentum for a single
>>>>>>>>>>>> particle, then momentum conservation within the particle IS
>>>>>>>>>>>> being violated. An analogy: just as an electron has spin
>>>>>>>>>>>> but it not experimentally known what inside it is
>>>>>>>>>>>> “spinning", an electron has inertial mass but it is not
>>>>>>>>>>>> known what inside the particle is “massing”. But but the
>>>>>>>>>>>> spin and the inertial mass are known experimentally. A
>>>>>>>>>>>> double-looping photon model explains both what is
>>>>>>>>>>>> “spinning" and what is “massing" in an electron.
>>>>>>>>>>>> Richard
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> On May 27, 2016, at 11:50 AM, Richard Gauthier
>>>>>>>>>>>> <richgauthier at gmail.com> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Hello all,
>>>>>>>>>>>> Jack Sarfatti, a well-known physicist, wrote back to me
>>>>>>>>>>>> about my article saying that no one cares about this
>>>>>>>>>>>> work, that it is just re-inventing the wheel and that
>>>>>>>>>>>> it is not a good problem to work on. Comments?
>>>>>>>>>>>> Richard
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> On May 26, 2016, at 8:25 PM, Richard Gauthier
>>>>>>>>>>>> <richgauthier at gmail.com> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Dear John W, Martin, Chandra, Alexander, Chip,
>>>>>>>>>>>> Andrew, Vivian, Albrecht, John M, David and all,
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> <A New Derivation of E=mc^2 explains a particle's
>>>>>>>>>>>> inertia.pdf>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Here’s my latest input to the inertia/particles
>>>>>>>>>>>> discussion: my proposed new derivation of Eo=mc^2
>>>>>>>>>>>> and the inertial mass of a particle from the
>>>>>>>>>>>> momentum of a circling photon.
>>>>>>>>>>>> Richard
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> On May 17, 2016, at 6:47 PM, Richard Gauthier
>>>>>>>>>>>> <richgauthier at gmail.com> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> David
>>>>>>>>>>>> These newly discovered photons seem very
>>>>>>>>>>>> similar to helically-moving spin-1/2 charged
>>>>>>>>>>>> photons, except for their lack of electric
>>>>>>>>>>>> charge. Perhaps these new spin-1/2 photons
>>>>>>>>>>>> become spin-1/2 charged photons when they curl
>>>>>>>>>>>> up in pairs of photons with opposite charge, as
>>>>>>>>>>>> in e-p pair production : "Researchers made
>>>>>>>>>>>> their discovery after passing light through
>>>>>>>>>>>> special crystals to create a light beam with a
>>>>>>>>>>>> hollow, screw-like structure. Using quantum
>>>>>>>>>>>> mechanics, the physicists theorized that the
>>>>>>>>>>>> beam's twisting photons were being slowed to a
>>>>>>>>>>>> half-integer of Planck's constant.”
>>>>>>>>>>>> Richard
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> On May 17, 2016, at 1:56 PM,
>>>>>>>>>>>> <davidmathes8 at yahoo.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>> <davidmathes8 at yahoo.com> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Richard
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> If pbotons weren't confusing enough...just
>>>>>>>>>>>> as Williams proposed a quantum number for
>>>>>>>>>>>> energy, these researchers are proposing a
>>>>>>>>>>>> quantum number for angular momentum.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> The article
>>>>>>>>>>>> Scientists discover new form of light
>>>>>>>>>>>> <http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2016/05/17/Scientists-discover-new-form-of-light/9061463490086/>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> "The newly discovered form of light,
>>>>>>>>>>>> however, features photons with an angular
>>>>>>>>>>>> momentum of just half the value of Planck's
>>>>>>>>>>>> constant. The difference sounds small, but
>>>>>>>>>>>> researchers say the significance of the
>>>>>>>>>>>> discovery is great.'
