[General] Proposed photon wave functions

Albrecht Giese genmail at a-giese.de
Wed Oct 12 03:44:51 PDT 2016


Hi Chip,

you find the information about mass on my web site 
www.ag-physics.org/rmass .

And you can find additional refinements for the electron on the site 
www.ag-physics.org/electron .

Albrecht


Am 11.10.2016 um 14:38 schrieb Chip Akins:
>
> Hi Albrecht
>
> Can you tell me where to find your paper which discusses the aspect of 
> any extended object must possess the property of rest mass?
>
> I have read it before but cannot find it in my archives. I would like 
> to review it once more.
>
> Chip
>
> *From:*General 
> [mailto:general-bounces+chipakins=gmail.com at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] 
> *On Behalf Of *Albrecht Giese
> *Sent:* Monday, October 10, 2016 2:19 PM
> *To:* Richard Gauthier <richgauthier at gmail.com>; Nature of Light and 
> Particles - General Discussion 
> <general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
> *Subject:* Re: [General] Proposed photon wave functions
>
> Hello Richard,
>
> you are right that inertia and momentum are related to each other. The 
> relation is that inertia is the cause of momentum, without inertia in 
> our world there would be no momentum in our world.
>
> Mathematically spoken: momentum = mass * vector_of_motion. The 
> vector_of motion is a vector, so the product "momentum" is a vector. 
> An explanation of momentum needs the explanation of mass as a 
> precondition. Not the other way around.
>
> Inertial mass can in fact be explained if one accepts that an extended 
> object necessarily has inertia. And as the electron has to be extended 
> (in order to have angular momentum and magnetic moment) it has 
> inertial mass just from this reason. And I like to repeat: the 
> assumption that an extended object has inertia is not only an idea but 
> can be deduced quantitatively with precise results without the use of 
> any free parameters which had to be adjusted.
>
> Albrecht
>
> Am 09.10.2016 um 03:00 schrieb Richard Gauthier:
>
>     Hello Albrecht, Vivian and all,
>
>     Albrecht: Of course, if you say that an apple is essentially the
>     same as an orange (despite their different properties) then you
>     can also say that inertial mass is essentially the same as
>     momentum (despite their different properties). But inertial mass
>     is not the same as momentum, and apples are not the same as
>     oranges. Inertial mass is a scalar quantity and momentum is a
>     vector quantity, which is fundamentally different. They also have
>     different physical units.  My point is that inertial mass is NOT
>     the same as momentum although they are related. A linearly moving
>     photon has inertial mass hf/c^2 (while having no rest mass) as
>     well as external momentum hf/c. A resting electron has inertial
>     mass m= Eo/c^2 while having no (or minimal) external momentum. In
>     circulating-photon electron models (which your electron model is
>     not), the circulating photon also has inertial mass
>     m=Eo/c^2=hf/c^2 of its circulating photon, and this inertial mass
>     m of a resting electron is called the rest mass m of the electron,
>     or simply the mass m of the electron.
>
>     Vivian: I think you are agreeing with Albrecht too quickly.
>     Physicists have been trying hard to understand the nature of
>     inertia since Newton failed to. Mach tried and failed. Several
>     modern physicists such as Einstein, Woodward and Haisch et al have
>     also tried unsuccessfully to explain the nature of inertial mass
>     (the fact that the rest energy stored in a mass m is Eo=mc^2 is
>     NOT in itself an explanation for inertial mass). The Higgs Field
>     (as I understand it) also doesn’t explain inertial mass, although
>     it may explain the origin of a particle's invariant mass as is
>     claimed. Anyway, I won’t accept any explanation from you about
>     particles and inertia as long as you continue to insist that the
>     relativistic kinetic energy of a particle is KE = pc = gamma mv c
>     (instead of the well-known experimentally established formula KE =
>     (gamma - 1) mc^2  ) as you claim on p 13 in your article “A
>     proposal for the structure and properties of the electron” (attached).
