[General] double-loop electron model discussion

Wed Apr 1 10:18:22 PDT 2015

Chandra, Andrew, John W, Martin, Vivian, Chip, John D, John M and others,

Richard Gauthier’s position statement on the relativistic charged photon model of the electron (attached below as Word file for convenience)

described at https://www.academia.edu/10740682/The_Electron_is_a_Charged_Photon_with_the_de_Broglie_Wavelength <https://www.academia.edu/10740682/The_Electron_is_a_Charged_Photon_with_the_de_Broglie_Wavelength> .

Experience is primary. Physics observation and experiments are important parts of experience, but so are logic, mathematics, rationality, intuition, and aesthetic sense. I support “simple, but not too simple” testable physical models of the electron and the photon.

For my approach to the relativistic electron model composed of a circulating charged photon, I support

1.     A double-looping charged photon to model the resting electron. The electron’s charge moves at the speed of light with the charged photon.

2.     The radius of the double-looped photon for a resting electron is Lcompton/4pi = hbar/2mc .

3.     The energy E and frequency F of the charged photon increase with the velocity V of the electron (where V is perpendicular to the plane of the resting electron) in proportion to gamma: E=gamma mc^2 = hF so F= (gamma mc^2)/h .

4.     The wavelength of the charged photon is inversely proportional to gamma: L= c/F = h/(gamma mc).

5.     The charged photon moves helically in a trajectory whose radius decreases with electron velocity as 1/gamma^2 : R= Lcompton/(4pi gamma^2). The helical trajectory has a forward angle Theta given by cos (Theta) = v/c where v is the electron’s velocity.

6.     The longitudinal component of the momentum P=gamma mc of the helically circulating charged photon is the momentum p of the moving electron: p = P cos (Theta) = gamma mc cos(Theta) = gamma mv.

7.     The transverse component Ptrans of the momentum of the right or left-helically circulating charged photon is Ptrans = mc, which for low electron velocities combines with the charged photon’s helical radius hbar/2mc to give the 2 spin states of the electron : Sz= + and – hbar/2 .

8.     Derivation of de Broglie wavelength from the charged photon model of the electron. The longitudinal component k of the circulating charged photon’s wave vector  K=2pi/L = gamma mc/hbar is k=K cos (Theta) = gamma mc/hbar  x  v/c = gamma mv/hbar. Solving for the wavelength Lambda corresponding to this longitudinal component k gives Lambda = 2pi/k = h/(gamma mv) -- the de Broglie wavelength LdeBroglie. So the de Broglie wavelength is the wavelength that is produced in the longitudinal direction of the helical motion of the circulating charged photon. This is why a moving electron has the de Broglie wavelength.

9.     Since a slow-moving electron and a highly relativistic electron both have spin Sz = ½ hbar, this means that the charged photon composing the electron has spin Sz=½ hbar and not Sz=hbar of an uncharged photon.

10. The above statements do not require a specific model of the photon to be incorporated into the charged photon model. A suitable photon model must only satisfy c=wavelength x frequency, E= h x frequency, and p=h/wavelength, be helically circulating, carry the electron’s charge –e, and have spin ½ hbar so that it will fit the requirements of the relativistic double-looping photon model and the experimental evidence of the electron’s spin ½ hbar.

The following three points apply the author’s superluminal energy quantum model of the photon to the relativistic double-looping-photon electron model above, and go beyond the article “The electron is a charged photon with the de Broglie wavelength”.

11. An internally superluminal model of the uncharged photon is described by Gauthier in an article “Transluminal energy quantum models of the  photon and the electron” at https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron <https://www.academia.edu/4429810/Transluminal_Energy_Quantum_Models_of_the_Photon_and_the_Electron> . The model has an uncharged superluminal energy quantum traveling helically at c sqrt(2) at a 45-degree angle to the longitudinal direction of the photon. The helical radius of the photon model is R=lambda/2pi.  The photon model has the longitudinal momentum p=h/lambda of a photon and the spin hbar of a photon. The spin is generated by the photon model’s rotating transverse momentum (also h/lambda) times the helical radius lambda/2pi, giving h/2pi or hbar.

12. Since the relativistic electron model above requires a charged photon of spin ½ hbar, the internally superluminal model of the photon above can be adapted to this requirement. The superluminal quantum now becomes charged at -e and makes two rather than one helical cycles per wavelength lambda of the charged photon (at the zitterbewegung frequency Fzitt= 2mc^2/(gamma h) for a relativistic electron). For a highly relativistic electron, where the charged photon’s helical axis is nearly but not quite straight (making a forward angle Theta with the longitudinal direction where cos Theta =v/c) the energy quantum of the charged photon model travels at c sqrt (2) at a 45-degree angle to the helically circulating axis, giving the longitudinal velocity of the highly relativistic electron v<c . But this speed of the superluminal energy quantum varies for a slower electron velocities. This is because the axis of the helically-circulating-superluminal-energy-quantum charged photon model is itself helical in the relativistic charged photon model of the electron, making the trajectory of the superluminal energy quantum a helix on a helix. The double-looping of the helical motion of the energy quantum gives the internally-superluminal charged photon model a radius of lambda/4pi. At highly relativistic electron velocities, the longitudinal momentum p=h/lambda and the transverse momentum p=h/lambda are the same as in the uncharged photon model. The transverse momentum h/lambda times the new radius lambda/4pi produces the spin of the charged photon  Sz=(h/lambda) x (lambda/4pi) = h/4pi = hbar/2 .