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> The paper
>>>>>>>>>>>> There are many ways to spin a photon:
>>>>>>>>>>>> Half-quantization of a total optical
>>>>>>>>>>>> angular momentum | Science Advances
>>>>>>>>>>>> <http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501748.full>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Best
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> David
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>>>>>>>>>>> *From:*Richard Gauthier
>>>>>>>>>>>> <richgauthier at gmail.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>> *To:*Nature of Light and Particles -
>>>>>>>>>>>> General Discussion
>>>>>>>>>>>> <general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
>>>>>>>>>>>> *Cc:*Alexander Burinskii <bur at ibrae.ac.ru>
>>>>>>>>>>>> *Sent:*Saturday, May 14, 2016 12:30 AM
>>>>>>>>>>>> *Subject:*Re: [General] inertia
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Hello Chandra and all,
>>>>>>>>>>>> This is very good news. I’ve been
>>>>>>>>>>>> reading several of Alexander
>>>>>>>>>>>> Burinskii’s recent (2015 and 2016)
>>>>>>>>>>>> published papers on his Kerr-Newman bag
>>>>>>>>>>>> model of the electron (2 pdf’s
>>>>>>>>>>>> attached). His approach integrates
>>>>>>>>>>>> black-hole gravitational theory, Higgs
>>>>>>>>>>>> theory and electromagnetism to produce
>>>>>>>>>>>> a internally-light-speed model of the
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron with radius hbar/2mc like John
>>>>>>>>>>>> W and Martin’s, Chip’s, Vivian’s and my
>>>>>>>>>>>> double-looping-photon electron models.
>>>>>>>>>>>> Alexander's electron model is
>>>>>>>>>>>> energetically stable, contains a
>>>>>>>>>>>> circulating light-speed singularity (a
>>>>>>>>>>>> photon?) in addition to an
>>>>>>>>>>>> electromagnetic wave circling along its
>>>>>>>>>>>> outer rim along a circular
>>>>>>>>>>>> gravitational string, has g=2 (Dirac
>>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic moment of magnitude 1 Bohr
>>>>>>>>>>>> magneton), is a fermion and carries the
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron’s charge. I think Alexander’s
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron model has much to offer,
>>>>>>>>>>>> coming from a different perspective
>>>>>>>>>>>> than much of our group’s electron
>>>>>>>>>>>> modeling. I request Alexander to give
>>>>>>>>>>>> us a summary of the key features (and
>>>>>>>>>>>> perhaps a brief history) of his
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron model, emphasizing the nature
>>>>>>>>>>>> of its stability (an important issue in
>>>>>>>>>>>> circling-photon electron models.) I
>>>>>>>>>>>> hope that this will stimulate a
>>>>>>>>>>>> critical discussion of his approach in
>>>>>>>>>>>> comparison with our various approaches
>>>>>>>>>>>> to electron modeling, which could lead
>>>>>>>>>>>> to better light-speed-based electron
>>>>>>>>>>>> models coming up to the next SPIE “What
>>>>>>>>>>>> are photons” conference in San Diego in
>>>>>>>>>>>> August 2017.
>>>>>>>>>>>> Richard
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> On May 12, 2016, at 6:12 PM,
>>>>>>>>>>>> Roychoudhuri, Chandra
>>>>>>>>>>>> <chandra.roychoudhuri at uconn.edu> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> I will request Burinskii to participate
>>>>>>>>>>>> in our next conference.
