[General] Photon Structure

Fri Feb 3 12:30:05 PST 2017

Al, Chip, Albrecht, Hodge, Andrew, and John D.

My post yesterday made the point that angular momentum comes only in discrete units of ½ ħ. This was defied as “strong quantization” because angular momentum comes only in discrete units. The energy of a photon is defined as “weakly quantized” because even though all the energy of a photon is absorbed as a unit, the energy is not quantized into discrete units like angular momentum. In the future, I will attempt to prove that all examples of quantization in the universe are the result of angular momentum being quantized. This gives particle-like properties to quantized waves.

I will start by examining the concept of a “field”.  What is a field? It appears to be a term describing a ghost-like concept that is never given a conceptually understandable model.  Electric fields and magnetic fields have quantifiable energy density, so they must be physical entities which demand testable models.  However, what about the 16 other fields of the standard model? Each named particle of the standard model has as associated field.  There is an electron field, a muon field, a Higgs field, etc. Each named particle is considered to be an “excitation” of its respective field (reference given in the attached paper).  

The standard model has 17 overlapping fields existing in the vacuum. This is chaos that screams for simplification. Into this environment, I introduced the observation that gravitational waves (GWs) are propagating in spacetime and they experience spacetime as being a very stiff elastic medium.  If it was possible to do a Michaelson Morley experiment using GWs, we would find that GWs propagate at the speed of light as seen from all frames of reference.  In other words, spacetime exhibits the property of being a propagation medium with the relativistic properties postulated by Einstein.  It is generally thought that Einstein rejected the concept that the vacuum had a physical content often called the ether or aether.  However, only from about 1905 to 1916 did he hold this view.   Here is a part of the attached paper where I give some Einstein quotes.

“Einstein intuitively knew there was a physical component of space. From 1916 until his death he used the terms: “relativistic ether”, “physical space” and “total field” to express this concept. [29] Here are two representative quotes. In 1934 he said “Physical space and the ether are different terms for the same thing; fields are physical states of space”. [30] In 1950 Einstein wrote an article for Scientific American where he said, “According to general relativity, the concept of space detached from any physical content does not exist.” [31].

Today, most physicists hold the opposite view and believe space has no “physical content”. However, it is proposed that failure to recognize the physical presence of vacuum energy (VE) ignores the largest component of the universe and removes a key element required to conceptually understand the cause of many of the laws of physics.”

The attached GW paper contains important concepts required to understand the photon model. This paper is currently “under review” by one of The Royal Society journals. In this paper I analyzed the experimentally observed properties of the GW designated GW150914.  These LIGO observations generated the GW amplitude, frequency, and intensity.  Combining these measured properties with speed of light propagation allowed me to calculate the properties of spacetime encountered by this GW. From this analysis, I obtain equations for the energy density encountered by GWs of any frequency as they propagate through spacetime. This energy density corresponds to the energy density predicted for the vacuum by quantum field theory when extrapolated to Planck frequency. The model proposed and tested in this paper is that the vacuum of spacetime is Planck length vacuum fluctuations oscillating at Planck frequency.  This sea of quantum mechanical  harmonic oscillators forms the universal field that fills the vacuum of spacetime. All other fields are proposed to be multiple resonances of this single universal field. I show how these fluctuations generate the correct energy of virtual particles, generate the energy density of black holes and generate the Friedmann equation for the critical energy density of the universe. In future posts I will show how this model of vacuum energy leads to testable models of electric fields, charged particles, and photons.

John M.

From: General [mailto:general-bounces+john=macken.com at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org] On Behalf Of af.kracklauer at web.de
Sent: Friday, February 03, 2017 10:19 AM
To: phys at a-giese.de; general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
Cc: general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org
Subject: Re: [General] Photon Structure

Hi Albrecht:

Well, I have lots of problems; rather formal logic reveals lots of problems of which I am aware of some of them. To start the 'photon' creation event offers no way of checking what is actually created. Your claim is that the balance between bremstrahlung from the electrons and pair creation implies that the transfer had to happen by means of packaged E&M energy.  But, it could just be a coincidence that the measured energy levels matched (within whatever tolerance your setup was subject to) while lots of off-beam energy was also involved in a way which was not (could not) be measured.  Or, it could have been the the bremstrahlung was effectivy "needle raadition" (a classical solution to Max's Eqs.); etc. etc.   In the end, (or beginning) whatever E&M interaction was involved cannot be observed except by means of the photo electric effect, and that process hides as much as it reveals.