13. For a resting or slowly moving electron, the radius of the helically circulating charged superluminal energy quantum photon model becomes Lcompton/4pi which is also the radius of the resting double-looping-photon electron model. So for a resting electron the superluminal quantum moves along the surface of a horned torus of primary radius Lcompton/4pi and secondary radius Lcompton/4pi .

> On Mar 23, 2015, at 7:18 AM, chandra <chandra at phys.uconn.edu> wrote:
> 
> http://www.the-scientist.com//?articles.view/articleNo/42262/title/Stirring-the-Pot/ <http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/42262/title/Stirring-the-Pot/>
> http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/42399/title/Book-Excerpt-from-Galileo-s-Middle-Finger/ <http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/42399/title/Book-Excerpt-from-Galileo-s-Middle-Finger/>
>  
> Dear Friends: I am diverting your attention to a timely and interesting publication by Alice Dreger. The links above will take you to free excerpts out of the book, “Galileo’s Middle-Finger”!
>  
> Regarding our conference: Unless I have accidentally missed them all; I have not yet gotten feedback from any of you regarding your ideas as to (i) how you want to “structure” the Thursday’s “discussion” at the conference and (ii) how to transcribing and organize the ideas-discussed for publication in the conference proceeding. 
>  
> Sincerely,
> Chandra.
>  
> PS: Vivian: I am actually responding to your “thread” in this discussion series. Although, I am not explicitly responding now to your ideas; but I just want you to know that I like most of your mode of thinking expressed below.
> ============================================
> -----Original Message-----
> From: General [mailto:general-bounces+chandra=phys.uconn.edu at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org <mailto:general-bounces+chandra=phys.uconn.edu at lists.natureoflightandparticles.org>] On Behalf Of Vivian Robinson
> Sent: Saturday, March 21, 2015 6:36 PM
> To: Nature of Light and Particles - General Discussion
> Subject: Re: [General] double-loop electron model discussion
>  
> Richard, 
>  
> The intent of my earlier communications has been to suggest that the only arbiter of the actual situation is experimental measurement and observation. Different people have different approaches that can lead to different  theories about observed phenomena. One approach that matches an observation does not necessarily have an advantage over another approach that matches the same observation. Its advantage is only in its ability to predict a new phenomenon that other approaches don't predict, which phenomenon can be tested experimentally. If the phenomenon is verified experimentally it suggests the new approach and theory has an advantage over other theories. 
>  
> Regarding the de Broglie wavelength, it was predicted circa 1923 and observed a few years later. It is well established and deriving it again mathematically is not a new prediction. In a world where everything is electromagnetic E**2 = p**2c**2 + mo**2c**4, mo is the rest mass of a parcel composed of a rotating photon. A linear photon has no rest mass and mo = 0, giving E = pc. The rest of my calculation follows. As far as the zitterbewegung is concerned, it is caused by the frequency of the electron given by nu = mc**2/h. It becomes a minor point as to whether the zbw is defined as the rotating photon's frequency, in which case the vibration is over a whole wavelength, or whether it is defined as being each time the polarity goes through zero, in which case it is every half wavelength and hence double the frequency. The cause is still the frequency of the rotating photon. 
>  
> The important feature of the rotating photon model is the predictions that can be made and tested by experiment. As John W mentioned, the scattering  experiments I suggested will be most conclusive if they are done with spin polarised electrons. And thanks Martin for suggesting a source of spin polarised electrons. As John W also mentioned, the experiment will be much cheaper than CERN to set up and operate, and has the possibility of obtaining more meaningful results by establishing the correctness of this rotting photon model. Some experiments have already been done scattering beams of spin polarised protons and the results showed a very significant dependence of scattering on the proton's spins. When spin is angular momentum, this would expected. With the same angular momentum (half hbar) and 1/1836 times the mass, there should be a significant dependence of scattering on the electron's angular momentum (spin) as well.
>  
> Richard, and anyone else, if you feel you can contribute to the calculations of the expected dependence of electron scattering upon spin, John W and I would be pleased to receive you contribution. The energy range would be of the order of 500 keV to avoid coulomb scattering. All contributions welcome. Richard if you were to provide the calculations for the expected scattering patterns using your radius diminishing with gamma squared that would assist. In the absence of other suggestions, at this stage the only feature common to the rotating photon models is that the radius will go from 1.93 x 10**-13 m at rest to a point particle at high GeV and TeV energies, making it a clear separation from the standard model.
>  
> Cheers,
>  
> Vivian Robinson
>  
> On 19/03/2015, at 3:56 PM, Richard Gauthier <richgauthier at gmail.com <mailto:richgauthier at gmail.com>> wrote:
>  
> > Hello Vivian (and all)
> >    Thank you for your extended comments and explanations. Before we get into further details about your model and whether its frequency depends on the electron’s speed, I would like to hear your replies to my comments towards the end of your article about your asserting that pc = KE of an electron, and your further assertion based on this that you have derived the de Broglie wavelength h/(gamma mv)  from your electron model. Also I would like to know why you equated the zitterbewegung frequency of an electron with mc^2/h rather than the accepted value (from the Dirac equation) of 2 mc^2/h.
> >    all the best,
> >          Richard
> > 
> >> 
>  
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