>>>>>>>>>>>> Chandra.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Sent via the Samsung Galaxy S® 5
>>>>>>>>>>>> ACTIVE™, an AT&T 4G LTE smartphone
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> -------- Original message --------
>>>>>>>>>>>> From: Richard Gauthier
>>>>>>>>>>>> <richgauthier at gmail.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Date: 5/12/2016 2:09 AM (GMT-05:00)
>>>>>>>>>>>> To: Nature of Light and Particles -
>>>>>>>>>>>> General Discussion
>>>>>>>>>>>> <general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Alexander Burinskii <bur at ibrae.ac.ru>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Subject: Re: [General] inertia
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Dear John W, Martin, Chandra, Vivian,
>>>>>>>>>>>> Andrew, John M, Chip, Albrecht, Hodge
>>>>>>>>>>>> and others,
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> I am in contact with the Russian
>>>>>>>>>>>> physicist and academician Alexander
>>>>>>>>>>>> Burinskii (arXiv page of his articles
>>>>>>>>>>>> athttp://arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+Alexander+Burinskii/0/1/0/all/0/1 ,
>>>>>>>>>>>> biography
>>>>>>>>>>>> athttp://www.scirp.org/journal/DetailedInforOfEditorialBoard.aspx?personID=10183 ),
>>>>>>>>>>>> who has written a very interesting
>>>>>>>>>>>> article on arXiv: “Gravity vs. quantum
>>>>>>>>>>>> theory: Is the electron really
>>>>>>>>>>>> pointlike?” at
>>>>>>>>>>>> http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.0225 . He
>>>>>>>>>>>> draws on the interesting resemblance of
>>>>>>>>>>>> Kerr-Newman gravity formulations to the
>>>>>>>>>>>> properties of the Dirac electron as a
>>>>>>>>>>>> light-speed particle that can only be
>>>>>>>>>>>> measured at sub-light speeds. Here’s
>>>>>>>>>>>> part of the abstract:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> "Contrary to the widespread opinion
>>>>>>>>>>>> that gravity plays essential role only
>>>>>>>>>>>> on the Planck scales, the Kerr-Newman
>>>>>>>>>>>> gravity displays a new dimensional
>>>>>>>>>>>> parameter a=ℏ/(2m), which for
>>>>>>>>>>>> parameters of an electron corresponds
>>>>>>>>>>>> to the Compton wavelength and turns out
>>>>>>>>>>>> to be very far from the Planck scale.
>>>>>>>>>>>> Extremely large spin of the electron
>>>>>>>>>>>> with respect to its mass produces the
>>>>>>>>>>>> Kerr geometry without horizon, which
>>>>>>>>>>>> displays very essential topological
>>>>>>>>>>>> changes at the Compton distance
>>>>>>>>>>>> resulting in a two-fold structure of
>>>>>>>>>>>> the electron background. The
>>>>>>>>>>>> corresponding gravitational and
>>>>>>>>>>>> electromagnetic fields of the electron
>>>>>>>>>>>> are concentrated near the Kerr ring,
>>>>>>>>>>>> forming a sort of a closed string,
>>>>>>>>>>>> structure of which is close to the
>>>>>>>>>>>> described by Sen heterotic string. The
>>>>>>>>>>>> indicated by Gravity stringlike
>>>>>>>>>>>> structure of the electron contradicts
>>>>>>>>>>>> to the statements of Quantum theory
>>>>>>>>>>>> that electron is pointlike and
>>>>>>>>>>>> structureless. However, it confirms the
>>>>>>>>>>>> peculiar role of the Compton zone of
>>>>>>>>>>>> the "dressed" electron and matches with
>>>>>>>>>>>> the known limit of the localization of
>>>>>>>>>>>> the Dirac electron."
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> I think that there some potential for
>>>>>>>>>>>> Alexander Burinskii's Kerr-Newman
>>>>>>>>>>>> gravity approach to the electron and
>>>>>>>>>>>> the various double-looping photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> models of the electron to find some
>>>>>>>>>>>> common ground which may benefit both
>>>>>>>>>>>> approaches to modeling the electron. In
>>>>>>>>>>>> particular the centripetal force of
>>>>>>>>>>>> 0.424 N causing a photon of energy
>>>>>>>>>>>> 0.511 MeV to move in a closed
>>>>>>>>>>>> double-looping trajectory of radius
>>>>>>>>>>>> Ro=hbar/2mc in a resting electron model
>>>>>>>>>>>> could be related to the gravitational
>>>>>>>>>>>> and electromagnetic fields and gravity
>>>>>>>>>>>> stringlike structure of the Kerr-Newman
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron model.