>
>         Richard
>
>
>
>         On Oct 6, 2016, at 2:21 PM, Vivian Robinson
>         <viv at etpsemra.com.au <mailto:viv at etpsemra.com.au>> wrote:
>
>         Richard,
>
>         I agree with Albrecht. For a physical relationship between
>         energy and mass through E + mc^2, you have seen my paper on
>         it. Energy is the photon travelling in a straight line. Mass
>         is the same photon confined in a circle of radius equal to
>         half its wavelength. That relationship is directly E = mc^2
>         and it explains many other properties associated with mass
>         particles.
>
>         Mathematics comes in many forms, the same as languages. Not
>         every one is specialised in all forms of mathematics, anymore
>         than everyone is specialises in all languages. Almost all
>         physicists understand physical descriptions. A physical
>         description of the process accompanied by the appropriate
>         mathematics will go a long way towards helping others
>         understanding the message being presented.
>
>         Cheers,
>
>         Vivian
>
>         On 07/10/2016, at 7:39 AM, Albrecht Giese <genmail at a-giese.de
>         <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de>> wrote:
>
>
>
>             Richard,
>
>             you know my objection. Inertial mass and momentum are
>             fundamentally the same physical phenomenon. Just the
>             result of a different application. And so it is no real
>             explanation to explain mass by momentum. Because that
>             means that you explain a physical phenomenon by the same
>             physical phenomenon.
>
>             Albrecht
>
>             (And you may have a look at www.ag-physics.org/rmass
>             <http://www.ag-physics.org/rmass> )
>
>             Am 06.10.2016 um 15:12 schrieb Richard Gauthier:
>
>                 John and Vivian and others,
>
>                    Yes, inertial mass must be defined by F=ma and
>                 F=dp/dt as Newton defined it, though he couldn’t
>                 explain what causes it. It is caused by a particle’s
>                 circling internal momentum, as I derive in
>                 https://www.academia.edu/25641654/A_New_Derivation_of_Eo_mc_2_Explains_a_Particles_Inertia ,
>                 which is attached.
>
>                     Richard
>
>
>
>                     On Oct 5, 2016, at 9:49 PM, Vivian Robinson
>                     <viv at universephysics.com
>                     <mailto:viv at universephysics.com>> wrote:
>
>                     John,
>
>                     Thanks for the advice. I regularly reference
>                     Einstein's Ann. der Phys. 17, 639-641 (1905)
>                     paper. By mass I have tried to think of it as
>                     inertial mass mi, given by F = mi.a. Gravitational
>                     mass mgis different by potential energy (PE)
>                     divided by c squared (mg= mi- PE/c^2). Rest mass
>                     mris mimeasured at velocity = 0 with respect to
>                     mi. Relativistic mass mrel is the mass measured at
>                     velocity v wrt an observer. Invariant mass doesn't
>                     exist because its value depends upon its
>                     position wrt an observer, gravitational field and
>                     velocity. In practice all mi, mgand mrwill be
>                     measured the same within experimental error,
>                     essentially making them invariant.
>
>                     IMHO, you are quite correct about aspects of the
>                     standard model. There are some very serious problems.
>
>                     Cheers,
>
>                     Viv
>
>                     On 06/10/2016, at 4:08 AM, John Duffield
>                     <johnduffield at btconnect.com
>                     <mailto:johnduffield at btconnect.com>> wrote:
>
>
>
>                         Viv:
>
>                         Good stuff. I empathize totally.
>
>                         Re photons and mass, do make sure you call
>                         it/inertial mass/. And/or protect yourself
>                         with a reference toEinstein’s E=mc² paper
>                         <https://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/>,
>                         where the last line reads thus:
>
>                         /“If the theory corresponds to the facts,
>                         radiation conveys inertia between the emitting
>                         and absorbing bodies”./
>
>                         I say this because IMHO the sort of people who
>                         bang on about gluons or the 8^th spatial
>                         dimension will use anything cast aspersions on
>                         people like you.