DeBroglie's ideas as he presented them suffer from a lack of molel for the source of pilot waves.  An SED interpretation as a residue of outgoing radiation from all other charges in the universe renders the story credible, however.  See my old Found. of Phys. Lett article.

ciao, Al

Gesendet: Freitag, 03. Februar 2017 um 17:48 Uhr
Von: "Albrecht Giese" <genmail at a-giese.de <mailto:genmail at a-giese.de> >
An: general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org <mailto:general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org> 
Betreff: Re: [General] Photon Structure

Hi Al, hi John Hodge,

The question of a photon as a corpuscle can be answered in a positive sense. There are measurements which give us constraints.

One is the experiment of my thesis done in a high energy laboratory. We have created photons by stopping electrons. These photons made a flight of about 3 meters through the air and were then detected by pair production in a thin layer of metal. The energy of the pair could be precisely measured. It reflected the energy used in the creation process. So, there was an object flying from the source to the (pair-)detector which carried a well defined energy. And notice that the pair production process cannot collect EM energy until a certain amount is achieved. No, it is one single event going on with one object. This object is conventionally called "photon". 

Next question for the particle wave problem: How can this corpuscle "photon" cause interference patterns? The answer is not difficult if we follow the original idea of de Broglie: This corpuscle "photon" is accompanied by an alternating field which causes the interference. And how is this field created? I think there is no other way then to assume that the photon has a pair of electric charges inside. This pair is in permanent motion and causes the alternating field; and causes so during the motion of the photon a wave. 

Any problems with this?

Albrecht

Am 03.02.2017 um 06:22 schrieb Hodge John:

Experiment has rejected wave models of light.
Know? By a simulation that posits the structure that agrees with experiment such as photon diffraction and interference.
  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMAjKk6k6-k
  http://intellectualarchive.com/?link=item <http://intellectualarchive.com/?link=item&id=1603> &id=1603 

Hodge

--------------------------------------------
On Thu, 2/2/17, af.kracklauer at web.de <mailto:af.kracklauer at web.de>   <mailto:af.kracklauer at web.de> <af.kracklauer at web.de> wrote:

 Subject: Re: [General] Photon Structure
 To: general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org <mailto:general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org> 
 Cc: "'Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion'"  <mailto:general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org> <general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>
 Date: Thursday, February 2, 2017, 6:58 PM

 Challenge
 for those seeking to fathom the structure of
 "photons":   How will a candidate theory of the
 photon structure ever be verified?  This is a problem
 insofar as the best that can be done is to consider the
 result of measurement, which will then be an intrinsic part
 of the result.  It is utterly IMPOSSIBLE to observe what
 went on behind the measurement----thus it can never be
 known!  Therefore, photons are hypothetical entities built
 on the result of interacting by means of E&M (something)
 using "photo electrons", which are countably
 discrete giving the impression that, whatever made them flow
 was also discrete---an unjustified jump in logic!

 Gesendet: Donnerstag, 02. Februar 2017 um 20:33
 Uhr

 Von: "John Macken"
  <mailto:john at macken.com> <john at macken.com>

 An: "'ANDREW WORSLEY'"
  <mailto:member at aworsley.fsnet.co.uk> <member at aworsley.fsnet.co.uk>, "'Nature of
 Light and Particles - General Discussion'"
  <mailto:general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org> <general at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>

 Betreff: Re: [General] Photon Structure

 Andrew, Richard, Chip and John
 D.

 The discussion has turned to
 whether photons possess discrete packages of energy or are
 quantized waves with no concentration of energy in a small
 volume.  My position is:  Photons are quantized waves
 propagating in the quantum mechanical vacuum energy of
 spacetime.  