>>>>>>>>>>>> Richard
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> On May 9, 2016, at 4:37 AM,
>>>>>>>>>>>> Albrecht Giese <genmail at a-giese.de>
>>>>>>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Hello Richard,
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> it is true that we do not know
>>>>>>>>>>>> everything in physics (otherwise
>>>>>>>>>>>> there would be no reason for
>>>>>>>>>>>> further research). However, many
>>>>>>>>>>>> facts and rules are understood, and
>>>>>>>>>>>> I do not see a good reason to go
>>>>>>>>>>>> behind this knowledge.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> From my 2-particle model it follows
>>>>>>>>>>>> for leptons and for quarks that
>>>>>>>>>>>> there is E = h*ny. The frequency is
>>>>>>>>>>>> the circulation, the energy follows
>>>>>>>>>>>> from the mass which the model
>>>>>>>>>>>> yields, when using E = m*c^2. This
>>>>>>>>>>>> latter relation also follows from
>>>>>>>>>>>> this model. (I have presented all
>>>>>>>>>>>> this in San Diego; it was also
>>>>>>>>>>>> discussed here earlier as I
>>>>>>>>>>>> remember; and it is on my web site
>>>>>>>>>>>> "The Origin of Mass". Of course I
>>>>>>>>>>>> can explain it here again if there
>>>>>>>>>>>> is a demand.)
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> As these relations obviously also
>>>>>>>>>>>> apply to the photon, it seems very
>>>>>>>>>>>> plausible that the photon has a
>>>>>>>>>>>> similar structure like a lepton and
>>>>>>>>>>>> a quark. The rules apply if c is
>>>>>>>>>>>> inserted for the speed. This also
>>>>>>>>>>>> leads to p=h*ny/c.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> And which further details do we
>>>>>>>>>>>> know about the photon? It must have
>>>>>>>>>>>> an extension as it has a spin which
>>>>>>>>>>>> is physically not possible without
>>>>>>>>>>>> an extension. And it must have
>>>>>>>>>>>> charges as it reacts with an
>>>>>>>>>>>> electric field which is otherwise
>>>>>>>>>>>> not explainable. There must be at
>>>>>>>>>>>> least two charges, a positive and a
>>>>>>>>>>>> negative one, as the photon as a
>>>>>>>>>>>> whole is neutral. The spin is twice
>>>>>>>>>>>> the one of a lepton or a quark,
>>>>>>>>>>>> this may be an indication that the
>>>>>>>>>>>> photon is built by 4 sub-particles
>>>>>>>>>>>> rather than 2 of the kind which I
>>>>>>>>>>>> have described.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> So, if the photon has positive and
>>>>>>>>>>>> negative charges, which means that
>>>>>>>>>>>> it has sub-particles with positive
>>>>>>>>>>>> and negative charges, it is quite
>>>>>>>>>>>> plausible that the photon can
>>>>>>>>>>>> decompose into a positive and a
>>>>>>>>>>>> negative elementary particle, so
>>>>>>>>>>>> into a positron and an electron.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> (You may call this speculative. But
>>>>>>>>>>>> it has some strongly plausible
>>>>>>>>>>>> aspects which I am missing in the
>>>>>>>>>>>> other models presented here.)
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> The curling-up which you have
>>>>>>>>>>>> mentioned has an orbital component.
>>>>>>>>>>>> To move on an orbit needs some
>>>>>>>>>>>> physical conditions. E.g. an
>>>>>>>>>>>> influence which causes the
>>>>>>>>>>>> acceleration to its center. This
>>>>>>>>>>>> should be physically explained.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> The conflict between the necessary
>>>>>>>>>>>> Higgs field and the vacuum field in
>>>>>>>>>>>> the universe is treated in the
>>>>>>>>>>>> article of F.J. Tipler in
>>>>>>>>>>>> /arXiv/:/astro/-/ph///0111520v1
>>>>>>>>>>>> ./It is well known by particle
>>>>>>>>>>>> physicists I have at conferences
>>>>>>>>>>>> hereaskedseveral times the
>>>>>>>>>>>> presenters of the Higgs model for
>>>>>>>>>>>> this discrepancy. They have always
>>>>>>>>>>>> admitted that this conflict exists,
>>>>>>>>>>>> but some have tried to blame the
>>>>>>>>>>>> astronomers for it. No one ever has
>>>>>>>>>>>> presented a solution for the conflict.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Albrecht
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Am 07.05.2016 um 23:32 schrieb
>>>>>>>>>>>> Richard Gauthier:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Hello Albrecht,
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Thank your for your further
>>>>>>>>>>>> comments and questions.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Your are asking me why
>>>>>>>>>>>> photons have momentum p=hv/c .