>
>                         I’ve been doing some major writing recently,
>                         and in doing so I’m getting the feeling that
>                         there’s more wrong with standard-model physics
>                         than people appreciate. Much more.
>
>                         Regards
>
>                         JohnD
>
>                         *From:*General
>                         [mailto:general-bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
>                         <mailto:bounces+johnduffield=btconnect.com at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>]*On
>                         Behalf Of*Vivian Robinson
>                         *Sent:*05 October 2016 09:58
>                         *To:*Nature of Light and Particles - General
>                         Discussion
>                         <general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
>                         <mailto:general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>>
>                         *Subject:*Re: [General] Proposed photon wave
>                         functions
>
>                         Rear Richard and others,
>
>                         I submitted my results to the group in the
>                         hope that it would start debate on my topic.
>                         Richard I appreciate that you have taken time
>                         to make a couple of comments. I would like to
>                         add a few points to aid (I hope) further
>                         discussion.
>
>                         First, the so called "standard models" of
>                         matter suffer from some disadvantages, not the
>                         least of which is the use of invented
>                         concepts, e.g. quarks, gluons and strings that
>                         have never been separately identified. String
>                         theory is one very bad example. It uses
>                         several space dimensions that have never been
>                         detected along with particles too small to be
>                         ever detected to make predictions that don't
>                         match observation. However the mathematics is
>                         sufficiently complicated that referees are
>                         prepared to accept that it may have some
>                         future. That is another example of
>                         theoreticians being out of touch with reality.
>                         I am sure that if their funding body informed
>                         them that their salary has been paid  in full
>                         in a combinations of strings in the 8th
>                         spatial dimension, our universe being the
>                         three detectable ones  and they can collect it
>                         when they find the eighth dimension and
>                         unravel the strings, they would also be the
>                         first to complain. Yet they would have us
>                         believe that is the origins of the whole
>                         universe, not just their salary.
>
>                         Quarks and gluons are another example. They
>                         have never been separately isolated. So
>                         Quantum ChromoDynamics (QCD) theoreticians
>                         developed the concept that the gluon "force"
>                         between quarks increases as their separation
>                         distance increases. Unfortunately when
>                         "satellite" nucleons orbit a nucleus at a
>                         "significant distance" where quark separations
>                         are quite large, the binding is very weak and
>                         the lifetimes of these nuclei are measures
>                         immilli seconds. As some QCD practitioners
>                         will attest, QCD calculations are not good at
>                         matching observation so theoreticians keep
>                         changing their model until it does. They have
>                         devised 36 quarks, 2 types, 3 generations of
>                         each type. three "colours for each generation,
>                         plus their anti-particles, plus 8 colours or
>                         flavours of gluons, a total of 44 undetected
>                         particles, and they still can't get good
>                         answers. Again by making their mathematics
>                         complex they avoid scrutiny by non experts.
>
>                         The point is that "standard model" physics has
>                         many examples of theoreticians using non
>                         detected particles or entities and dimensions,
>                         to give unsatisfactory answers to some aspects
>                         of experimental observation. Trying to replace
>                         those with a further set of hypothetical
>                         particles, be they rotars, hods, microvita or
>                         faster than light
>                         (superluminal) particles does not make their
>                         concept any better than those forwarded by
>                         standard model practitioners. Being able to
>                         match a few physical properties by ascribing
>                         specific properties to undetected hypothetical
>                         particles is no advance if all it is doing is
>                         matching a few local properties.
>
>                         I am forwarding my work as different. It uses
>                         known properties of free space, namely its
>                         electric permittivity (ep) and magnetic
>                         permeability (mp). It suggests that these
>                         facilitate the passage of packets of
>                         electromagnetic energy called photons,
>                         possibly by being composed of vibrations in ep
>                         and mp. John W and I have used different
>                         wording to convey the idea that photons convey
>                         mass, as was proposed by Einstein in 1905. I
>                         feel sure a suitable set of words could be
>                         found to describe how those photon
>                         oscillations convey that mass. I have
>                         presented four wave equations that describe
>                         the Einstein-de Broglie wave function psi,
>                         along with a physical representation of them.