 This is too big a subject to
 be covered in one post, so I will lay out the background
 information in this post, then build on this in other
 posts.  To explain my position I will first quote from my
 paper titled Energetic Spacetime: The New Aether.

 “Photons are usually described
 as possessing “wave-particle duality”. However, this
 phrase is just a name given to something that we do not
 understand. The essence of a wave is that it is an
 oscillating disturbance with a definable wavelength and
 distributed over a substantial volume. A wave transfers
 liner momentum and some waves are capable of transferring
 angular momentum. Any wave disturbs the medium through which
 it is propagating such that energy is being converted
 between different forms.

 The essence of a particle is
 that it is a single unit that differs from its surroundings.
 A fundamental particle is usually assumed to be energy
 concentrated at a point with no internal structure. A point
 particle or even a Planck length vibrating string is
 incapable of possessing ħ of angular momentum as a
 conceptually understandable physical rotation. The implied
 infinite energy density of a point particle also defies a
 physical explanation. Saying a photon has “wave-particle
 duality” is like saying that it has “top-bottom
 duality”. These are contradictory properties which cannot
 be equal partners. A photon must either be a particle that
 somehow exhibits wave properties or a wave that is somehow
 quantized so that it exhibits particle properties.”

 Skipping forward in this
 paper, the question of quantization is addressed.  This is
 an important concept because a wave can appear to have
 particle-like properties if the wave is quantized.  The
 following is a section titled “Strong Quantization” from
 the paper Energetic Spacetime: The New
 Aether.

 “It is often said that photons
 possess quantized energy of E = ħω. However,
 we will examine the limits of this quantization.  Suppose
 that we make an analogy to the equivalence principle having
 a “strong” and a “weak” definition. Similarly, the
 proposal is made that there is a “strong” and “weak”
 definition of quantization. A strong definition of
 quantization would imply that only integer multiples of the
 fundamental unit are allowed. For example, if energy met the
 strong definition of quantization, then energy would only
 came in discrete units such as integer multiples of 1 eV.
 Photons would only come in discrete frequencies which would
 be integer multiples of the universal fundamental frequency
 associated with the universal unit of quantized energy.
 Obviously energy and frequency are not quantized according
 to the “strong” definition. Instead, a photon’s energy
 is only weakly quantized. All of a photon’s energy is
 transferred when it is absorbed, but a photon can possess
 any energy up to Planck energy. The same photon has
 different energy when viewed from different frames of
 reference.

 Compare this to angular momentum
 which meets the definition of strong quantization. Angular
 momentum only comes in discrete units. All angular momentum
 in the universe only comes in integer multiples of ½ ħ.
 This is obvious with fermions and bosons, but a more
 revealing example can be made using a carbon monoxide
 molecule (CO) isolated in a vacuum. An isolated CO molecule
 can only possess integer multiples of ħ angular
 momentum. This translates into the CO molecule only being
 able to rotate at discrete frequencies which are integer
 multiples of its fundamental rotational frequency of 115
 GHz. This meets the definition of strong quantization. For
 another example, take a photon that is part of the cosmic
 microwave background.  Over the age of the universe this
 photon has lost most of its energy. However, the photon has
 kept 100% of its angular momentum. Angular momentum has
 strong quantization; energy has weak quantization.

 It is proposed that all
 quantization in the universe is ultimately traceable to
 angular momentum being strongly quantized. When a photon is
 absorbed by an atom, it transfers 100% of its angular
 momentum to the atom. All the photon’s energy is also
 transferred to the atom, but that is just a byproduct of
 transferring its ħ unit of quantized angular
 momentum. The amount of energy transferred from the photon
 to the atom depends on the frame of reference of the atom.
 However, the angular momentum transferred is independent of
 the frame of reference.”

 In future posts I will develop
 this idea and show that the particle-like properties of a
 photon can be explained by a wave that possesses quantized
 angular momentum.  

 John M. 

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