>>>>>>>>>>>> That’s like asking why photons
>>>>>>>>>>>> have energy E=hv . In physics
>>>>>>>>>>>> nobody knows “why” anything
>>>>>>>>>>>> happens. “Why?” questions
>>>>>>>>>>>> always lead back to a big
>>>>>>>>>>>> unknown. Physicists observe
>>>>>>>>>>>> nature qualitatively and
>>>>>>>>>>>> quantitatively and search for
>>>>>>>>>>>> cause-effect relations,
>>>>>>>>>>>> equations, theoretical models
>>>>>>>>>>>> and symmetry relations that
>>>>>>>>>>>> work ("save the appearances"),
>>>>>>>>>>>> and lead to further and better
>>>>>>>>>>>> (more accurate) physical
>>>>>>>>>>>> predictions that often lead to
>>>>>>>>>>>> practical applications and
>>>>>>>>>>>> hopefully deeper
>>>>>>>>>>>> “understanding” of physical
>>>>>>>>>>>> phenomena.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> You ask why a spin-1/2
>>>>>>>>>>>> photon curls up. You could just
>>>>>>>>>>>> as well ask why a spin-1 photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> doesn’t curl up, since it has
>>>>>>>>>>>> spin. (My transluminal energy
>>>>>>>>>>>> quantum model of a spin-1
>>>>>>>>>>>> photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> athttps://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron is
>>>>>>>>>>>> a helical model that is
>>>>>>>>>>>> consistent with both a
>>>>>>>>>>>> photon's spin-1 hbar and its
>>>>>>>>>>>> forward linear momentum
>>>>>>>>>>>> p=h/lambda).
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Your own comments on the
>>>>>>>>>>>> possible nature and make-up of
>>>>>>>>>>>> photons are extremely
>>>>>>>>>>>> speculative to say the least.
>>>>>>>>>>>> You have no photon model at
>>>>>>>>>>>> all. There is zero experimental
>>>>>>>>>>>> evidence that a photon is
>>>>>>>>>>>> composite. You should at least
>>>>>>>>>>>> try to show how a sufficiently
>>>>>>>>>>>> energetic photon leads to your
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron model in
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron-positron pair production.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> You claim that astronomers
>>>>>>>>>>>> deny the existence of a Higgs
>>>>>>>>>>>> field strong enough to explain
>>>>>>>>>>>> noticeable forces in elementary
>>>>>>>>>>>> particles. That is a blanket
>>>>>>>>>>>> statement that needs supporting
>>>>>>>>>>>> evidence. Please support your
>>>>>>>>>>>> claim here with sources. It’s
>>>>>>>>>>>> like claiming that “scientists
>>>>>>>>>>>> say”. Thanks.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Richard
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> On May 7, 2016, at 10:23
>>>>>>>>>>>> AM, Albrecht Giese
>>>>>>>>>>>> <genmail at a-giese.de> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Hello Richard,
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> thank you for your mail. I
>>>>>>>>>>>> still have questions to
>>>>>>>>>>>> your explanations:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> To para 1):
>>>>>>>>>>>> According to you
>>>>>>>>>>>> explanations the circular
>>>>>>>>>>>> motion is mainly achieved
>>>>>>>>>>>> by the fact that the
>>>>>>>>>>>> particles are "curling up".