>
>                         I describe the angular momentum of photons as
>                         being due to the circular wave motion of the
>                         electromagnetic field in circularly polarised
>                         photons. This implies that plane polarised
>                         photons will not have any angular momentum and
>                         hence no intrinsic spin. This is able to be
>                         checked experimentally. Its rotating centre of
>                         mass only travels at sqrt 2 x c for a photon
>                         composed of a single wavelength. It is not a
>                         super luminal velocity. The centre of mass is
>                         a mathematical point that rotates. It is not a
>                         physical rotation of a mass traveling faster
>                         than c. The mass of the photon is traveling at
>                         c in its propagation direction. One might as
>                         well say that the wave motion of the electric
>                         field is superluminal because it follows a
>                         sine curve which has a length longer than the
>                         straight line travel of c. That does not mean
>                         that its mass is travelling faster than c and
>                         therefore all photons are superluminal.
>
>                         Mathematical points traveling at faster than c
>                         is not superluminal travel. There has been an
>                         often quoted example of waving a laser into
>                         space. If waved fast enough across the dark
>                         surface of the new moon, it could be possible
>                         to observe the laser point moving across the
>                         moon's surface at faster than c. That is a
>                         mathematical point moving faster than c. It is
>                         not superluminal motion.
>
>                         I submit that making models of hypothetical
>                         particles and ascribing properties to them is
>                         not the same as deriving those properties from
>                         fundamental considerations. Others are
>                         entitled to their own views.
>
>                         FYI, I have been working on this for three
>                         decades. I decided not to publish much of my
>                         work, apart from compiling it into some
>                         extended manuscripts, complete with ISBNs,
>                         that I made available to a few selected
>                         friends and interested parties. My career
>                         experience was that reviewers and critics have
>                         a habit of raising non relevant objections,
>                         bogging authors down and slowing further
>                         progress.
>
>                         Chandra, is that the kind of paper you would
>                         like presented at your next SPIE conference?
>                         It will be more advanced by then.
>
>                         Cheers,
>
>                         Vivian Robinson
>
>                         On 29/09/2016, at 11:25 PM, Richard Gauthier
>                         <richgauthier at gmail.com
>                         <mailto:richgauthier at gmail.com>> wrote:
>
>
>
>
>                             Hello Vivian, Chip and others,
>
>                              The derivations of the radius
>                             R=lambda/2pi of my internally superluminal
>                             photon model and the corresponding
>                             45-degree forward angle of the photon
>                             model's internal helical trajectory are
>                             given in Section 5, equations 8 through 17
>                             in my published 1996 article “Microvita: A
>                             new approach to matter, life and health”,
>                             which I attach and which is available from
>                             Springer and at
>                             https://www.academia.edu/28777551/Microvita_A_New_Approach_to_Matter_Life_and_Health.
>                             My internally-double-looping model of the
>                             electron is also presented quantitatively
>                             there in Section 6. The electron model
>                             there has evolved into my SPIE
>                             relativistic spin-1/2 charged-photon
>                             electron model since then. It follows
>                             directly from the photon model's helical
>                             angle of 45 degrees that the internal
>                             speed of the photon model is c sqrt(2),
>                             which I state explicitly in my published
>                             2007 article “FTL quantum models of the
>                             photon and the electron”, attached below
>                             and available from STAIF-2007 and at
>                             https://www.academia.edu/4429837/FTL_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron .
>
>
>                                Richard
>
>                             <Microvita A New Approach to Matter Life
>                             and Health.pdf>
>
>                             <FTL Quantum Models of the Photon and the
>                             Electron.pdf>
>
>                                 On Sep 24, 2016, at 8:34 AM, Richard
>                                 Gauthier <richgauthier at gmail.com
>                                 <mailto:richgauthier at gmail.com>> wrote:
>
>                                 Hello Vivian,
>
>                                  I’ve gone through your new article on
>                                 the photon and it looks interesting. I
>                                 appreciate that your photon model is
>                                 now internally superluminal with an
>                                 internal helical speed of c sqrt(2)
>                                 and an effective radius of lambda/2pi.