>>>>>>>>>>>> Which physical law do you
>>>>>>>>>>>> have in mind that causes
>>>>>>>>>>>> them to curl up? What are
>>>>>>>>>>>> the quantitative
>>>>>>>>>>>> consequences? - You say
>>>>>>>>>>>> that there is a
>>>>>>>>>>>> "configurational" force
>>>>>>>>>>>> which controls the internal
>>>>>>>>>>>> motion of an electron and a
>>>>>>>>>>>> positron. You assume that
>>>>>>>>>>>> this may come from the
>>>>>>>>>>>> Higgs field. I think that
>>>>>>>>>>>> this is highly speculative
>>>>>>>>>>>> as astronomers deny the
>>>>>>>>>>>> existence of a Higgs field
>>>>>>>>>>>> which is strong enough to
>>>>>>>>>>>> be an explanation for
>>>>>>>>>>>> noticeable forces in
>>>>>>>>>>>> elementary particles.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> To para 2):
>>>>>>>>>>>> The momentum of a photon is
>>>>>>>>>>>> h*ny/c, true. But what is
>>>>>>>>>>>> the physical mechanism
>>>>>>>>>>>> causing this momentum?
>>>>>>>>>>>> Still not answered.
>>>>>>>>>>>> I believe that my mass
>>>>>>>>>>>> mechanism is applicable to
>>>>>>>>>>>> the photon. The photon has
>>>>>>>>>>>> an extension, so it has
>>>>>>>>>>>> inertia by the standard
>>>>>>>>>>>> mechanism for extended
>>>>>>>>>>>> objects. And in addition I
>>>>>>>>>>>> think that the photon may
>>>>>>>>>>>> be composed by the same
>>>>>>>>>>>> sub-particles ("basic
>>>>>>>>>>>> particles") like leptons
>>>>>>>>>>>> and quarks. The question
>>>>>>>>>>>> still open for me is, why
>>>>>>>>>>>> the photon moves steadily
>>>>>>>>>>>> with c. An explanation may
>>>>>>>>>>>> be that it moves always
>>>>>>>>>>>> into a certain direction
>>>>>>>>>>>> with respect to its
>>>>>>>>>>>> internal set up. On the
>>>>>>>>>>>> other hand, the fact that
>>>>>>>>>>>> the rest mass of the photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> is zero is nothing more
>>>>>>>>>>>> than a mathematical result.
>>>>>>>>>>>> Was never measured.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Albrecht
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Am Sat, 30 Apr 2016 um
>>>>>>>>>>>> 17:22:00 schrieb Richard
>>>>>>>>>>>> Gauthier:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> Hello Albrecht,
>>>>>>>>>>>> Thank you for your two
>>>>>>>>>>>> thoughtful questions.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> To try to answer them:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> 1) I think it is an
>>>>>>>>>>>> incorrect assumption
>>>>>>>>>>>> that only a second
>>>>>>>>>>>> electric charge or a
>>>>>>>>>>>> corresponding permanent
>>>>>>>>>>>> field can cause a
>>>>>>>>>>>> spin-1/2 charged photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> to move in a circular
>>>>>>>>>>>> or helical
>>>>>>>>>>>> configuration. Have you
>>>>>>>>>>>> considered other
>>>>>>>>>>>> possible explanations?
>>>>>>>>>>>> One I have considered,
>>>>>>>>>>>> in the context of e-p
>>>>>>>>>>>> production, is that two
>>>>>>>>>>>> uncharged spin-1/2
>>>>>>>>>>>> photons of are formed
>>>>>>>>>>>> in the process of
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron-positron pair
>>>>>>>>>>>> production from a
>>>>>>>>>>>> spin-1 photon of
>>>>>>>>>>>> sufficient energy
>>>>>>>>>>>> (greater than 1.022
>>>>>>>>>>>> MeV). At first the two
>>>>>>>>>>>> uncharged spin-1/2
>>>>>>>>>>>> photons both move
>>>>>>>>>>>> forward together in a
>>>>>>>>>>>> kind of unstable
>>>>>>>>>>>> equilibrium. One has a
>>>>>>>>>>>> negative charge
>>>>>>>>>>>> potentiality and the
>>>>>>>>>>>> other has a positive
>>>>>>>>>>>> charge potentiality,
>>>>>>>>>>>> yet both are still
>>>>>>>>>>>> neutral. These two
>>>>>>>>>>>> uncharged spin-1/2
>>>>>>>>>>>> photons can either then
>>>>>>>>>>>> unite with each other
>>>>>>>>>>>> to form a spin-1
>>>>>>>>>>>> photon, or they can
>>>>>>>>>>>> separate in the
>>>>>>>>>>>> presence of a nearby
>>>>>>>>>>>> charged nucleus and
>>>>>>>>>>>> each curl up, gaining
>>>>>>>>>>>> negative and positive
>>>>>>>>>>>> charge respectively, as
>>>>>>>>>>>> well as rest mass
>>>>>>>>>>>> Eo/c^2, and slowing
>>>>>>>>>>>> down (as they become an
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron and positron)
>>>>>>>>>>>> to less than
>>>>>>>>>>>> light-speed as they
>>>>>>>>>>>> curl up. (Internally
>>>>>>>>>>>> these spin-1/2 charged
>>>>>>>>>>>> photons maintain
>>>>>>>>>>>> light-speed c in their
>>>>>>>>>>>> forward direction, but
>>>>>>>>>>>> their curled-up
>>>>>>>>>>>> configurations as a
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron and a positron
>>>>>>>>>>>> have v < c .) Once they
>>>>>>>>>>>> are both fully curled
>>>>>>>>>>>> up to form a fully
>>>>>>>>>>>> charged electron and
>>>>>>>>>>>> positron, they continue
>>>>>>>>>>>> to move apart. Now they
>>>>>>>>>>>> each have a stable
>>>>>>>>>>>> internal equilibrium
>>>>>>>>>>>> (because of
>>>>>>>>>>>> conservation of
>>>>>>>>>>>> electric charge) and
>>>>>>>>>>>> they cannot
>>>>>>>>>>>> individually unroll
>>>>>>>>>>>> (except perhaps
>>>>>>>>>>>> virtually) to become an
>>>>>>>>>>>> uncharged spin-1/2
>>>>>>>>>>>> photon, and so they
>>>>>>>>>>>> remain a stable
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron and a stable
>>>>>>>>>>>> positron. Their own
>>>>>>>>>>>> charged curled-up
>>>>>>>>>>>> stable equilibrium
>>>>>>>>>>>> maintains them in their
>>>>>>>>>>>> curled-up
>>>>>>>>>>>> configurations,
>>>>>>>>>>>> supplying the necessary
>>>>>>>>>>>> configurational force
>>>>>>>>>>>> that maintains their
>>>>>>>>>>>> circulating motion to
>>>>>>>>>>>> form an electron or a
>>>>>>>>>>>> positron. This
>>>>>>>>>>>> configurational force
>>>>>>>>>>>> that maintains each of
>>>>>>>>>>>> them curled up would be
>>>>>>>>>>>> a non-electrical force.
>>>>>>>>>>>> Perhaps this
>>>>>>>>>>>> configurational force
>>>>>>>>>>>> that maintains the
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron and the
>>>>>>>>>>>> positron curled up with
>>>>>>>>>>>> rest mass and moving at
>>>>>>>>>>>> less than light-speed
>>>>>>>>>>>> c, comes from the Higgs
>>>>>>>>>>>> field.
>>>>>>>>>>>> When an electron and
>>>>>>>>>>>> positron meet, they may
>>>>>>>>>>>> first form a
>>>>>>>>>>>> positronium atom. Then
>>>>>>>>>>>> they both uncurl and
>>>>>>>>>>>> unite to form an
>>>>>>>>>>>> unstable neutral
>>>>>>>>>>>> particle which decays
>>>>>>>>>>>> immediately into two or
>>>>>>>>>>>> three spin-1 photons,
>>>>>>>>>>>> in the process of
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron-positron
>>>>>>>>>>>> annihilation.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> 2) Why does the
>>>>>>>>>>>> spin-1/2 charged photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> have momentum? you ask.