>                                 Your photon model has similarities to
>                                 Chip’s model of the photon in this and
>                                 other respects and I’m surprised that
>                                 you didn’t reference his work. I would
>                                 be interested to see a comparison
>                                 between your photon model and Chip’s.
>                                 I’d also like to hear Chip’s comments
>                                 on your photon model.
>
>                                    Richard
>
>                                     On Sep 22, 2016, at 8:55 PM,
>                                     Vivian Robinson
>                                     <viv at universephysics.com
>                                     <mailto:viv at universephysics.com>>
>                                     wrote:
>
>                                     Hodge,
>
>                                     It would still be best if you sent
>                                     the article. I (finally) accessed
>                                     some of your STOE articles but
>                                     could not find mse42my.pdf. I am
>                                     not exactly sure to what you are
>                                     referring.
>
>                                     Some aspects of your work have
>                                     commonality with mine. I use
>                                     detectable photons as the basis of
>                                     everything, you use hods. We are
>                                     both trying to show that
>                                     everything follows from that one
>                                     particle. I prefer my approach
>                                     because photons are detectable and
>                                     have properties to which my work
>                                     must comply. The wave functions in
>                                     my article are their restriction.
>                                     Like you I prefer Newtonian
>                                     mechanics to relativity and
>                                     quantum mechanics. There are many
>                                     observations that confirm
>                                     relativity and quantum mechanics
>                                     that don't match Newtonian
>                                     mechanics. My work must match
>                                     those observations.
>
>                                     I have found that the toroidal
>                                     (John W and Martin vdM) or
>                                     rotating photon (Viv  R) model of
>                                     an electron is one in which an
>                                     electron consists of a photon of
>                                     the appropriate energy (≈ 0.511
>                                     MeV at rest) makes two revolutions
>                                     in one wavelength. It is this that
>                                     gives the electron spin (angular
>                                     momentum) of half hbar. The E -
>                                     mc^2 relationship between mass and
>                                     energy is mass is the photon
>                                     rotating twice within its
>                                     wavelength. Unlock its angular
>                                     momentum gives it energy E = mc^2.
>                                     As the particle moves its
>                                     structure means that it is
>                                     automatically subject to the
>                                     special relativity corrections of
>                                     mass, length and time. I make
>                                     mention of other properties,
>                                     although as Richard G pointed out,
>                                     my derivation of the magnetic
>                                     moment of the electron was in
>                                     error in that paper. I have now
>                                     corrected that.
>
>                                     I suggest that all other
>                                     particles, stable or otherwise,
>                                     are composed of appropriate
>                                     rotating photons and have derived
>                                     the structure and properties of
>                                     many of them based upon that
>                                     model. If this is the structure of
>                                     all matter, the special relativity
>                                     corrections are due to the
>                                     rotating photon being "stretched"
>                                     as it moves. They are not some
>                                     mathematically imposed restriction.
>
>                                     You will find that when you apply
>                                     Newtonian mechanics to a photon
>                                     with those waveforms and mass, you
>                                     get Einstein's general theory of
>                                     relativity for space outside
>                                     matter, ie, gravity as we know it.
>                                     The exception is that there is no
>                                     singularity at the Schwarzschild
>                                     radius and therefore no black
>                                     holes. That doesn't prevent the
>                                     existence of massive objects,
>                                     which is all astronomers are
>                                     detecting. It is the theoretical
>                                     physicists who call them black
>                                     holes. Astronomical measurements
>                                     are still thousands of times less
>                                     accurate than required to
>                                     distinguish between my metric and
>                                     the Schwarzschild metric. I am
>                                     confident that when they do
>                                     improve, my metric, with the
>                                     gravitational singularity at the
>                                     centre of mass and not at the
>                                     Schwarzschild radius, will hold.
>
>                                     You will then recognise that
>                                     gravity is not inverse square law.
>                                     If you studied Newton's Principia
>                                     you will see that he also worked
>                                     out what would happen if gravity
>                                     was stronger or weaker than
>                                     inverse square law. His
>                                     observations showed that the
>                                     planets were following the
>                                     trajectories predicted by the
>                                     inverse square law calculations,
>                                     leading to the conclusion that
>                                     gravity is controlled by inverse
>                                     square. However, not all
>                                     observations follow the inverse
>                                     square law. Conclusion - gravity
>                                     is not inverse square.
>
>                                     The only reason the Big Bang
>                                     theory was accepted was because
>                                     early calculations showed that, if
>                                     gravity was inverse square law, an
>                                     infinite static universe would
>                                     collapse in on itself through
>                                     gravitational attraction. That
>                                     clearly hasn't happened. Einstein
>                                     tried to overcome it with his
>                                     cosmological constant. His field
>                                     equations only allowed for an
>                                     expanding or collapsing universe.
>                                     Since forwarding the Big Bang
>                                     theory, they have done everything
>                                     to match a new observation into
>                                     that theory, ignoring the other
>                                     possibility. If gravity isn't
>                                     inverse square, other
>                                     possibilities exist.
>
>                                     Again, using Newtonian mechanics
>                                     to the structure of the photon I
>                                     propose, shows that gravity is
>                                     either inverse square law or
>                                     stronger for space outside matter:
>                                     Or inverse square law or weaker
>                                     for space inside matter, something
>                                     that applies to the structure of
>                                     the universe as a whole. If you
>                                     have a universe in which gravity
>                                     is weaker than the inverse square
>                                     law by an amount predicted from my
>                                     photon's wave function, then an
>                                     infinite static universe will not
>                                     collapse under gravitational
>                                     influence. Photons from distant
>                                     galaxies will still be redshifted,
>                                     as observed. Things like
>                                     gravitational lensing still occur,
>                                     although I am not convinced that
>                                     everything forwarded as
>                                     gravitational lensing is actually
>                                     gravitational lensing.
>
>                                     Forget the Big Bang theory.
>                                     Therefore no inflation (straight
>                                     after the Big Bang). Dark matter
>                                     is required to explain the more
>                                     rapid rotation of galaxies. Based
>                                     upon other aspects of inverse
>                                     square law, galaxies and even
>                                     clusters of galaxies would be
>                                     expected to rotate about their
>                                     centre of mass much faster than is
>                                     determined from gravity alone. The
>                                     detected components in galaxies
>                                     will cause them to rotate
>                                     significantly faster than
>                                     predicted from either Newtonian or
>                                     Relativistic gravity. That
>                                     statement can be justified by
>                                     experimental evidence (courtesy of
>                                     Uncle Sam whose work is much
>                                     appreciated at least by this
>                                     author) beyond the mere detection
>                                     of more rapidly rotating galaxies.
>                                     Forget about dark matter.
>
>                                     As for dark energy, it is based
>                                     upon the observation of apparently
>                                     anomalous type 1a supernovae
>                                     (SNe1a) intensities. In order to
>                                     match the observed SNe1a
>                                     intensities to my work I need our
>                                     galaxy to be in a region of space
>                                     with a density of about 10^-24
>                                     kg/m^3. This is about 1,000 times
>                                     the density required under the Big
>                                     Bang theory for the universe to
>                                     exist in its current form some
>                                     23.8 billion years after the Big
>                                     Bang. But there are many problems
>                                     with that figure.