>>>>>>>>>>>> It is because it is a
>>>>>>>>>>>> photon with momentum
>>>>>>>>>>>> hv/c . My model of the
>>>>>>>>>>>> spin-1/2 charged photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> is similar to my
>>>>>>>>>>>> internally transluminal
>>>>>>>>>>>> model of an uncharged
>>>>>>>>>>>> photon, except that
>>>>>>>>>>>> the spin-1/2 charged
>>>>>>>>>>>> photon makes two
>>>>>>>>>>>> helical loops instead
>>>>>>>>>>>> of one per photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> wavelength, and the
>>>>>>>>>>>> spin-1/2 charged photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> model's helical radius
>>>>>>>>>>>> is 1/2 that of the
>>>>>>>>>>>> helical radius of a
>>>>>>>>>>>> spin-1 photon model ,
>>>>>>>>>>>> being R=lambda/4pi
>>>>>>>>>>>> instead of lambda/2 pi.
>>>>>>>>>>>> The uncurled
>>>>>>>>>>>> transluminal spin-1/2
>>>>>>>>>>>> uncharged photon model
>>>>>>>>>>>> curls up nicely into a
>>>>>>>>>>>> curled-up
>>>>>>>>>>>> double-looping spin-1/2
>>>>>>>>>>>> charged photon model of
>>>>>>>>>>>> an electron. You can
>>>>>>>>>>>> read about my
>>>>>>>>>>>> superluminal uncharged
>>>>>>>>>>>> photon model at
>>>>>>>>>>>> https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron or
>>>>>>>>>>>> I can e-mail you a
>>>>>>>>>>>> copy. I have only
>>>>>>>>>>>> talked about my current
>>>>>>>>>>>> model of the
>>>>>>>>>>>> superluminal spin-1/2
>>>>>>>>>>>> charged photon on the
>>>>>>>>>>>> “Nature of Light and
>>>>>>>>>>>> Particles” e-list
>>>>>>>>>>>> during the past year.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> I hope these possible
>>>>>>>>>>>> explanations of the
>>>>>>>>>>>> spin-1/2 charged-photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> model are helpful. I
>>>>>>>>>>>> don’t think that you
>>>>>>>>>>>> have a photon model yet
>>>>>>>>>>>> that is consistent with
>>>>>>>>>>>> your two-particle
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron model, in
>>>>>>>>>>>> terms of e-p production
>>>>>>>>>>>> and e-p annihilation.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> The figure below, which
>>>>>>>>>>>> I included in this
>>>>>>>>>>>> e-list some months ago,
>>>>>>>>>>>> shows a curled-up spin
>>>>>>>>>>>> 1/2 charged photon
>>>>>>>>>>>> forming a resting
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron (top graphic)
>>>>>>>>>>>> and at different
>>>>>>>>>>>> increasing relativistic
>>>>>>>>>>>> speeds (lower
>>>>>>>>>>>> graphics). The green
>>>>>>>>>>>> line is the
>>>>>>>>>>>> double-looping helical
>>>>>>>>>>>> trajectory of the
>>>>>>>>>>>> circulating charged
>>>>>>>>>>>> photon forming the
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron, while the red
>>>>>>>>>>>> line is the trajectory
>>>>>>>>>>>> of the superluminal
>>>>>>>>>>>> energy quantum of the
>>>>>>>>>>>> spin-1/2 photon model.
>>>>>>>>>>>> The superluminal energy
>>>>>>>>>>>> quantum in the resting
>>>>>>>>>>>> electron moves on the
>>>>>>>>>>>> surface of a
>>>>>>>>>>>> mathematical horn
>>>>>>>>>>>> torus. As the speed v
>>>>>>>>>>>> of the electron model
>>>>>>>>>>>> increases, the radius
>>>>>>>>>>>> of the green helical
>>>>>>>>>>>> trajectory decreases as
>>>>>>>>>>>> 1/gamma^2 , while the
>>>>>>>>>>>> radius of the red
>>>>>>>>>>>> trajectory of the
>>>>>>>>>>>> superluminal quantum
>>>>>>>>>>>> decreases as 1/gamma.
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
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>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
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