>
>                                     The odds of the universe having
>                                     this structure 13.8 billion years
>                                     after the Big Bang are about 1 :
>                                     10^60. (I doubt that any Big Bang
>                                     proponent would risk his/her money
>                                     when she/he had only 1 : 1000
>                                     chance of winning. If they are, I
>                                     am prepared to wager against as
>                                     many as are prepared to show their
>                                     faith in low odds.) Yet they
>                                     expect us to believe the whole
>                                     universe exists because of 1 :
>                                     10^60 odds and we are the one
>                                     universe in over 10^60 other
>                                     universes in the multiverse. Talk
>                                     about having lost touch with
>                                     reality. Another feature is that a
>                                     "quick" (i.e., long and involved)
>                                     calculation will show that the
>                                     density of the visible universe is
>                                     higher than ≈ 10^-27 kg/m^3.
>                                     Thirdly, for an expanding universe
>                                     in which there is only light from
>                                     up to 13.8 billion light years
>                                     distance, there are far too many
>                                     stars visible in the Hubble
>                                     Extreme field images (again,
>                                     thanks Uncle Sam). I am sure some
>                                     of you can think of other
>                                     observations as well.
>
>                                     Going back to dark energy. In
>                                     order to match the observed SNe1a
>                                     intensities, my model requires a
>                                     local (< 10^8 LYs radius) density
>                                     of just over 1 x 10^-24 kg/m^3,
>                                     dropping down to a background
>                                     average of ≈ 8 x 10^-26 kg/m^3. Or
>                                     another effect I haven't yet
>                                     included. Both of these figures
>                                     are much higher than the
>                                     "official" (i.e. matches their
>                                     theory) value of ≈ 10^-27 kg/m^3.
>                                     A brief look at the stars in our
>                                     local region, ≈ 10^6 LYs radius,
>                                     gives the number of sun mass
>                                     stars, ≈ 200 x 10^9 for Milky Way,
>                                     ≈ 300 x 10^9 Andromeda, and
>                                     others, gives a star mass density
>                                     approaching 10^-25 kg/m^3. Here is
>                                     where astronomers are a little
>                                     vague. The mass of galaxies is
>                                     usually quoted in terms of number
>                                     of stars of the same mass as our
>                                     sun (luminous matter). They also
>                                     add to that figure, the
>                                     observation that the average
>                                     galaxy has about ten times as much
>                                     matter in a gas and dust cloud
>                                     surrounding the galaxy (non
>                                     luminous matter) as there is
>                                     luminous matter. Adding the mass
>                                     of the non luminous matter to the
>                                     mass of the luminous matter, if it
>                                     isn't already included, gets me
>                                     close to 10^-24 kg/m^3. I admit I
>                                     am not quite there. I am not out
>                                     by as much as a factor of 24 times
>                                     the observed mass of the universe
>                                     and that is without dark matter to
>                                     make the galaxies rotate faster
>                                     than they should under gravity alone.
>
>                                     There are many other problems
>                                     associated with the Big Bang
>                                     theory. Just think about the
>                                     additional mass a galaxy must have
>                                     to a receding velocity that gives
>                                     a redshift of 10. Perhaps you know
>                                     a few more of them.
>
>                                     In summary, I believe the photon
>                                     model just forwarded can be used
>                                     with the rotating photon or
>                                     toroidal electromagnetic field
>                                     structure of matter and Newtonian
>                                     mechanics give a continuity
>                                     between quantum "weirdness" and
>                                     special and general relativity.
>                                     Much of what is called quantum
>                                     "weirdness" can be explained by
>                                     the structures of the photon and
>                                     the particles composed of rotating
>                                     or toroidal photons. Yes they need
>                                     refinement, but we have to start
>                                     somewhere. As I said, the object
>                                     of my communication was to have a
>                                     general discussion on the nature
>                                     of light and particles.
>
>                                     I append my paper on the electron
>                                     structure FYI.
>
>                                     Regards,
>
>                                     Vivian Robinson
>
>                                     <Proposed electron structure.pdf>
>
>                                     On 23/09/2016, at 1:08 AM, Hodge
>                                     John <jchodge at frontier.com
>                                     <mailto:jchodge at frontier.com>> wrote:
>
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